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and lime content. The polyester fibres Similarly, a single literature (Chen et al.)
(0.52.0%) had no significant effect on for the use of biopolymer in stabilization
MDD and OMC of fly ash-soil-lime-fibre of soil is available. So, in this present
study an attempt has been made to use
mixtures. However, the unconfined
geopolymer as an alternative cementitious
compressive strength and split tensile material in stabilizing expansive soil and
strength increased with addition of fibres. biopolymers (Xanthan gum and Guar gum)
Buhler and Cerato (2007) studied the are used to stabilize expansive soil.
stabilization of expansive soils using lime
and Class C flyash. The reduction in linear MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
shrinkage was better with lime
In the present study soil are considered namely
stabilization as compared to same bentonite soil have been stabilized using
percentage of Class C fly ash. geopolymers (alkali activators, sodium
Stabilization using quarry dust silicate: sodium hydroxide in 2:1 ratio) and
The quarry dust/ crusher dust obtained biopolymers. The alkali solution sodium
during crushing of stone to obtain silicate: sodium hydroxide in 2:1 ratio was
aggregates causes health hazard in the used in different concentrations.
vicinity and many times considered as an
In the present study, methodology of
aggregate waste.
stabilizing soil using geopolymer and
Stalin et al. (2004) made an investigation
regarding control of swelling potential biopolymer is explained as follows.
(SP)of expansive clays using quarry dust
Stabilization using geopolymer
and marble powder and observed that
liquid limit and swelling pressure
In the present study, the alkali was
decreased with increase in quarry dust or
marble powder content. prepared by taking sodium silicate and
Stabilization using biopolymer sodium hydroxide keeping in view, the
Chen et al. (2013) performed a
preliminary study on using Xanthan gum ratio of sodium silicate to sodium
and Guargum, two hydroxide in their dry mass as 2. The
biopolymers that are naturally occurring
prepared alkali (S) was added in varying
and inexpensive, to stabilize mine tailings
(MT). The addition of these two percentages (5%, 10%and 15%) with fly
biopolymers increased both liquid limit
ash (FA) in different percentages (20%,
and the undrained shear strength of the
MT. Guar gum was found to be more 30% and 40%) by dry weight of total
effective than Xanthan gum in increasing solids to bentonite. The alkali, taken in
the liquid limit and undrained shear
strength of the MT, as the Guar gum 10% with fly ash 40% by dry weight of
solution was more viscous than the total solids was also added with bentonite
Xanthan gum solution at the same
concentration. A comprehensive study on soil. Then, optimum moisture content
the mechanical, chemical and polymer (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD),
stabilization of expansive soil.
From critical review of literature, it can be unconfined compressive strength (UCS),
seen that the studies regarding geopolymer and durability of different samples were
are limited to its use in concrete and a
single literature (Parhi and Das, 2014) is experimentally investigated and compared
available in its application for soil. with only bentonite soil samples.
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Differential free swelling (DFS) with (3, 7 done on an interval of 0, 3, 7 and 14 days.
and 14 days) and without curing, swelling The samples which were tested after 3, 7
pressure and dispersion tests were also and 14 days were wrapped in cling film
done for treated bentonite samples and and left at ambient temperature of 32-35
compared with only bentonite samples. C and humidity conditions (5060 % RH).
Evaluation of UCS of treated soil samples Following Table 3.8 shows the details of
were done on an interval of 0, 3, 7 and 14 the alkali activated fly ash mixed in
days and compared with only bentonite various percentages with bentonite
samples.DFS of treated soil samples were
bentonite soil and compared to only which were tested after 3 and 7 days were
bentonite soil sample. Table 3.4 and Table wrapped in cling film and left at ambient
3.5 shows the details of the biopolymer temperature of 32-35C and humidity
modified bentonite soil and pond ash conditions (5060 % RH). Table 3.9 and
samples, respectively. Evaluation of UCS Table 3.10 show details of the bentonite
of biopolymer modified bentonite soil soil specimens and pond ash specimens
samples were done on an interval of 0, 3 mixed in different percentages with
and 7days and also done for sample kept Xanthan gum (XG) and Guar gum (GG),
for sundried (1 day) and compared with respectively.
only bentonite soil samples. The samples
kept 2) solution varying from 5%, 10% and alkali activated fly ash added with
and 15%. The decrease in swelling bentonite, showing optimum moisture
condition was ascertained by conducting content (OMC) and maximum dry density
swelling pressure test using (MDD) of the compacted samples. Fig.
consolidometer test on treated soil shows the comparison of OMC and MDD
samples. The decrease in percentage of of bentonite and bentonite with fly ash
swelling was also shown by conducting (20%, 30% and 40%) and alkali solution
differential free swell (DFS) test on treated (5%). Fig. shows the comparison of OMC
soil samples. Resistance to erosion was and MDD of bentonite and bentonite with
presented by conducting dispersion test on fly ash (20%, 30% and 40%) and alkali
treated soil sampleswith respect to solution (10%). Similarly results of
bentonite soil. bentonite with fly ash (20%, 30% and
Compaction characteristics 40%) and 15% alkali solution are
presented in Fig.
The following graphs show the
compaction characteristics of bentonite
16
Bentonite+FA(20%)+S(5%)
ZVL Bentonite+FA(20%)+S(5%)
Bentonite+FA(30%)+S(5%)
15 ZVL Bentonite+FA(30%)+S(5%)
Bentonite+FA(40%)+S(5%)
ZVL Bentonite+FA(40%)+S(5%)
Bentonite
Dry density (kN/m 3 )
14 ZVL Bentonite
13
12
11
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Water content (%)
Fig. Compaction Characteristics for Bentonite and Bentonite with Flyash (20%, 30% and
40%) and Alkalisolution(5%)
17
Bentonite+FA(20%)+S(10%)
ZVL of
Bentonite+FA(20%)+S(10%)
Bentonite+FA(30%)+S(10%)
ZVL of
16 Bentonite+FA(30%)+S(10%)
Bentonite+FA(40%)+S(10%)
ZVL of
Bentonite+FA(40%)+S(10%)
Bentonite
15 ZVL of Bentonite
m 3)
densi (kN/
14
Dry ty
13
12
11
10 20 30 40 50
Water content (%)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g)
Modified Free Swell Index (MFSI): 3 3
kN/m ) and VCP (11.3kN/m ). It was also
The MFSI test is also conducted to check
observed that there is reduction in MDD
expansive nature of bentonite soil. The
and increase in OMC with addition of
MFSI obtained for bentonite soil is 1.4,
biopolymer for the three biopolymer
which indicated that it is a non- bentonite
modified pond ashes considered here. This
soil.
may be due to difficulty in compacting
Results of biopolymer stabilized pond
ash with standard Proctor for the biopolymer
Compaction characteristics stabilized pondash.
The compaction characteristics of different
pond ash (PA) and biopolymer modified CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE
pond ashes are presented in Figs. 5.16 to SCOPE
5.20. Fig. 5.16 shows the comparison of Based on the obtained results and
OMC and MDD of three pond ash discussion there of following conclusions
samples. Similarly, Fig. 5.17 and Fig. 5.18 can be drawn.
1.The maximum optimum moisture
show the comparison of OMC and MDD
content was for bentonite added with
of pond ash samples being collected from geopolymer with fly ash (20%) and
Vishnu Chemicals Pvt Ltd (VCP) and PS alkali solution (10%) and MDD was
respectively mixed with XG (2%) and GG maximum for bentonite added
with fly ash (40%) and alkali solution
(2%). Fig. 5.19 and Fig. 5.20 show the
(15%).
comparison of OMC and MDD of pond 2. The UCS value of the geopolymer
ash sample being collected from PS mixed stabilized bentonite found to vary with
percentage of fly ash and alkali solution,
with various more percentages of gum to
and maximum UCS value was obtained
know the variation of moisture content with 40% fly ash and 10% alkali
when mixed with higher and lower gum solution.
percentages. Table 5.5 shows OMC and 3.Based on durability test, the resistance to
loss in strength (RLS) was maximum for
MDD of various pond ash samples and
bentonite with 40% fly ash and 10%
biopolymer modified pond ash. It can be alkali solution and it got reduced with
seen that PS2 has maximum dry density addition of 15% solution.
3 4.Based on differential free swell test, it
(11.57 kN/m ) compared to PS1 (10.8
was observed that with increased
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