INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 07, JULY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616

Design And Construction Of Digital Multi-Meter

Using PIC Microcontroller
Khawn Nue, Dr. KyawSoe Lwin, Hla Myo Tun
Abstract: This thesis describes the design and construction of digital multi-meter using PIC microcontroller. In this system, a typical multi-meter may
include features such as the ability to measure AC/DC voltage, DC current, resistance, temperature, diodes, frequency and connectivity. This design
uses of the PIC microcontroller, voltage rectifiers, voltage divide, potentiometer, LCD and other instruments to complete the measure. When we used
what we have learned of microprocessors and adjust the program to calculate and show the measures in the LCD, keypad selected the modes. The
software programming has been incorporated using MPLAB and PROTEUS. In this system, the analogue input is taken directly to the analogue input pin
of the microcontroller without any other processing. So the input range is from 0V to 5V the maximum source impedance is 2k5 (for testing use a 1k pot).
To improve the circuit adds an op-amp in front to present greater impedance to the circuit under test. The output impedance of the op-amp will be low
which a requirement of the PIC analogue input is.

Keyword: PIC 16F887 Microcontroller, LCD display, MPLAB, PROTEUS.

I. INTRODUCTION solid state electronics, from a control circuit to small

Nowadays many measurement instruments have been embedded computers, has provided a wealth of
used in all laboratories throughout the world. Unfortunately, convenience features in modern digital meters.
their accuracies are mostly proportional to the time period.
As time passes, they may function incorrectly and generate
some errors. The mistaken results from such instruments Voltage
can cause serious problems in economic system and life sensing
safety since they will be used for validating product
AC to DC
standards in the importing and exporting industries. In order Current
to ensure that they work perfectly, the calibration process is Converter
sensing LCD
required. In the past, the calibration has to be performed Probe
manually and this process usually takes long time. Display
Presently, fully automatic calibration systems have been
PIC16F887
used worldwide and they play an important role in the Temperature
calibration of measurement instruments. They can improve sensing
measurement accuracy, repeatability and minimize routine
jobs. This system is to measure AC/DC voltage, current, Mode Range
Resistance Switches
diodes, temperature, connectivity, frequency and resistance Selector
using PIC microcontroller. To carry out the design
sensing
consideration and production of a useful consumer product
of PIC microcontroller. The whole process of the digital Diode
multi-meter is controlled by PIC 16F887 microcontroller. sensing

II. DIGITAL MULTI-METER SYSTEM Frequency

A multi-meter or a multi-tester, also known as a volt/ohm sensing
meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that
combines several measurement functions in one unit. A Connectivity
typical multi-meter may include features such as the ability sensing
to measure voltage, current and resistance. Modern multi-
meters are often digital due to their accuracy, durability and
extra features. In a Digital Multi-meter the signal under test Fig. 1 Block Diagram of Digital Multi-meter
is converted to a voltage and an amplifier with an
electronically controlled gain preconditions the signal. A V. Software Implementation
Digital Multi-meter displays the quantity measured as a Software Implementation can be divided into sixparts:
number, which prevents parallax errors. The inclusion of measuring voltage, measuring current, measuring
resistance, measuring frequency, measuring continuity and
_____________________ measuring diode. Program for this system is composed of
main Processing (sensing/ assigning/
Khawn Nue, Dr. KyawSoe Lwin and Hla Myo Tun displaying).Microcontroller is main processing unit in remote
control system. PIC16F887is chosen to perform the
Department of Electronic Engineering, Mandalay
functions needed for digital multi-meter system.
Technological University
khawnnue554@gmail.com

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START

Star

Assign I/O Port

LCD-Init();

Yes Yes
DC-1mA
Yes Yes mode adc > 1023
DC-1V
adc > 1023
mode
No No
No No
Read Adc (1)
Ful l Range
Read Adc (0) Full Range
Ful l Range

Adc = adc*0.977

Adc = adc*0.049

Display on
LCD (1,10)
Display on
LCD (1,1)

Yes Yes
DC-1A
adc > 1023
Yes Yes mode
DC-50V
adc > 1023
mode No No
No No
Read Adc (1)
Full Ful
Range
l Range
Read Adc (0)
Ful l Range

Adc = adc*0.977

Adc = adc*0.049

Display on
LCD (1,10)
Display on
LCD (1,1)

Yes Yes
DC-10A
mode adc > 1023
Yes Yes
DC-500V
adc > 1023 No
mode No

No No
Read Adc (1)
FullFulRange
l Range

Read Adc (0)

Full Range

Adc = adc*0.977

Adc = adc*0.049

Display on
LCD (1,10)
Display on
LCD (1,1)

Yes Yes
AC-500V
adc > 1023
mode Temperature adc > 1023

No No

Read Adc (0) Adc = adc*0.977

Ful l Range Full Range

Adc = adc*0.049 Adc = adc*0.977

Display on Display on
LCD (1,1) LCD (1,10)

No No
St op ?
St op ?

Yes
Yes

End End

Fig.2 Flow Chart of voltage measurement

The flow chart of the voltage measurement system is
shown in figure 2. At the start of the program, PIC needed
to be initialized the I/O pins assigned and clock frequency.
After that, the PIC receives the corresponding code from
the specified pin.Firstly selection dc mode for 0-1V, 0-50V,
0-500V.For 0-1V, it will read between 0 to 1V. For more
than 1V, it will be display full range.For 0-50V, it will read
between 0 to 50V. For more than 50V, it will be display full
range.For 0-500V, it will read between 0 to 500V. For more
than 500V, it will be display full range.Similarly for selection
ac mode.
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Fig.3 Flow Chart of current measurement
Current is the electron flow that causes electrical equipment
to operate. When the equipment is turned on, it is
considered a load on the circuit. A load is any electrical
component, such as a lamp, stereo, motor or heating
element, that draws current. Current is measured in
amperes, or amps. Each load has a rated current limit that
should not be exceeded. If a load pulls too much current,
excessive heat is produced that may cause insulation
damage, component failure and possible fire hazards. If the
load is under its rated current limit, it may perform poorly.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 07, JULY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616

The flow chart of the current and temperature measurement

system is shown in figure 3. At the start of the program, PIC St art

needed to be initialized the I/O pins assigned and clock

frequency. After that, the PIC receives the corresponding
code from the specified pin.To test for current, first
Yes
determine testing DC current. Then set the switch to the Frequency
appropriate function DC current. To test for temperature, it
No
is related for full -55 C to 150 C range and then an output
voltage linearly proportional to the temperature in degree Read RC 0

centigrade.
St art
Interrupt Read

Display on
LCD (2,10)
Yes Yes
Resist ance
adc > 1023
1k Ohm

No No

Read Adc (2)

Ful l Range
No
St op ?
Adc = adc*9.76
Yes

Display on
LCD (2,1)
End

Yes Yes
Resist ance
10k Ohm adc > 1023 Fig.5 Flow Chart of frequency measurement
No No

Read Adc (2)

Ful l Range These digital multi-meters is measured in Hertz (Hz) the
number of times per second a wave form repeats.The flow
Adc = adc*9.76
chart of the resistance measurement system is shown in
Display on figure5.
LCD (2,1)

Start
Yes Yes
Resist ance
adc > 1023
100k Ohm

No No

Read Adc (2)

Ful l Range

Adc = adc*9.76
Yes
Continuity

Display on
LCD (2,1)
No

Read RC 1
No
St op ?

Yes

End

Fig.4 Flow Chart of resistance measurement

Display on
LCD (2,10)
Resistance opposes the flow of current. The higher the
resistance, the lower the current flow. Insulation used for
cables has a very high resistance, impeding current flow.
Conversely, the cables copper conductor has low No
resistance, facilitating current flow. Proper resistance is Stop ?

critical. Too much resistance in electric wires and

Yes
connections can result in overheating and possible fire
hazards, while too little resistance may result in a short or
performance problems. Components called resistors help End

maintain proper resistance in equipment.The flow chart of

the resistance measurement system is shown in figure 4. At
the start of the program, PIC needed to be initialized the I/O
pins assigned and clock frequency. After that, the PIC
receives the corresponding code from the specified pin. To
test for resistance, first turn the power off in the circuit or
component for testing.
Fig.6 Flow Chart of connectivity measurement
Testing for continuity is used to test to verify if a circuit, wire
or fuse is complete with no open connect test probe across
two points of the circuit under testing. If continuity exists

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built-in buzzer will sound and display on LCD connect. If

continuity does not exists display opened on LCD.

Start

Yes
Diode

No

Read Adc (2)

Adc= adc*0.4882

Fig. 9 Prototype design of Digital Multi-meter

Display on
LCD (2,1) LCD1 DC 1mA
LM016L U1
1 15
RE3/MCLR/VPP RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI C0
16
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 C1
2 17
AN0 RA0/AN0/ULPWU/C12IN0- RC2/P1A/CCP1
3 18
AN1 RA1/AN1/C12IN1- RC3/SCK/SCL
4 23
AN2 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF/C2IN+ RC4/SDI/SDA C4
5 24
RA3/AN3/VREF+/C1IN+ RC5/SDO C5
No 6
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RC6/TX/CK
25
C6
7 26
Stop ? RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC7/RX/DT C7
14

VDD
RA6/OSC2/CLKOUT

VEE
VSS

RW
13 19

RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
RA7/OSC1/CLKIN RD0 D0

E
20
RD1 D1
Yes RS
33
RB0/AN12/INT RD2
21
D2
34 22
EN RB1/AN10/C12IN3- RD3 D3
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10

12
13
14
11
35 27
LD4 RB2/AN8 RD4 D4
36 28
LD5 RB3/AN9/PGM/C12IN2- RD5/P1B D5
37 29
LD6 RB4/AN11 RD6/P1C D6
End 38 30
LD7 RB5/AN13/T1G RD7/P1D D7
39
B6 RB6/ICSPCLK
40 8
B7 RB7/ICSPDAT RE0/AN5
9
RE1/AN6
EN
RS

LD4
LD5
LD6
LD7
10
RE2/AN7

Fig.7 Flowchart of diode measurement R1 R2 PIC16F887

DC 1V 10k 10k
C4

C5
SW1 R3 R4 SW2 SW3
If the probe connection is forward the LCD will show the DC 50V 10k
R3(2)
90k
C6

C7
approximate forward voltage drop of the diode. If the probe AN0 R5 R6
B1
connection is reversed, only LCD open will be displayed. dc 500V
1N4733A
D1 SW-ROT-4
1k

R8
99k

R7 D4 SW-ROT-4
50
SW-ROT-4

ac 500V R12R11R10R9
6.8k 660k V1 10k 10k 10k 10k
DIODE VSINE

VI. TEST AND RESULT PHOTOS OF THE SYSTEM C1

22uF

In this system, the digital multi-meter can be measured

voltage, current, temperature,resistance, diode, frequency
and connectivity. The operation of the digital multi-meter
condition and result will display on LCD screen as shown in Fig.10 Simulation result of voltage sensing
Fig. 8.
R1 R2
DC 1V C4
LCD1 10k 10k
LM016L C5
SW1 R3 R4 SW2 SW3
DC 50V AN0
10k
R3(2)
90k
C6

C7
AN0 R5 R6
B1
dc 500V
1N4733A
1k 99k 49
SW-ROT-4
VDD

D4
VEE
VSS

D1
RW

SW-ROT-4 R8 R7 SW-ROT-4
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E

ac 500V R12R11R10R9
6.8k 660k V1 10k 10k 10k 10k
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10

12
13
14
11

DIODE VSINE
C1
22uF

R13
RS

EN

LD4
LD5
LD6
LD7

D0
DC 1mA 5k
R37 D1
R15 SW5 10
U1 SW4 SW6
D2
1 15
RE3/MCLR/VPP RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
16
C0
C1
DC 1A 5
D3
AN0
2
RA0/AN0/ULPWU/C12IN0- RC2/P1A/CCP1
17
AN1 R17 B2
3 18 100V
AN1 RA1/AN1/C12IN1- RC3/SCK/SCL
4 23
AN2
5
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF/C2IN+ RC4/SDI/SDA
24
C4 DC 10A 0.5
SW-ROT-4
2

RA3/AN3/VREF+/C1IN+ RC5/SDO C5
6
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RC6/TX/CK
25
C6 D2 SW-ROT-4 SW-ROT-4
7 26 R24R23R22R21
VOUT

RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC7/RX/DT C7 1N4733A

41.0

14
1

13
RA6/OSC2/CLKOUT
19 Temp 10k 10k 10k 10k
3

RA7/OSC1/CLKIN RD0 D0
20
RD1 D1
33 21 U2
RS RB0/AN12/INT RD2 D2
34 22
EN RB1/AN10/C12IN3- RD3 D3 LM35
35 27 R19 R25
LD4 RB2/AN8 RD4 D4
36 28
LD5
LD6
37
RB3/AN9/PGM/C12IN2-
RB4/AN11
RD5/P1B
RD6/P1C
29
D5
D6
1k Ohm 900 9k
D4
38 30
LD7 RB5/AN13/T1G RD7/P1D D7 D5
39 R27 R26
B6
B7
40
RB6/ICSPCLK
RB7/ICSPDAT RE0/AN5
8 10k Ohm SW7 SW8 SW9
9 9k 90k
RE1/AN6 D6
10
RE2/AN7
PIC16F887
AN2 R29 R28 D7

100k Ohm 90k 900k

SW-ROT-4
D3 SW-ROT-4 D5 R32 SW-ROT-4
1N4733A
Diode Test 10k R36R35R34R33
DIODE 10k 10k 10k 10k
C0

Frequency C0 SW10
SW-SPDT-MOM
Connectivity C1

BUZ1 B6 B7

R43R42
R20R18 BUZZER 10k 10k
10k 10k

Fig.11 Test and result of voltage sensing

Fig.8 Simulation diagram of digital multi-meter

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R19 R25
LCD1 1k Ohm 900 9k
D4

LM016L R27 R26

D5
10k Ohm SW7 SW8 SW9
9k 90k D6

AN2 R29 R28 D7

100k Ohm 90k 900k

SW-ROT-4
D3 SW-ROT-4 D5 R32 SW-ROT-4
1N4733A
Diode Test 10k R36R35R34R33
DIODE 10k 10k 10k 10k

VDD
VEE
VSS

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10

12
13
14
11
EN
Fig.14 Simulation result of resistance sensing
RS

LD4
LD5
LD6
LD7
DC 1mA
U1
1 15
RE3/MCLR/VPP RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI C0
16
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 C1
2 17
AN0 RA0/AN0/ULPWU/C12IN0- RC2/P1A/CCP1
3 18
AN1 RA1/AN1/C12IN1- RC3/SCK/SCL
4 23
AN2 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF/C2IN+ RC4/SDI/SDA C4
5 24
RA3/AN3/VREF+/C1IN+ RC5/SDO C5
6 25
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RC6/TX/CK C6
7 26
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC7/RX/DT C7
14
RA6/OSC2/CLKOUT
13 19
RA7/OSC1/CLKIN RD0 D0
20
RD1 D1
33 21
RS RB0/AN12/INT RD2 D2
34 22
EN RB1/AN10/C12IN3- RD3 D3
35 27
LD4 RB2/AN8 RD4 D4
36 28
LD5 RB3/AN9/PGM/C12IN2- RD5/P1B D5
37 29
LD6 RB4/AN11 RD6/P1C D6
38 30
LD7 RB5/AN13/T1G RD7/P1D D7
39
B6 RB6/ICSPCLK
40 8
B7 RB7/ICSPDAT RE0/AN5
9
RE1/AN6
10
RE2/AN7
PIC16F887

R13
D0
DC 1mA 5k
R37 D1
R15 SW5 10
SW4 SW6
D2
DC 1A 5
D3
AN1 R17 B2
100V
DC 10A 0.5
SW-ROT-4
2

D2 SW-ROT-4 SW-ROT-4
R24R23R22R21
VOUT

1N4733A
Fig.15 Test and result of resistance sensing
41.0

Temp 10k 10k 10k 10k

3

U2
LM35
DC 1mA
U1
1 15
RE3/MCLR/VPP RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI C0
16
Fig.12 Simulation result of current sensing AN0
2
RA0/AN0/ULPWU/C12IN0-
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
RC2/P1A/CCP1
17
C1
3 18
AN1 RA1/AN1/C12IN1- RC3/SCK/SCL
4 23
AN2 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF/C2IN+ RC4/SDI/SDA C4
5 24
RA3/AN3/VREF+/C1IN+ RC5/SDO C5
6 25
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RC6/TX/CK C6
7 26
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC7/RX/DT C7
14
RA6/OSC2/CLKOUT
13 19
RA7/OSC1/CLKIN RD0 D0
20
RD1 D1
33 21
RS RB0/AN12/INT RD2 D2
34 22
EN RB1/AN10/C12IN3- RD3 D3
35 27
LD4 RB2/AN8 RD4 D4
36 28
LD5 RB3/AN9/PGM/C12IN2- RD5/P1B D5
37 29
LD6 RB4/AN11 RD6/P1C D6
38 30
LD7 RB5/AN13/T1G RD7/P1D D7
39
B6 RB6/ICSPCLK
40 8
B7 RB7/ICSPDAT RE0/AN5
9
RE1/AN6
10
RE2/AN7
PIC16F887
LCD1
LM016L
VDD
VEE
VSS

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10

12
13
14
11

Fig.13 Test and result of current sensing

EN
RS

LD4
LD5
LD6
LD7

DC 1mA
U1
LCD1 1 15 C0
LM016L RE3/MCLR/VPP RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI C0
16
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 C1
2 17
AN0 RA0/AN0/ULPWU/C12IN0- RC2/P1A/CCP1
AN1
3
RA1/AN1/C12IN1- RC3/SCK/SCL
18 Frequency C0
4 23 SW10
AN2
5
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF/C2IN+
RA3/AN3/VREF+/C1IN+
RC4/SDI/SDA
RC5/SDO
24
C4
C5
Connectivity C1
SW-SPDT-MOM
6 25
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RC6/TX/CK C6
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC7/RX/DT
26
C7 BUZ1
14
RA6/OSC2/CLKOUT
13 19 B6 freq B7 connect
RA7/OSC1/CLKIN RD0 D0
VDD
VEE
VSS

20
RW

RD1 D1 R20R18
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

33 21 BUZZER
E

RS RB0/AN12/INT RD2 D2 10k 10k R43R42

34 22 10k 10k
EN RB1/AN10/C12IN3- RD3 D3
35 27
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10

12
13
14
11

LD4 RB2/AN8 RD4 D4

36 28
LD5 RB3/AN9/PGM/C12IN2- RD5/P1B D5
37 29
LD6 RB4/AN11 RD6/P1C D6
38 30
LD7 RB5/AN13/T1G RD7/P1D D7
39
B6 RB6/ICSPCLK
40 8
B7 RB7/ICSPDAT RE0/AN5
9
RE1/AN6
EN
RS

LD4
LD5
LD6
LD7

10
RE2/AN7
PIC16F887

Fig.16 Simulation result of frequency sensing

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C0

Frequency C0

Connectivity C1 SW10
SW-SPDT-MOM

BUZ1
B6 freq B7 connect

R20R18 BUZZER
10k 10k R43R42
10k 10k

Fig.18 Simulation result of frequency sensing

Fig.17 Test and result of frequency sensing

VII. CONCLUSION
A microcontroller is essential if an automated system is to
be achieved. A PIC microcontroller (PIC16F887), together
with some auxiliary components were chosen and
implemented in the design for the reasons that have been
addressed in the previous chapter and sections. This
design had to establish physically how the circuit to work
and by other hand we were programming and programming Fig.19 Test and result of connectivity sensing
until the measure was desired. Nowadays, many
measurement instruments have been used in all
laboratories through the world. Unfortunately, their ACKNOWLEDGMENT
accuracies are mostly proportional to the time period. At The author would like to thank to Dr. HlaMyoTun, Associate
time passes, they may function incorrectly and generate Professor and Head of the Department of Electronic
some errors. In this digital multi-meter can be easily to use Engineering, Mandalay Technological University for his
the user and safety. The system is flexible and safer to use. help. And thanks to the supervisor, Dr. KyawSoeLwin,
Smart feature can be added or withdrawn as per Lecturers, Department of Electronic Engineering, Mandalay
requirement and hence design is fully cost effective. By Technological University for his guidance, support and
modifying this system, it is more useful and real apply the encouragement.
world.
REFERENCES
DC 1mA
U1
[1] LM 78XX/ LM 78XXA Positive Voltage Regulator Data
1
RE3/MCLR/VPP RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
15
16
C0 Sheet, Available from. http://www.fairchildsemi.com/
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 C1
2 17
AN0 RA0/AN0/ULPWU/C12IN0- RC2/P1A/CCP1
3 18
AN1 RA1/AN1/C12IN1- RC3/SCK/SCL

[2] John Iovine, PIC Microcontroller Project Book(2000).

4 23
AN2 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF/C2IN+ RC4/SDI/SDA C4
5 24
RA3/AN3/VREF+/C1IN+ RC5/SDO C5
6 25
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RC6/TX/CK C6
7 26
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC7/RX/DT C7
14
RA6/OSC2/CLKOUT

[3] Gothmann W. H., Digital Electronics - An introduction

13 19
RA7/OSC1/CLKIN RD0 D0
20
RD1 D1
33 21
to Theory and Practice. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
RS RB0/AN12/INT RD2 D2
34 22
EN RB1/AN10/C12IN3- RD3 D3
35 27
LD4 RB2/AN8 RD4 D4
36 28
LD5
LD6
37
38
RB3/AN9/PGM/C12IN2-
RB4/AN11
RD5/P1B
RD6/P1C
29
30
D5
D6 Clis, NJ, USA, 1977.
LD7 RB5/AN13/T1G RD7/P1D D7
39
B6 RB6/ICSPCLK
40 8
B7 RB7/ICSPDAT RE0/AN5
9
RE1/AN6
RE2/AN7
10 [4] Hd44780U (LCD-II), 2006
PIC16F887
http://www.chipdocs.com/pndecoder/
LCD1
LM016L HIT/HD47780U.html

[5] Sedra Adel, S. and Smitch Ken, C: Microelectronic

Circuits, Oxford University Press, New York (1998).
VDD
VEE
VSS

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E

[6] Anonymous: Microchip Co,Ltd. PIC16F8X Datasheet,

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10

12
13
14
11

August (2006).
EN
RS

LD4
LD5
LD6
LD7

114
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