UNIT - 1

HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING

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UNIT - 1

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 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING

Settlement refers to the action of people coming together to live in an area.

Settlement is a general term used in archaeology, geography, history and other
subjects for a place where people live (either permanently or temporarily).

When they come from far away it is sometimes called a colony. The term may
include hamlets, suburbs, towns and cities.

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 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING
A human settlement is defined as a place inhabited more or less
permanently.

It includes buildings in which they live or use and the paths and
streets over which they travel.

It also includes the temporary camps of the hunters and

herders.

It may consists of only a few dwelling units called hamlets or big

cluster of buildings called urban cities.

The Advanced learners dictionary of current English simply

defines settlement as the process of settling in a colony. But
more conceptually, human settlement may be defined as an
assembly of person settled in a locality. Thus, it could be a
village, collection of huts or even houses.
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 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING

The term human settlement is used to cover all groups of human

habitation, bearing in mind that different form of settlements exists.

Settlements could comprise of dispersed houses, clustered houses

farm stead, hamlets, villages, towns, cities, metropolis, conurbation
and megalopolis.

A settlement may be permanent or temporary. An example of a

temporary settlement is a refugee camp.

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 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING
Ekistics
The term Ekistics was coined by Greek architect and urban planner
Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.

Applies to the science of human settlements .

Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design. This

science, termed Ekistics, will take into consideration the principles man
takes into account when building his settlements, as well as the
evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size and
quality.

The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which
respects human dimensions.

Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to

accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man with in
the same settlement.
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CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
By Ekistics Units
By Ekistics Elements
By Ekistics Functions
By Evolutionary Phases
By Factors & Disciplines

BY EKISTICS UNITS: FOUR BASIC GROUPS

Minor shells or elementary units- Man(Anthropos), room, house;

Micro-settlements- units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town

where people used, do & still do achieve interconnection by walking
(housegroup, small neighbourhood);

Meso-settlements- between traditional town & conurbation within

which one can commute daily (small polis, polis, small metropolis, small
eperopolis, eperopolis); and

Macro-settlements- whose largest possible expression is the

Ecumenopolis

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 so he articulated a general
hierarchical scale with fifteen levels
of ekistics units:
EKISTIC UNITS:
15 LEVELS
Also called EKISTICS LOGARITHMIC SCALE
(ELS)
Unit range from Man to Ecumenopolis
which turn into four basic groups

The figure on the right represent

Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for
the year 2100 at which time he
estimated (in 1968) that Earth would
achieve zero population growth at
a population of 50,000,000,000 with
human civilization being powered
by fusion energy.

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HUMAN SETTLEMENT ELEMENTS

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Nature Man Society Shells Network

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Principles of Ekistics

i. The first principle is maximization of man's potential contacts with the elements of
nature (such as water and trees), with other people, and with the works of man
(such as buildings and roads).

ii. The second principle is minimization of the effort required for the achievement of
man's actual and potential contacts.

iii. The third principle is optimization of man's protective space, which means the
selection of such a distance from other persons, animals, or objects that he can
keep his Contacts with them (first principle) without any kind of Sensory Or
Psychological discomfort.

iv. The fourth principle is optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his
environment, which consists of nature, society, shells (buildings and houses of all
sorts)and networks (ranging from roads to telecommunications). This is the
principle that leads to order, physiological and aesthetic, and that influences
architecture and, in many respects, art.

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EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Primitive non-organised human settlements (started with the evolution of man.)

Primitive organised settlements (the period of villages - eopolis - which lasted

about 10,000 years.)

Static urban settlements or cities (polis - which lasted about 5,000-6,000 years.)

Dynamic urban settlements (dynapolis - which lasted 200 - 400 years.)

The universal city (ecumenopolis - which is now beginning.)

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PRIMITIVE NON-ORGANISED HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

In this particular phase, the communities take up a smaller area where they do
agriculture and a larger one where they do hunting and cattle-breeding
communities.

On a macro scale, they consists of a nucleus which is the built up part of the
human settlement, and several parts which lead out into the open, thinning
out until they disappear.

There is no physical lines connecting this primitive settlement with others; there
are no networks between settlements.

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PRIMITIVE ORGANISED HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

This phase is an era of organised agriculture, settlements also began to show

some characteristics of organisation.

In initial the human had one-room dwelling in circular form, to organise the
relationship of his community with other communities he expanded his
dwelling by placing many round forms side by side.

Due to the loss of space between them, they developed more regular shapes
with no space lost between them. The evolution reached the stage at which a
rectilinear pattern develops into a regular grid - iron one.

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STATIC URBAN SETTLEMENTS

As settlements grew in size, man came to realise that the principle of the
single-nucleus was not always valid in the internal organisation of the total
shells of the community, at this single nodal point, which was adequate for the
village and for small cities, no longer sufficed.

The first thing to happen was the expansion of the nucleus in one or more
directions; it was no longer limited to the settlement's centre of
gravity.Example: The small settlement of Priene, in ancient Greece, where the
central nucleus expanded in two ways:

First in a linear form along a main street which contained shops that would
normally be clustered in the central agora and secondly through the
decentralisation of some functions, such as temples

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DYNAMIC URBAN SETTLEMENT

In the dynamic urban phase, settlements in space are characterised by

continuous growth.

Hence, all their problems are continuously intensified and new ones
continuously created.

Dynamic settlements, created as a result of an industrial technological

revolution, multiplying in number and form, and now being created at an
even higher rate.

The evils described in them are the evils of yesterday which are being
multiplied today in a very dangerous manner.

This makes the dynamic settlement completely different from any other
category of settlements and a real threat to humanity itself.

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EARLY DYNAPOLIS

This is the phase when small independent human settlements with

independent administrative units are beginning to grow beyond their initial
boundaries.

From the economic point of view this development is related to

industrialisation, and from the technological point of view to the railroad era,
which first made commuting from distance points possible.

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METROPOLIS/DYNAMETROPOLIS

Fate of the historical metropolises has been dynamic growth,

A static phase, and then death static phase for a metropolis is the prelude of
its decline and death
Dynamic metropolis, after losing its momentum for growth, becomes
negatively dynamic.

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MEGALOPOLIS/DYNAMEGALOPOLIS

A megalopolis has the same external characteristics as the metropolis, the only
difference being that every phenomenon appears on a much larger scale.
It is characteristic that all phenomenon of the development of human
settlements up to the metropolis shown on a 100 sq.km. Scale, for megalopolis
would be 1,000sq.km.

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Ecumenopolis (the universal city)

Regardless of whether dynamic settlements are simple (Dynapolis), or

composite (metropolises and megalopolises), they have been growing
continuously during the last centuries and this is apparent everywhere at
present i.e. the whole Earth will be covered by one human settlement.

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DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

VILLAGE in Pre Urban City in Begining Urban Early

area area dynapolis

Dynapolis:-Industrial Era Metropolis:-Industrial Era Megalopolis (Large political

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KINDS OF SETTLEMENTS ACCORDING TO SIZE

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ISOLATED DWELLING

An isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or families in it. It would have
negligible services.

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HAMLET

A hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services, and few
buildings.

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VILLAGE

A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet,

but smaller than a town or city. Though generally located in rural areas.

A village generally does not have many services, possibly only a small corner
shop or post office. A village has a population of 100 to 1,000.

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TOWN
A town has a population of 1,000 to 20,000

A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand

(occasionally hundreds of thousands) inhabitants. Usually, a "town" is thought
of as larger than a village but smaller than a "city",

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LARGE TOWN

A large town has a population of 20,000 to 100,000.

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CITY
A city would have abundant services, but not as many as a large city. The population
of a city is over 100,000 people.

LARGE CITY a city with a large population and many services. The population is >1
million people.

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A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and
other urban areas that, through population growth and physical
expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially
developed area

A conurbation can be confused with a metropolitan area. As the term is

used in North America, a metropolitan area consists of many
neighborhoods, while a conurbation consists of many different
metropolitan areas that are connected with one another and are usually
interdependent economically and socially.

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SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

A settlement pattern means the shape of a settlement. The shape of

early settlements was usually influenced by the surrounding landcape.
Originally, people built their homes together for: companionship, safety
and to share services. Over a long period of time, many villages grow as
more people want to live in them. This creates a distinct shape or
pattern of land use:

When early settlements began to grow there were no planning

regulations. People built houses where they wanted to. Some houses
were built far apart from each other (dispersed). Other houses were built
close together, making villages. Villages began to grow outwards and
the shape of the settlements changed.

Some settlements became long and narrow (linear), others stayed

clustered together (nucleated). Today, people must have permission
from the local authority to build houses. Settlements now grow in a
planned way.

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Urban form refers to the physical layout and design of the city,
spatial imprint of an urban transport system, Adjacent physical
infrastructures. Jointly they confer a level of spatial planning
arrangement to cities. Urban form or city form is defined as the
spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point of time

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DETERMINANTS OF TYPE OF SETTLEMENT

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 PATTERNS

Pattern of settlement is defined as the relationship between one

house or building to another. It can be identified by reading and
observing a local scale map.. The socio cultural factors like caste
structure or a func-tional need of people has a close bearing on its
shape and size.

TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT

1. Compact/clustered/nucleated settlement

2. Semi-compact/Semi-clustered/fragmented settlement

3. Hemleted settlement

4. Dispersed settlement.

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1. COMPACT SETTLEMENTS:
As the name suggests, these settlements have closely built up area.
Therefore in such settlements all the dwellings are concentrated in
one central sites and these inhabited area is distinct and separated
from the farms and pastures. Maximum settlements of our country
comes under this category. They are spread over almost every part of
the country. These settlements are distributed over the entire northern
Indo-Ganga plain

Very often these settlements have a definite pattern due to closely built
area and intervening street patterns. As many as 11 patterns are
identified. We will discuss only Five major patterns. These patterns are:

(i) Linear pattern (ii) Rectangular pattern (iii) Circular pattern (iv) Square
pattern (v) Radial pattern

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1. LINEAR SETTLEMENTS
It is commonly found along main roads, railways,
streams, etc. It may have a single row of houses
arranged along the main artery. For example rural
settlements found along the sea coast, river valley,
mountain ranges etc.
.

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Rectangular Pattern :

This is a very common type which develops around the rectangular

shape of agricultural fields as it is common to find a system of land
measurement based on square units. Village paths and cart tracks also
confirm to the rectangular field patterns and run through the village in
north-south and east-west directions. Accessibility to farms and fields
and connectivity to other settlements lead to rectangular shape of
settlements. The settlements of coastal Maharashtra and Andhra
Pradesh and either side of Aravali hills, etc. may be cited for examples.
3)Square Pattern:

This is basically a varient of rectangular type. Such a pattern is associated

with villages lying at the crossing of cart tracks or roads and also related
to features restricting the extension of the village outside a square space.
These features may include an old boundary wall, thick orchards, a road
or a pond.

4) CIRCULAR
The round form was a natural outcome of maximum aggregation for the
purpose of defence during the past.

5) Radial Pattern :
In this type, a number of streets converge on one centre which may be a
source of water (pond, well), a temple or mosque, a centre of
commercial activity or simply an open space. Thus, the streets seem to
be radiating from a common centre. Examples are settlements near
Gurushikar, Mount Abu in Rajasthan, Vindhyachal in Uttar Pradesh, etc.
2. SEMI- COMPACT SETTLEMENT:

As the name suggests, the dwellings or houses are not well-knitted. Such
settlements are characterized by a small but compact nuclears around
which hamlets are dispersed. It covers more area than the compact
settlements. These settlements are found both in plains and plateaus
depending upon the environmental conditions prevailing in that area.

Like, compact settlements, semi-compact settlements may also have

different patterns. Some of the patterns are (i) checker board pattern (ii)
Elongated pattern (iii) Fan shaped pattern.

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1) Checker Board Pattern:
This is a type of settlement found generally at the junction of two roads.
The streets meet each other at an angle or are parlalel to each other.
This is because of the tendency to align the dwellings along cardinal
axes. This pattern is common in the northern plains.

2) Elongated Pattern:
Such settlement occurs as a result of elongation of the rectangular
pattern due to influence of site features. For instance, in the Ganga
plains, in areas liable to inundation, the rectangular pattern becomes
unusually elongated along the high ground. Even otherwise the
advantage offered by riverside location forces such a pattern

3) Fan Shaped Pattern:

This is seen where some focal points or line is situated at one end of the
village. A focal object may be a tank a riverside, a road, an orchard, a
well or even a place of worship. Such patterns are common in the
delta region where the dwellings simply follow the fan shaped profile of
the delta as in the case of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, etc.
Such patterns are also common in the Himalyan foothills.

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3. HAMLETED SETTLEMENTS:
These type of settlements, are fragmented into several small units. The
main settlement does not have much influence on the other units. Very
often the original site is not easily distinguishable and these hamlets are
often spread over the area with intervening fields. This segregation is often
influenced by social and ethnic factors. These settlements are generally
found in West Bengal, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and
coastal plains.

4. DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS:
This is also known as isolated settlements. Here the settlement is
characterized by units of small size which may consist of a single house to
a small group of houses. It varies from two to seven huts. Therefore, in this
type, hamlets are scattered over a vast area and does not have any
specific pattern. Such type of settlements are found in tribal areas of
central part of India covering Chhota Nagpur plateau, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, etc

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DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS

Dispersed settlements are usually farms. They are spread out

because of the space taken up by fields. Other dispersed
settlements are found in mountainous areas where it is
difficult to live

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TYPES OF SETTLEMENT PATTERN

1.LINEAR
2.NON LINEAR
3.CIRCULAR

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SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

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1. LINEAR SETTLEMENT

A linear settlement pattern is where

houses or buildings are lined up by the
road. A linear settlement is mainly
followed along a transport route.
Many people make their houses and
buildings so it can be a more easy
transport for their goods.

Many follow a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal though some
form due to physical restrictions, such coastlines, mountains, hills or valleys.
Linear settlements may have no obvious center, such as a road junction or
green.Linear settlements have a long and narrow shape
Often, it is only a single street with houses on either side of the road.
Mileham, Norfolk, England is a good example of this.
A linear settlement is in contrast with ribbon development, which is the
outward spread of an existing town along a main street.

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2. NON LINEAR SETTLEMENT / NUCLEATED
SETTLEMENTS

Nucleated settlement refers to a town with buildings

clustered together around a center. Settlement patterns
of towns include dispersed, linear and nucleated, each
influenced by largely geographic factors.
A clustered settlement contrasts with a:
dispersed settlement
linear settlement
polyfocal settlement - this is where two (or more)
adjacent nucleated
villages have expanded and merged to form a cohesive
overall community.
Defense
Nucleated settlements are easier to defend. Such settlements typically developed around castles
and forts, for example. Townspeople would seek shelter inside the central area in case of danger.

Flat Areas
Nucleated settlements in flat areas without geographic restrictions allow for a town to grow
outward in many directions. A busy road crossing also allows a surrounding town to develop further.
One example of a nucleated village in England is Shapwick, Somerset.

DISPERSED
Refers to the scattering of houses over a large area. Occur in rural area, hilly and plain areas.
Overpopulation is one of the reasons for dispersed settlement.
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 3.CIRCULAR SETTLEMENT
The circular form consists of a central open space surrounded by structures. This model
has a center with homes, barns, schools, and churches and as you move away from the
center, it is surrounded by farmland. Small garden plots were located in the first ring
surrounding the village, with cultivated land, pastures and woodlands in successive rings.
They resemble Von Thunens model as they are circular and have a center focal point.

A circular pattern is seen in the Upper Doab an Trans-Yamuna districts, Malwa, Punjab
and Gujarat, where large villages are characterized by a very high degree
compactness. The outer walls of dwellings adjoin each other and present a continuous
front, so that when viewed from outside, the villages look like a walled and fortified
enclosure pierced by a few openings. The round form was a natural outcome of
maximum aggregation for the purpose of defense during the past.

VON THUNEN URBAN

MODEL HOYT MODEL

The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in
1939 by economist Homer Hoyt. It is a modification of the concentric zone
model of city development.
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The history of circular and radial-concentric design of building complexes
goes back to the early days of mankind (fig. 518) The round architectural
shape provided a natural sense of unity. It was also a practical form of
defense against dangers coming in from all sides.

FIG: A plan of the Round City of Baghdad around 800

1000 AD. The city has concentric defense walls that
enclosed rings of residential quarters. The palace and
the mosque were right in the center point.

A typical example of a round village in modern times is the small Isla

Mexcaltitan in the Nayarit province of Mexico

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 FIG: The round village of Mexcaltitan
(in Mexico) is an example of a circular
and cross-shaped structure in Middle
America. The place is situated in a
shallow lake.

The first prerequisite for a circular city is a suitable geography (the natural factor) and a
deliberate plan to continue city development along concentric lines (the human factor).
Ideally, the round city is situated on a plane without natural obstructions. These areas are
common all over the world, but there are, nevertheless, very few circular cities that are
built in those ideal geographical circumstances.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANATGES

LINEAR SETTLEMENT

Easy access to roads / high accessibility

Not having to walk far distances because the sidewalks are straight
Straight to destination
Social (getting to know neighbours)
Different sized buildings
Useful along the limited edge
Adaptability to linear growth

DISADVANTAGES
Not much open space (houses are in a straight line meaning there is less space in
between each house---smaller backyard or lawns etc.)
Very sensitive to blockage, requires control of growth
Lacks focus
The choice of connection or of direction of movement are less
Linked houses (if you are not comfortable with your house linked to another then the
house won't be comfortable for you)
Some houses that are a part of a linear settlement don't have big garages or they
aren't really good because they are cramped up
Linear settlements may have no obvious center, such as a road junction or
green. Linear settlements have a long and narrow shape

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NON LINEAR

DISPERSED (ADVANTAGES)

Farmer lives on his or her own farm

Farmer decides how to manage the farm and makes his or her own
decisions
Lives on a single holding and makes maximum use of machinery
Greater profit

DISPERSED (DISADVANTAGES)

Living in isolation, therefore there is little social contact

Safety of farmer is threatened because of isolation
Farmer has to travel great distances for basic commodities
Living in isolation may lead to boredom, however TV, radio, alarms
have minimized the fact that farms do not have access to security
and communication

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CLUSTERED

ADVANTAGES

Open space can provide community members with larger

recreation areas and create a sense of openness that many
people desire.
Open space can benefit the environment by providing habitat
for wildlife, naturally filtering storm water, reducing storm water
runoff from impervious surfaces, and protecting the natural
features of a site.
Linking the open space of several conservation design
subdivisions can help develop larger and more effective
environmental corridors within and between communities.
Developers may benefit because these designs usually reduce
the costs of site development and increase the market price of
individual plots in comparison with traditional subdivisions.
These designs can benefit rural areas by reinforcing the policy
of maintaining the local rural character that is included in many
comprehensive land use plans.
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CLUSTERED - DISADVANTAGES

Perhaps most important, local officials, developers, and the community may
be predisposed toward traditional development designs because they are
familiar and well understood. An education effort may be necessary to help
these groups understand the goals and advantages of cluster development.

Cluster/Conservation Development - Land Use Planning - Local Community

located closer together, they still take advantage of the open-space goals of
the design.

Although not necessarily a restricting disadvantage, the management of

drinking water, drainage waste disposal, electricity and other networks, must
be carefully designed for smaller lots. While these disadvantages should be
acknowledged and addressed, none should preclude the use of cluster
development.

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 Developed in 1925 by Ernest w. Burgess.
Cities grow radially outward away from a single centre.
Different land uses are distributed like concentric rings around
the city centre.
They are: CBD, zone in transition, low-class residential zone,
middle-class residential zone, high-class residential zone.

Criticisms about concentric zone theory

Physical features - land may restrict growth of certain sectors
Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone
but located far from the city
Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and
entertainment
It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape
 Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt ,states that a city develops in sectors,
not rings
All land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre.
The land use zones are influenced by radial transport routes.
High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another.

Criticisms about sector model

Applies well to Chicago.
Low cost housing is near industry and transportation proving Hoyts model
Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which
make commerce easier
With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still
travel to the CBD using their car. Not only do high-class residents have
cars, but also middle and lower class people may have cars.
 Moscow, the world biggest
Megapolis (Russian Moskva) is
the capital of Russia.

The city grew in a pattern of rings

and radials that marked
Moscow's growth from ancient
time to modern layout.

The center of all rings is Moscow

Kremlin and famous Red Square.

Moscow, 1893
Red Square - Moscow

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 Successive epochs of
development are traced by the
The Boulevard Ring and
The Garden Ring,
The Moscow Little Ring
Railway,
And the Moscow Ring Road.

Moscow, At Present
FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH AND DECAY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

Physical factors that influence the location of a settlement include;

1.Water supply settlements need water, they often locate on wet point sites
for this. Settlements
built away from rivers and water supplies to avoid flooding are located at dry
point sites.

2.Defence building on high ground allowed people the chance to look out
for enemies (e.g.
Edinburgh castle) while surrounding a settlement with water also helped with
deed defence e.g.
Durham is built inside a meander.

3.Aspect and shelter In the northern hemisphere south facing slopes receive
more sunlight and are
protected from cold Northerly winds. More settlements and agricultural land is
therefore located on
South facing slopes.

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The economic factors include;

1. Communications settlements often located next to rivers that could

be easily crossed. These are
called bridging points. Other favorable places included where at the
junctions of valleys or in gaps
through hills. These locations allowed maximum communication
between different settlements and
increased trade. E.g. Newcastle is built on the Tyne at a bridging point
and could benefit with trade
from the North and the South.

2. Resources - Early settlers relied upon wood for fuel and building. A site
close to woodland was
there fore an advantage. Later, resources such as Iron ore, coal and
bauxite encouraged the growth
of settlements.

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OTHERS

1. Provision of social services- People migrate from their original places and
live near areas where social services are easily available to them. Example of
social services are health centres, schools,
electricity and water supply.

2. Climate condition.
People settle in good climatic areas. Rainfall and temperature have a great
influence from human
settlement. Areas that receive abundant rainfall and favourable temperature
attract more people.
This is because people are able to engage in both subsistence and
commercial farming such areas are
Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Ruvuma and Iringa region where there is abundant
rainfall.

3. Relief
It is a strong factor influencing settlement. Gentle slopes are ideal areas for
building houses as they
are well drained. Steep stops are usually uninhabited because they have thin
soils which inhibit
growth of crops and pasture.
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4. Vegetation cover;
Vegetation is the total plants cover over an area. Thick vegetation
discourages establishment of
settlement. Dense forest such as Congo of central Africa and Amazon, in
South America are not
accessible. They may also be habitants for dangerous wild animals and
disease carrying vectors.

5.Political factor;
Political factor has great influence on settlement establishment. A
settlement may be located in a certain area because of political reasons
for example in 1967 the government of Tanzania introduced ujamaa
village where by people were settled in villages.

6. Cultural factors;
Some areas may be productive but due to some cultural beliefs people
may be prohibited to establish
settlements on such areas. Example mumbanitu forest in Njombe.

Prepared by Ar.G.Dhayananth
7. Historical factors
Prior to the division of Africa some communities moved in various directions and
settled in their present homelands. Those movements were caused by various
factors mainly wars for example Mfecane war in South Africa.

REASONS FOR DECAY

Urbanization is associated with a number of problems, some of these problems

include environmental degradation, rise in criminal activities, inadequate
housing, traffic congestion, unemployment, immorality, shortage of public
utilities such as water, and emergence of street children.

Overcrowding, Great number of immigrants and people are coming from

farms. There is an increase in birth rate and drop in mortality rate. People
migrate from original places due to corruption, poor water supply and poor
health services.

Political instability, the increase of the people at certain areas cause the
increase of bad behaviors like crime which lead to political instability at a given
area.

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Eruption of diseases like cholera, malaria, HIV/AIDS and other outbreaks
due to population pressure caused by the increase of people.

Unemployment, Due to the increase of people in urban areas from the

rural most of them search for jobs in the urban centres which result in lack
of job vacancies.

Traffic Congestion, These refer to the presence of high number of vehicles

especially private cars, these lead to noise pollutions as well as air
pollutions for example Dar -es salaam.

Shortage of social services, like water, schools. Some urban centres do not
have reliable sources of water. As population increase water sources are
strained and most residential areas experience water shortage for
instance Dar es salaam suffer from water shortage throughout the year.

Emergence of street children, As people increase resulting to the lack of

social services and conflicts in the family and at the end family break-ups
which result to street children. These people decided to
run away due to the lack of social services in their family.

Prepared by Ar.G.Dhayananth