General Biology Laboratory Activity

DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS

Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Secondary Laboratory School
Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics
LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 1

THE LIGHT/COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
DATE:_______________________ INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Lester E. Orpilla
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To know the parts of a light/compound microscope
2. To understand the uses of the parts and the equipment as a whole.
II. INTRODUCTION:
The term light refers to the method by which light transmits the image to your eye. Compound
deals with the microscope having more than one lens. Microscope is the combination of two words;
"micro" meaning small and "scope" meaning view.
Early microscopes, like Leeuwenhoek's, were called simple because they only had one lens.
Simple scopes work like magnifying glasses that you have seen and/or used. These early
microscopes had limitations to the amount of magnification no matter how they were constructed.
The creation of the compound microscope by the Janssens helped to advance the field of
microbiology light years ahead of where it had been only just a few years earlier. The Janssens
added a second lens to magnify the image of the primary (or first) lens.
Simple light microscopes of the past could magnify an object to 266X as in the case of
Leeuwenhoek's microscope. Modern compound light microscopes, under optimal conditions, can
magnify an object from 1000X to 2000X (times) the specimens original diameter.
III. MATERIAL:
Compound microscope
IV. PROCEDURE:
Examine the microscope. In the body tube, there are adjustments or screws. The large screw
is the coarse adjustment while the smaller is the fine adjustment. Just body tube is the draw tube
that holds the eyepiece where the specimen is viewed by the observer. The microscope can be
inclined or straightened because of the inclination joint that joins the base to the arm. The
revolving nosepiece, just below the dust shield, enables the observer to move from one objective
to the next. Below the objectives is the stage, a flat square surface where stage clips are placed to
hold the slide to be examined. The iris diaphragm is a thin metallic disc immediately located under
the stage containing holes of various sized to regulate the amount of light penetrating the microscope.
Illuminating parts are those that direct light on the specimen and mechanical parts are those that
are involved in the manipulation of the microscope.
General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 1

V. DRAWING:
Draw the compound microscope that you have physically seen in the laboratory. Label, define and
describe the parts that you have observed.
VI. QUESTIONS:
1. What is a microscope?
2. Name five (5) scientists who utilized the microscope in their scientific work.
3. Write down five (5) things that you can do in handling the microscope.

Bacnotan, La Union

MAGNIFICATION
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To learn how to compute for the magnification of an object seen under the microscope.
2. To illustrate the object according to its magnified sizes.
II. MATERIALS:
Compound microscope, prepared slide of microorganism (ei. Paramecium, amoeba, or euglena)
III. PROCEDURE:
Observe the available slides using your naked eye. Can you see the organisms visibly? Place the
prepared slides under the microscope (LPO). Observe the size of the organism in relation to the
visual field of the microscope. Shift to MPO, then to HPO. Observe the change in size.
IV. DRAWING:
Draw all observations: actual and magnified forms. Indicate total magnification of each drawing.
LPO MPO HPO

________ ________ ________
V. QUESTIONS:
1. What is magnification?
2. Compute for the total magnification obtained from various combinations of eyepiece and
objectives as follows:
Eyepiece/Objective 4x 10x 15x 40x 60x

5x
10x
15x

Bacnotan, La Union

FOCUSING THE MICROSCOPE
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand and do hands-on in the proper technique of focusing to be able to get a clear
image of specimen.
2. To make accurate and correct illustration of specimens observed under the different objectives
of the compound microscope.
II. MATERIALS:
Compound microscopes, glass slides, letter e cut-out.medicine dropper, water
III. PROCEDURE:
Using a Compound Microscope
1. Remove the microscope from its cabinet and carry it upright with one hand grasping the arm
and your other hand supporting the microscope below its base. Place your microscope on the
table in front of you.
2. Plug in the microscope and turn on the light source.
3. If it isn't already in position, rotate the nosepiece until the low-power (4X) objective is in line
with the light source. (The 4X objective is sometimes called the "scanning objective" because it
enables users to scan large areas of a specimen.) You'll feel the objective click into place
when it is positioned properly. Always begin examining slides with the low-power objective.
4. Locate the coarse adjustment knob on the side of the microscope. Depending on the type of
microscope that you're using, the coarse adjustment knob moves either the nosepiece (with its
objectives) or the stage to focus the lenses on the specimen. Only a partial turn of the coarse
adjustment knob moves the stage or nosepiece a relatively large distance. The coarse
adjustment should only be used when) you're viewing a specimen with the 4X or l0x objective
lens.
5. If your microscope is binocular, adjust the distance between the oculars to match the distance
between your pupils. If your microscope is monocular, keep both eyes open when using the
microscope. After a little practice you will ignore the image received by the eye not looking
through the ocular.
6. Focus a specimen by using the following steps:
a. Place a microscope slide of newsprint of the letter e on the horizontal stage so that the e is
directly below the low-power objective lens and is right side up. It should be centered over
the hole in the stage.
b. Rotate the coarse adjustment knob to move the objective within 1 cm of the stage (1 cm =
0.4 in).
c. Look through the oculars with both eyes open.
d. Rotate the coarse adjustment knob (i.e., raising the objective lens or lowering the stage)
until the e comes into focus. If you don't see an image, the e is probably off center. Be sure
that the e is directly below the objective lens and that you can see a spot of light
surrounding the e.
e. Focus up and down to achieve the crispest image.
f. Adjust the condenser iris diaphragm so that the brightness of the transmitted light provides
the best view.
g. Observe the letter, then rotate the nosepiece to align the l0X objective and 40X respectively
to finish your observation.

IV. QUESTION
1. As you view the letter e, how is it oriented? Upside down or right side up?
2. How does the image move when the slide is moved to the right or left? Toward you or away
from you?
3. What happens to the brightness of the view when you go from 4X to 40X?
V. DRAWING
LPO MPO HPO

________ ________ ________

Bacnotan, La Union

CELLULAR STRUCTURES
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To prepare slides of Cheek Cell, Onion Cell, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena and
Lactobacillus
2. Examine a cell's structure and determine whether it is from a plant, animal, protest or bacteria.
II. MATERIALS:
Compound microscopes, glass slides, tooth pick, Cheek cells, Methylene blue stain
Paper towel/ bond paper, Onion Skin, water, cultures of Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena,
Yogurt or Yakult (Lactobacillus)
III. PROCEDURE:
Human Epithelial Cells
1. Place one or two drops of water on a clean slide
2. Obtain a clean toothpick and collect cheek cells by gently scraping the inside of your cheek
3. Swirl the tip of the toothpick in the water on the slide (immediately discard your toothpick)
4. Stain your cheek cells with methylene blue stain
5. Observe and sketch the stained cheek cells. Identify the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell
membrane
Allium cepa (onion) Cells

1. Prepare a wet mount of Allium (onion) epidermis
2. Place one or two drops of water on a clean slide
3. Peel the epidermis (thin skin) off the inside of a piece of sliced onion using forceps
4. Place the epidermis carefully in the water on the slide
5. Stain the onion cells with methylene blue stain
6. Observe the cells under the microscope and sketch what you see.
Amoeba, Paramecium & Euglena

1. Use a dropper to obtain a few drops from the bottom of the culture. Examining the culture with
a dissecting microscope may help you locate some organisms.
2. Place the organisms on a microscope slide.
3. Observe the specimen under the microscope and sketch what you see.
Bacteria: Lactobacillus
1. Place a tiny dab of yogurt on a microscope slide.
2. Mix this small amount of yogurt in a drop of water, and examine the yogurt under the
microscope.
3. Observe the simple, external structure of the bacteria and sketch what you see.
IV. QUESTIONS
1. Explain the function of the chloroplast in plant cells and tell why animal cells do not have a
chloroplast.

2. Are animal cells and plant cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Explain your answer.
3. What structures (organelles), that you observed, do both plant and animal cells have?
4. What structures (organelles), that you observed, do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
5. Explain the structure and function of the cell wall in plant cells.
6. How does movement of Paramecium compare to that of Amoeba?
7. How do shape and body consistency differ between Amoeba and Paramecium?
8. What structures in Amoeba and Paramecium also occur in plant cells? What structures in
Amoeba and Paramecium do not occur in plant cells?
9. Are bacteria cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Explain your answer.
V. DRAWING. Draw and label the organelles present in the human check cells and onion cells
according to different magnifications.
Human Cheek Cells
LPO MPO HPO

________ ________ ________

Onion Cells
LPO MPO HPO

________ ________ ________
Amoeba
LPO MPO HPO

________ ________ ________
Paramecium
LPO MPO HPO

________ ________ ________
Euglena
LPO MPO HPO

________ ________ ________

Lactobacillus sp.
LPO MPO HPO

________ ________ ________
VI. CONCLUSION

Bacnotan, La Union

CELL DIVISION
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To locate cells in actual division
2. To identify different stages in mitosis according to structural changes seen.
3. To point out differences between mitosis and meiosis.
II. MATERIALS:
Compound microscope, Allium cepa
III. PROCEDURE:
1. Examine the slide of Allium cepa under MPO. Look for cells manifesting structural changes of
their nucleus, chromatin-chromosomes, formation of aster and spindle fibers. Shift to HPO.
Observe carefully detailed structural modifications in the nucleus and cytoplasm of dividing
cells. Refer to the chat or a reference book for the proper identification of each mitotic stage.
2. Make diagrammatic drawings of the different stages in mitosis. Label completely.
IV. DRAWING:
1. Draw and actual observations of cells in different stages of mitosis under HPO. Describe the salient
features of each mitotic stage.
PROPHASE METAPHASE
________ ________
ANAPHASE TELOPHSE
________ ________

IV. QUESTIONS:
1. How does mitosis differ from meiosis?
2. In a tabular form, compare and contrast mitosis and amitosis in terms of its definition, chromosomal
changes, rate of division, organisms where it takes place.

Bacnotan, La Union

MEIOSIS: THE SPERM CELL
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To appreciate life by understanding the process of meiosis.
2. To evaluate the structure of a sperm
3. To develop understanding on the motion of sperm cell in order to reach the egg cell for
fertilization to take place
II. INTRODUCTION
Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, such
as animals, plants and fungi. The number of sets of chromosomes in the cell undergoing meiosis is
reduced to half the original number, typically from two sets (diploid) to one set (haploid). The cells
produced by meiosis are either gametes (the usual case in animals) or otherwise usually spores from
which gametes are ultimately produced (the case in land plants). In many organisms, including all
animals and land plants (but not some other groups such as fungi), gametes are called sperm in
males and egg cells or ova in females. Since meiosis has halved the number of sets of
chromosomes, when two gametes fuse during fertilisation, the number of sets of chromosomes in the
resulting zygote is restored to the original number.
III. MATERIAS:
Small plastic cup Small beaker Inoculating loop Toothpick
Slide Cover slip Electric / binocular Lab gown

microscope
Lab mask Lab gloves Freshly extracted Bond paper

sperm cells
Drawing and Dropper Spatula camera

coloring materials
IV. PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain newly acquired semen with sperm cells from sperm bank / volunteers.
2. Place semen in the small plastic container or small beaker.
3. Using a spatula or dropper, extract 0.1 ml 0.5 ml of semen from the beaker/plastic container.
4. Place the semen extract to a clear slide.
5. Using an inoculating loop or a toothpick, spread the semen until it forms a thin layer on the slide.
6. Prepare your electric/binocular microscope.
7. Place prepared slide on the stage of the microscope. View it under LPO. Do necessary adjustment
to obtain clear resolution of the image.
8. Move objective to MPO and then to LPO
9. Observe the structure and motility of the sperm cells.

V. DRAWING:
1. Draw or print an actual photo of the sperm cell observed in the microscope. Label your
drawing/photo.
.
SPERM CELL SPERM CELL

________ ________
2. Draw or print a diagrammatic representation of spermatogenesis. Label your drawing / diagram.
VI. QUESTIONS:
1. Why is there a need for meiosis to occur?
2. Why does the sperm cell possess a forward-propelling motion? Explain this in the context of
reproduction.
3. Can sperm count predict infertility issues in men? How?

Bacnotan, La Union

BIOMOLECULES
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
I. OBJECTIVE:
1. To test for the presence of organic compound in food samples
II. MATERIALS:
Starch powder ()
test tube
Iodine solution
Benedicts solution
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
1% copper sulfate solution
III. PROCEDURE
Test for starch

Shake a little starch powder in a test-tube with some warm water to make a suspension.
Add 3 or 4 drops of iodine solution.
Test for reducing sugar

Heat a little glucose solution with an equal volume of Benedicts solution in a test-tube. The heating is
done by placing the test-tube in a beaker of boiling water, or warming it gently over alcohol lamp.
However, if this second technique is used, the test-tube should be moved constantly in and out of the
alcohol lamp to prevent the liquid boiling and shooting out of the tube.
Test for protein (Biuret test)

To a 1% solution of albumen (the protein of egg-white) add 5 cm3 dilute sodium hydroxide (CARE: this
solution is caustic), followed by 5 cm3 1% copper sulfate solution. A purple colour indicates protein. If
the copper sulfate is run into the food solution without mixing, a violet halo appears where the two
liquids come into contact.
Test for fat

Shake two drops of cooking oil with about 5 cm3 ethanol in a dry test-tube until the fat dissolves.
Pour this solution into a test-tube containing a few cm3 water.

IV. QUESTIONS:
1. Complete the following table:
Organic Food Tested Reagent used in Color Change

Compound Testing
Starch
Sugar
Protein
Fat
V. JOURNAL WRITING
Write a mini-scientific journal that exhaustively explains the salient aspects of the laboratory exercise.
Take note of the important parts of the journal: Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results &
Discussion and Conclusion.

Bacnotan, La Union

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
I. OBJECTIVE:
2. Describe the distribution of starch in leaves resulting from photosynthesis relative to the
amount of light they receive and the distribution of pigment
II. MATERIALS:
2 50 ml beakers Green Mayana (Coleus sp.) potted plant
alcohol lamp Ethyl alcohol
1 crucible tongs Iodine solution
1 petri dish
2 medicine droppers
1 forceps
III. PROCEDURE:
A. The Role of Light in Photosynthesis
1. Attached a patch of foil to some healthy leaves of the green Mayana plant
and place it in the dark for 48 hours or two days.
2. Then, place the plant in direct sunlight for 6-8 hours.
3. Detach the leaves from the plant and remove the foil. For comparison, get few uncovered
healthy eve we
4. Heat some water to boiling point in a beaker and using an alcohol lamp.
5. Use forceps to dip a leaf in the hot water for about 30 seconds. This kills the cytoplasm,
denatures the enzymes and makes the leaf more permeable to iodine solution.
6. Push the leaf to the bottom of a test-tube and cover it with ethanol (alcohol). Place the tube in
the hot water. The alcohol will boil and dissolve out most of the chlorophyll. This makes colour
changes with iodine easier to see.
7. Pour the green alcohol into a spare beaker, remove the leaf and dip it once more into the hot
water to soften it.
8. Spread the decolourised leaf flat on a petri dish and drop iodine solution on to it.
IV. DRAWING:
In the boxes below, draw the appearance of the leaf after adding iodine solution.
Before the test After the test

V. QUESTIONS
1. Describe the changes of color of the leaves when iodine is added? What does it implies?
2. Why does chlorophyll appear green?
3. Is starch produced when a leaf is kept in the dark? Why or why not?
4. What causes leaves to turn from green to yellow and red in autumn?
VI. JOURNAL WRITING

Write a mini-scientific journal that exhaustively explains the salient aspects of the laboratory exercise.
Take note of the important parts of the journal: Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results &
Discussion and Conclusion.

Bacnotan, La Union

CELLULAR RESPIRATION: ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
NAME:_____________________________________ RATING:____________________
I. OBJECTIVE:
1. Describe the distribution of starch in leaves resulting from photosynthesis relative to the
amount of light they receive and the distribution of pigment

General Biology Laboratory Activity

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DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 1

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 1

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 2

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 2

LPO MPO HPO

Eyepiece/Objective 4x 10x 15x 40x 60x

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 3

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 3

Compound microscopes, glass slides, letter e cut-out.medicine dropper, water

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 4

LPO MPO HPO

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 5

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 4

Allium cepa (onion) Cells

Amoeba, Paramecium & Euglena

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 6

6. How does movement of Paramecium compare to that of Amoeba?

9. Are bacteria cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Explain your answer.

Human Cheek Cells

LPO MPO HPO

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 7

LPO MPO HPO

LPO MPO HPO

LPO MPO HPO

LPO MPO HPO

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 8

LPO MPO HPO

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 9

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 5

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 10

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 11

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 6

Slide Cover slip Electric / binocular Lab gown

Lab mask Lab gloves Freshly extracted Bond paper

Drawing and Dropper Spatula camera

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 12

SPERM CELL SPERM CELL

2. Draw or print a diagrammatic representation of spermatogenesis. Label your drawing / diagram.

3. Can sperm count predict infertility issues in men? How?

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 13

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 7

Test for starch

Test for reducing sugar

Test for protein (Biuret test)

Test for fat

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 14

Organic Food Tested Reagent used in Color Change

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 15

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 8

Before the test After the test

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 16

2. Why does chlorophyll appear green?

VI. JOURNAL WRITING

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 17

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 9

General Biology 1 Laboratory Activity Page 18

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