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EXAMPLE DISADVANTAGES
Taking off Process of measuring from 1)Enables all the contractors to tender Advantages: The table of 4 column:
sheet drawings, recording all the same information 1)The item will be A:Timesing
dimension in recognized from 2)To set down the various items of works organized so nothing is B:Dimension
called taking off sheet or 3)Provide an approximate checklist for forgotten. C:Final Quantity
dimension paper the contractor to order material and plan 2)The task will be put in D:Description of item
for other resources. order
3)Easy to review
4)Accurate value
Disadvantages:
1)Time consuming
2)Not the final cost
Disadvantage:
Delay in occupancy while
land acquisition, design
work, and building are
going on, and the cost of
overruns and mistakes
caused by forecasting
errors and planning
oversights.
Bidding Owner determines that a Promotion of project to contractors,. The Advantages:
project is feasible and that bidding process can differ, depending on 1)Many option to choose
construction financing is the rules set by clients. In most cases the the contractor based on
available, the owner will solicit bidder with the lowest bid wins. the background,
bids from general contractors experience, quality and
cost of the project.
2)In case of open
tendering, it gives all
suppliers the opportunity
to win the business that is
advertised
Disadvantages:
1)The cost-plus
phenomena
2)Leading suppliers may
not tender
3)Use of cheaper, poor
quality materials and/or
labor
Taking off Process of measuring from This is necessary to produce bills of
drawing and recording all quantities and requires that the design is
complete and a specification has been
dimension in recognize form on a
prepared.
special ruled paper called
Dimension paper.
Conceptual A theoretical structure of Purpose
study assumptions, principles and rules
hold together ideas comprising a 1. To clarify concept and purpose
broad concept. relationship among the concepts
in a study (feasibility study).
2. To provide context for
interpreting the study findings.
Importance
It determines and defines the focus and
goal of research problem.
Estimating Approximate judgement or 1)Estimate the cost/amount needed of Advantages 1)Give the preliminaries
calculation, as of the value, the project including: bidding process, 1)Preventing from wastage amount of the project
amount, time, size, or weight of tender process and others 2)Accurate the cost that will be construct.
something. 2)Give an imagine about the cost project projection, securing
. finance. 2)Easier to find a client
Disadvantages with the suitable
1)Estimator fees and amount that have been
charges & Awareness estimated.
issues (lack of experiences
QS).
Engineering The process of devising a system, 1)For the aesthetical of the building that Advantages 1)Providing the desired
and Design component, or process to meet will be construct. 1)Giving the value of needed of the building
desired needs. 2)Ensure the project in economical, aesthetic for the building. construction
friendly and appeals to user. 2)Ensure the safety in the 2)Example: aesthetic,
building after construction. safety and others
Triple Combination of the three most 1)Manage the construction of the project Advantages The scope concerns
Constraint significant restriction on any to be done. Helps in interpret the data what has to be delivered
project: scope, schedule and cost. 2)Example: scope of work, schedule to be given for the construction. by the project, time is
done and amount needed about the when the project should
project. deliver by, and cost is
concerned with how
much can be spent.
Level of A process to complete the project -It helps to monitoring the total work to Advantage:
construction including the conceptual stage, be carried out on project is divided into It is improves the cost
planning stage, design stage, and smaller work. control and quality of the
construction stage. work.
- It is make easier to the contractor and
consultant to complete the work. Disadvantage:
Owner is risk to get the
unanticipated cost increase
if he is less control the
project.
Tender Tender is the process whereby To select the contractor to execute a
the government and financial project.
institutions invite bids for large
projects that must be submitted
within a deadline.
Feasibility A desk study or preliminaries An analysis of a proposed project to
study undertaken in the early stage of a determine it is technically feasible within
project. the estimated cost and will be profitable.
Bill Of A list of items giving the -To provide a list items with identifying Advantage:
Quantities quantities and brief description of description and quantities, that comprise It saves considerable time
work to be carries out with its the works to enable contractor to and cost of several
respective quantities and unit prepare tenders efficiently and contractors measuring the
cost rate for carrying out each accurately. same design in order to
works. calculate their bids for the
-To provide a basis for the valuation of competition.
work executed for the purpose of making
interim payments to the contractor and It provides an extensive
provide a basis for the valuation of varied and clear statement of the
work. work to be executed.
Disadvantage:
Bill of quantities do not
establish a firm cost for the
work and there also less
price certainty when the
contractor is appointed.
This is because the actual
cost of the works is
calculated only when the
design is available and
detailed re-measurements
has been made.
Quantities The amount of labour, equipment To carry out taking off and bill of
and materials to carry out the quantities.
project under various item of
works.
Procurement The act of obtaining equipment, A procurement process ensures that the It helps to decide what to
material or supplies. company's purchasing is competitive, buy, when and from what
fair, and provides the best possible prices sources.
available in the market.
It is an opportunity for all
Procurement is concerned with acquiring stakeholders involved in
all of the goods, services, and work that is the processes to meet in
important to an organization. order to discuss particular
procurement
requirements. These
stakeholders could be the
requesting entity, end
users, procurement
department, technical
experts, and even vendors
to give relevant inputs on
specific requirements.
Operate and Upon the completion of the Operations and maintenance typically
maintain project, the contractor will include day-to-day activities necessary
handing over the project to the for the building and its systems and
client. Then client will continue to equipment to perform their intended
operate and maintain the function.
building
Stakeholder A person, group or organization For example, directors, employees,
that is interested in an owners and suppliers
organization.
Excavation
Maintenance
Ditto -A reapeted item that been supply -Contractor should be aware of any contract Ad-Have many material -Over supply material will
without the concious of the regarding the project. for construction be held at the
contractor itself. construction site
Dis-Over material
Exp: The supplier has renew the -Will take more space at
contract by its own without the site
acknowledge the contractor and
had make a ditto orders.
Tedious Task -A boring, long, to much work and -Completing a work with consistency Ad- More work to do
can cause weariness or boredom completion
without any improvement Dis- long term of work
and boring
Dispute -A disagreement or argument -To improve a work in a construction site Ad- new idea develop -Improve the work at
about an opinion. between worker. So there will be new ideas construction
Exp: There is some dispute development in the argument. Dis- Argument between
between the contractor in the workers. -Cause argument
construction management between workers if both
between the client and the of them got different
management contractor. opinion
Squaring The process of multiplication, - To obtaining the linear square and cubic
Dimension addition and subtraction of measurement
recorded dimension
- Measurement relate to door and drainage
pipe
Trade Work of certain craft - Help civil engineer in pricing the different
categories of work as civil engineering work
are classified under different trade
- Eg : Bricklayer and plumbers
Disadvantage
- The owner might
reject the changre order
request
- The project needs to
be designed completely
before the activities
start
- This contuction will
take longer than the
contracting alternative
- No addition variation
Cost Contractor reimbursed the Example Situation: i)The contractor will save
reimbursemen actual cost of the project they The client need to choose the contract to be the time on their project
t contract incur in carrying out the work used due to landslide occur because of the because the contractor
plus with additional fee plus heavy rain .In a short time ,the road need to will started the construct
profit is allowed repair to be used again before the design finish
completely.
ii) The provision allow
bringing in the
contractor earlier to
design the phase to work
with the designer
helping design and
discuss the common
issue.
iii)The protection slope
will increase
iv)increase the stability
of slope and and
decrease the possible
error that may be occur
especially in slope
problem.
Target Plus The contractor get the actual cost There will be actual cost and target cost Advantages : Contractor must have
Cost Contract of the work plus an agreed which are agreed by both parties - Useful when high quality
percentage to cover overhead emergency work management to sustain
profit because insufficient business relationship
time to prepare detail
document before work
start
Disadvantages :
- No incentive for
contractor if done early
- Actual cost lower than
estimate cost, the
balance will be share by
both.
Cost Plus The sum paid to contractor will - useful in emergency work because Advantages : Minimum Useful in emergency
Percentage be actual cost incurred in the insufficient time to prepare a detailed efficiency leads to work
Fee execution of work plus fixed lump document tender or drawing before work is maximum profit
sum which has been agreed commenced.
Disadvantages : Gives
contractor no financial
incentive to control his
cost
Cost Plus Fee Advantages :
Contract - Encourage contractor
to execute work as
cheaply as possible
- The target estimate
may be adjusted for
variation in quantity,
design, fluctuation, in
cost of labour and
materials.
Disadvantages :
- Scope of work can be
altered can lead to
difficult negotiations
between contractor and
client
Disadvantages :
- Additional resources
are required to measure
work and certify
payments.
- The client does not
have a final price when
committing to starting
work.
- There is no real
incentive for
contractors to treat
such work with any
sense of urgency and its
best staff will be placed
on the projects where
the contractor is
carrying more risk.
Disadvantages
Form of tender Is a form required to filled up by Mainly to specify the chief variables -project objective and Take time to select best
the contractor and signed and concerning the construction processes and definition may be tender.
must be witnessed by the third activities. managed.
party.
Specification The information that is given in -specify the order In which the various -can help the contractor -they may be too
contract drawing & bill of section of work to be carried out to order the various elaborate for simple or
quantities -the method to be adopted item easily minor project.
-any special responsibilities to be done by -as a references if there -more difficult to
the contractor. is any misunderstanding enforce than other
method of specifying
Performance -contract bond is a safety bond -to ensure that the contractor will finish the -smooth the transition -owner may have losses
bond issued by an insurance company / job in accordance to the term of contract. from construction to & no security towards
bank to guarantee satisfactory -determine contract price. permanent financing by the materials, plant &
completion of a project. eliminate lies.
machinery that being
delivered to the site
-no guarantee that the
project will be complete
on time.
-the contractor will left
the work in complete
because there is no
punishment to them.
Bill of List of item giving the quantities -to save time, save cost for themselves. -can be used as a cost -the rate of item in
quantities and brief description of work to -to order material analysis tender is not standardize
be carried out.
Contract Detail the entire contract work -to be used in construction - it can indicate the
drawing which is not practical in practise. -as a guidance while constructing location, scope & assign
complexity of the work.
-show graphically the
full content of what is
required to be
constructed.
Insurance Contractor has to furnish the -if contractor has construction insurance, -protect construction -in case of poor
guarantee client insurance guarantee for they can get financial assistant from their companies from such construction, the buyer
workman compensation & social insurance company. claim by giving financial of the constructed
security registration. assistant. property can sue the
construction company.
contractor also need to
pay for fixing /
remodelling the building.
KEYWORD DEFINITION IMPORTANCE / FUNCTION / PURPOSE / ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
EXAMPLE
Preambles A summary of work requested. It is divided into sections that explain the It include important
project, materials needed, unit prices, information and avoid
provisional sums, method of measurement including or repeating
and potential errors. rights or obligation.
Grand The last part of bill of quantities Example: site clearance, drainage work and
Summary which the total cost will be sum etc.
up and classify with difference
table.
Abbreviation A shortened form of word or Example: AACU= air cooled condensing unit,
phrase. CONST= construction and CI= cast iron
Work item A record of work on a project It break into several part.
that must be fulfilled or Example: part 1= general
evaluated.
Timesing The column that are enter for Example: when taking off the quantities for
column multiplying figures, when there column bases and there were four bases, the
are more than one items being (4/) would appear in column A.
measured.
Dimension The dimensions of the item are Dimensions should always be entered in the
column entered one below the other in following order, length, breadth, depth and
this column. thickness.
Squaring It is where the final quantity is Example: area and volume
column entered.
Description It is use for description of the Example: calculation length of link and
column item and for any additional reinforcement for stump.
calculations.
Abstracting The process of transferring data Example: the table of abstract sheet will It will help the total
from the taking off sheet to the show 1)item no. 2)summary 3)quantity quantity needed and
abstract sheet and collecting easy the proses to
together items which can be writing bill of quantites.
billed under one item.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
QUANTITIES &
ESTIMATION (ECM442)
Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Awam UiTM Shah Alam
Class: (EC2203C10)