EDU555 CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION

WEEK 9
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:
PRINCIPLES, DESIGN , UTILIZATION AND
EVALUTION
Why Do We Need Instructional Materials??

Information received by the brain comes

through our senses in following proportion:
1) Sight 83%
2) Hearing 11%
3) Smell 3.5%
4) Touch 1.5%
5) Taste 1%
Why Do We Need Instructional Materials??

We remember, on average:
1) 10% of what we read
2) 20% of what we hear
3) 30% of what we see
4) 50% of what we see and hear
5) 80% of what we say
6) 90% of what we say and do
 ASSURE MODEL

This model is intended to as a guide to design

instructional materials and assure effective use of
media and materials in instruction
A Analyze Learners
S State Objectives
S Select Methods, Media, and Materials
U- Utilize Media and Materials
R Require Learner Participation
E Evaluate and Revise
 Analyze Learners
1. General characteristics background, etc
2. Specific entry competencies prerequisite
knowledge and skill entry test or
preassessment measure
3. Learning Syles
 Analyze Learners

1) Who are they?

-what they already know
-what are their learning characteristics
-what they need or want to learn
- why they need it
- in what environment will they apply the
learning
 Analyze Learners
2) What knowledge, skills and attitudes need to
be taught??
3) How much content do you need in your
instruction??
- set the scope of the content to be covered
time required and topic areas
 State Objectives
Why it is important??
1. We must know our objectives in order to
make appropriate selection of method and
media
2. To help assure proper evaluation whether
students achieved an objectives
3. Learning and teaching become objective
oriented
 State Objective
1) What are your objectives?
2) What skills, knowledge and attitudes are you
trying to develop?
3) What resources and strategies will you see in
your instruction?
4) How will you structure the content of your
learning materials?
 State Objectives
ABCDs of well stated objectives
Audience
Behaviour
Conditions
Degree
 State Objectives
REMEMBER:
Objectives are not intended to limit what
students learn but rather to provide a
minimum level of expected achievement

Therefore: acknowledge individual differences

in stating the objectives
 Select Methods, Media and Materials
3 steps:
1) Deciding on the appropriate method
2) Choosing a media format that is suitable for
carrying out the method
3) Selecting, modifying or designing specific
materials within that media format
 Select Methods, Media and Materials
1) Deciding on the appropriate teaching
methods lecture?? Simulation?
Discussion??
2) Choosing a media format
- the physical form in which a message is
incorporated and displayed
Select Methods, Media and Materials

2) Choosing a media format

-media format include flip charts, slides,
audio, film, video, computer
- each has different strengths and
limitations
- Consider instructional setting or
situation, learner variables, nature of the
objectives
 Select Methods, Media and Materials
2) Selecting, modifying or designing specific
materials within that media format

a) Selecting available materials

- off the shelf: ready made and available
 Select Methods, Media and Materials
a) Selecting available materials
how to make an appropriate choice from
available materials??
- involving the Media Specialist
- surveying the sources through 3 types of
guides: 1) Compressive guide, 2)Selective
guides and 3) Evaluative guide
 Select Methods, Media and
Materials
a) Selecting available materials
Selection criteria:
- does it match the curriculum?
- Is it accurate and current?
- does it contain clear and concise language?
- will it arouse motivation and maintain
interest?
-is it of good technical quality?
 Select Methods, Media and Materials
a) Selecting available materials
Selection criteria:
- is there evidence of its effectiveness?
-is it free from objectionable bias and
advertising?
- is a user guide or other documentation
included?
 Select Methods, Media and Materials
b) Modifying available materials
-if we cannot locate entirely suitable materials
off the shelf, we might be modify what is
available
WARNING: do not violate copyright laws and
restrictions
 Select Methods, Media and Materials

c) Designing new materials - Equipment to produce

Consider: or use the materials
- Objectives - Facilities available or
- Audience not??
- Cost - Time do have a time to
design new materials??
- Technical expertise to
design and produce the
materials
 Utilize Media and Materials
Involved in teaching students how to make
use of learning materials
 Utilize Media and Materials

Follow the 5 Ps:

1) Preview the materials
- to avoid embarrassment
- to avoid sensitive content
2) Prepare the materials
-determine in what sequence the materials
will be used
 Utilize Media and Materials
3) Prepare the environment
- location
- situation
4) Prepare the learners
Proper warm-up:
-overview of the lesson, rationale of the
lesson
 Utilize Media and Materials
5) Provide the learning experience
- showmanship
-teacher centred or students centred??
 Require Learner Participation
Some media formats can attract students to
participate more than others
 Evaluate and Revise
1) Evaluation of learner achievement
- whether the students are learned what
supposed to be learned?
- method of evaluation depending on the
nature of the objectives
 Evaluate and Revise
By both teachers and students
Provide the basis for improvement and
development of the materials (instruction)
 Evaluate and Revise
2) Evaluation of Media and Methods
- were the instructional media and method
effective??
-could they be improved?
-through: class discussion, interviews and
observation of student behaviour
 Evaluate and Revise

Revision
-Sit back and look at the results of our
evaluation data gathering
- where are there discrepancies between what
we intended to happen and what did happen?
- how did the students react to our materials?
-are we satisfied with the materials?