JEE/NEET/XII/XI

Chemistry Lectures + Exam Tips & Tricks

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 TRICK TO FIND OUT HYBRIDISATIONS
1. Identify the central atom.

2. Write the number of valence electrons of the central atom as Cross Marks (x).

3. Add 1 e- for each ve charge as DOT (.). Subtract 1e- for each +ve charge.

4. Now, make bonds [sigma/pi] with the surrounding atoms as per their valency.

5. The remaining electrons will be counted as lone pairs.

[2 electrons=one lone pair]

6. Now, SUM the total number of sigma bonds (bp) formed and remaining
lone pairs (Say it is H)
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT HYBRIDISATIONS

H HYBRIDIZATION
2 sp
3 sp2
4 sp3
5 sp3d
6 sp3d2
7 sp3d3

Sp3d2 1 s + 3 p + 2 d = 6 ORBITALS, So, H=6

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 TRICK TO FIND OUT HYBRIDISATIONS + GEOMETRY

HYBRIDIZATION MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

sp Linear
sp2 Trigonal Planar
sp3 Tetrahedral
sp3d Trigonal Bipyramidal
sp3d2 Octahedral/Square Pyramidal
sp3d3 Pentagonal Bipyramidal

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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Confused between Molecular Geometry & Molecular Shape???

Terms Molecular Geometry" and Molecular Shape" are often similar.

Every electron geometry is associated with one or more possible molecular shapes
{VSEPR THEORY}.

Electron geometry depends on the electronic structure of the central atom in a

molecule.

Molecular geometry depends on whether there are other atoms bonded to the
central atom or free electron pairs.

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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Still Confused??? Okay, to make life SIMPLE, explained below!!!!

GEOMETRY refers to the lewis structure without considering lone pair electrons.

SHAPE refers to the three-dimensional structure with lone pair electrons included (all
the orbitals).

For example, the GEOMETRY of water is bent (because the electrons

don't count for the GEOMETRY) and the SHAPE is tetrahedral (electron
lone pairs are included).

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 HYBRIDISATIONS AND MOLECULAR SHAPES
H HYBRIDIZATION
2 sp
3 sp2
4 Sp3
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No. of lone Pair SHAPE
0 Linear
0 Trigonal Planar
1 Bent
0 Tetrahedral
1 Trigonal Pyramidal
2 Bent/Angular/V-shaped
3 Linear
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 HYBRIDISATIONS AND MOLECULAR SHAPES

H HYBRIDIZATION NO. OF LONE PAIR SHAPE

0 Trigonal Bipyramidal
1 See-Saw
5 Sp3d
2 T-shaped
3 Linear

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 HYBRIDISATIONS AND MOLECULAR SHAPES

H HYBRIDIZATION No. of lone Pair SHAPE

6 Sp3d2
7 Sp3d3
0 Octahedral
1 Square Pyramidal
2 Square Planr
0 Pentagonal Bipyramidal
1 Pentagonal Monopyramidal
(Distorted Octahedral)

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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp Linear

BeF2, BeCl2, NO2, CO2

bp=2 [Ag(NH3)2]+
lp=0
EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp2

Trigonal planar

BF3, BBr3, BCl3, AlCl3,

bp=3 NO3-, SO3, BO33-, BeF3-
lp=0
EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp2
Bent/v-Shaped/Angular

bp=2 NO2-, SO2

lp=1

EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp3

Tetrahedral

bp=4 CH4, CCl4. NH4+, BeH42-

lp=0 BCl4-, AlCl4-, PCl4+, SO42-

EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp3

Trigonal pyramidal/Distorted Tetrahedral

bp=3
H3O+, NH3, CH3-
lp=1

EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp3
Bent/Angular/V-shaped

bp=2 H2O
lp=2

EXAMPLE
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp3
Linear

bp=1 ICl, BrF, ClF, IBr, IF

lp=3

EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

sp d
3

Trigonal bipyramidal

bp=5 PF5, PCl5, AsF5, SbF5,

XeO3F2
lp=0

EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

sp d
3

See-saw/ distorted tetrahedral

bp=4 SF4
lp=1

EXAMPLE
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp d
3
T-shaped

bp=3 IF3, BrCl3, XeF3+, XeOF2

lp=2
EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp d
3
Linear

bp=2 XeF2, I3-

lp=3
EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp d
3 2

Octahedral

FeF64-, SeF6, [AlF6]3-

bp=6 [GaCl6]3- [IF6]+, [PCl6]-,
SF6, [XeO6]-4, [SnCl6]2-
lp=0
EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp d
3 2
Square pyramidal

IF5, SbF52-, XeF5+, TeCl5-,

bp=5 BrOF4-
lp=1
EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp d
3 2
Square Planar

bp=4 XeF4, IF4-, I5-, ICl4-

lp=2
EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp d
3 3

Pentagonal bipyramidal

bp=7 IF7, ReF7,

lp=0
EXAMPLES
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 TRICK TO FIND OUT MOLECULAR SHAPES

sp d
3 3

Pentagonal monopyramidal (Distorted Octahedral)

XeF6, FeCl6-, FeF62-,

bp=6 SbX63-
lp=1

EXAMPLES
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