EE 4202

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO.1
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier
Group #: ___
Members: Course & Year:
1. __________________________________ _________________
2. __________________________________ _________________
3. __________________________________ _________________

Checked by:
Lab. Personnel: ____________________ Date:_________________________

Grading Criteria:
Criteria Rating Range Score
Punctuality (5%) ______
Presentation of Results (25%) ______
Observation (20%) ______
Conclusion (20%) ______
Computer Simulation (20%) ______
Design (10%) ______
Total 100% ______

Engr. Juicy Cordero-Valdueza/Instructor/Electronics Engineering Department/

College of Engineering/ Central Philippine University

1
 Experiment No. 1
SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of a rectifier circuit is to convert AC power line voltage to DC.
Essentially every piece of electronic equipment that operates on AC line power must use a
rectifier circuit.
Basically, the purpose of a diode in a circuit is to ensure that the current flow is
unidirectional. Circuits such as resistor-capacitor, resistor-inductor, inductor-capacitor,
and resistor-capacitor-inductor circuits are used in control systems and thus, since these
systems require accuracy and safety, a diode is usually placed in each circuit in order to
maintain the unidirectional flow of current.
A capacitor C in series with a resistor R forms a RC circuit connected across a DC
battery supply via a mechanical switch. When the switch is closed, the capacitor will
gradually charge up through the resistor until the voltage across it reaches the supply
voltage of the battery. The capacitor charges up exponentially until such time it reaches
steady-state.
Meanwhile, a RL circuit consists basically of an inductance L connected in series
with a resistance R. The resistance R is the DC resistive value of the wire turns or loops
that goes into making up the inductors coil. Current in this circuit does not rise rapidly to
its maximum value due to the limiting factor which is the emf within the inductor which is
a result of the growth of magnetic flux. After a time the voltage source neutralizes the effect
of the self-induced emf, the current flow becomes constant and the induced current and
field are reduced to zero.
LC circuit creates series resonance. When resonance is reached, the two
impedances cancel each other which results to a short circuit across the AC power source.
Adding a resistance to a series LC circuit makes the behavior of the circuit similar to the
behavior of the common LC circuit, but there are some variations. Adding a resistor (RLC)
in series along with the capacitor and the inductor keeps the maximum circuit current
somewhat limited, stabilizing the circuit.

REFERENCES:
1. Principles of Electronic Devices and Circuits- Chapter 3, Section 3.2

2. http://www.electronics-tutorial.net/ac-dc-power-converters/single-phase-half-wave-
controlled-rectifier/index.html

3. http://uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-laserandoptoelec-
eng/laboratory/3/power%20e/Experiment%

2
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
When you complete this experiment, you will:
1. Understand the operation of half-wave rectifier.
2. Be able to contrast the differences in each rectifier circuit with different loads.
3. Be able to relate the measured values of a failed circuit to the circuit fault
4. Familiarize the basic principles and operations of a diode with RL, RC, LC, and
RLC load;
5. Be able to calculate the values and plot the graphs of I(t), Vc(t) and VL(t) using
MATLAB or Multisim.
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS:
Laptop with simulation software.

PRE-LABORATORY:
For each circuit shown below, derive the equations of I(t), VL(t) and Vc(t). For
each circuit, at t = zero, switch SW1 is closed, with V(0) = zero and I(0) = zero.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

3
Pre Lab
Figure 1
E VD1 1 1 = 0
E() VD1(s) () 1 () 1 0 1 = 0

E() VD1(s) () 1 () 1 0 1 = 0
1
0 1
() =
1 + 1
1
0 1 1/1
() =
1 + 1 1/1
1
1 0
() =
1 1
( 1 + ) 1 +

1 ( 1 ) 1 1 0 1
() = ( ) ( ) 1
1 1 1 1 (1 + ) 1
1 1 +

1 ( 1 ) 1 1 0
() = ( ) ( )
1 1 1 + 1
1 1 +
1 1 1 1
() = ( )( ) 1 1
1 1
1 1
() = ( ) (1 1 ) ; = 0
1
( VD1 ) 1
1() = ( )
1 + 1
1
1() = ( VD1 ) ( )
1 + 1
1 1/1
1() = ( VD1 ) ( )( )
1 + 1 1/1

1
1() = ( VD1 ) ( )
1
+
1
1
1 () = ( VD1 ) ( 1 )

4
 Figure 2
1 1 1 = 0
() 1() 1() 1() = 0
1 1
() 1 () =0
1
1
() =
1
1 + 1

1
() = 1

1
1 +
1 1
1
() = 1
1
+ 11

1
() = ( 11 )
1
1
1 1
1() = ( )
1
1 + 1

1
1 1 1
1() = ( )( )
1
1 + 1 1
1
1 11
1() = ( )
1
+ 11

1 1
1() = ( 1 ) ( )
+ 1
11

1() = ( 1 ) (1 11 )

5
 Figure 3
1 1 1 = 0
() 1() 1() 1() = 0
1 1
() 1 0 1 () =0
1
1 0 1
() =
1
(1 + 1)

1
1 0 1 1
() =
1 1
(1 + 1) 1
( 1 )
0
() = 1
1
( 2 + 11)

( 1 ) 1 1
() = ( ) (11) sin ( ) 0 cos ( )
1 11 11

( 1 ) 1
() = ( ) (11) sin ( ) ; 0 = 0
1 11

1
1 1
1() =( )( ) 1
1 1
1 + 1 1

1() = ( 1 ) ( )
1
2 + 11

1
1() = ( 1 ) ( )
11

1
1 1
1() =( )( )
1
1 + 1

1 1
1 1 1
1() =( )( )
1 1
1 + 1 1

1 1
1() = ( 1 ) ( )
11 ( 2 + 1 )
11

6
 1 11 11
1() = ( 1 ) ( )
11 2 1
( + 11)

1
1() = ( 1 ) (1 ( ))
11

Figure 4.
E VD1 1 1 1 = 0
1
E() VD1(s) () 1 () 1 0 1 () =0
1
E VD1 1
() 1 () 1 0 1 () =0
1

E VD1 0 1 1
() = ( )
1
1 + 1 + 1

1
() = (E VD1 0 1) ( )
1
1 + 2 1 + 1

1 1/1
() = (E VD1 0 1) ( )
1 1/1
1 + 2 1 + 1

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 ) ( )
1 2 1 1
+ 1 + 11

1 1 2
( ) >0
11 21

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
+ 1 + (21) + 11 (21)

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
+ 1 + (21) + 11 (21)

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 ) ( 2 )
1 1 1 1 2
( + 21) + 11 (21)

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 ) ( 2 )
1 1 1 1 2
( + 21) + 11 (21)

7
 E VD1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
() = (1/ ( ) ) 21 ( ( ) )
1 11 21 11 21

1
1 1 2
0 21 ( ( ) )
11 21

E VD1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
() = (1/ ( ) ) 21 ( ( ) )
1 11 21 11 21

E VD1 1
1() = ( )
1
1 + 1 + 1

E VD1 1 1/1
1() = ( )
1
+ 1 + 1 1/1

1() = (E VD1 )
1 1
1 + 2 + 11

1() = (E VD1 )
1 1
2 + 1 + 11

1() = (E VD1 ) 2
1 1 1 2
( + 21) + 11 (21)

1 1 1 2
1() = (E VD1 ) 21 ( ( ) )
11 21

1
E VD1 1
1() =( )
1
1 + 1 + 1

1
1() = (E VD1 ) 11
1 1
( 2 + 1 + 11)

(E VD1 ) 1
1() = 2
11 1 1 1 2
(( + 21) + 11 (21) )

(E VD1 ) 11 11
1() = 2
11 1 1 1 2
(( + 21) + 11 (21) )
(

11

1 2 1 1 2
(( + 21) + 11 (21) )
)

8
 (E VD1 ) 1
1() = 2
11 1 1 1 2
(( + 21) + 11 (41) )
(

1/1

1 2 1 1 2
(( + 21) + 11 (21) )
)

1 1 1 2
1() = (E VD1 ) 1 21 ( ( ) )
11 21
(

1/1
1
1 1 2
21 ( ( ) )
2 11 21
1 ( 1 )
11 21 )
Or

1 1 2
( ) <0
11 21

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 ) ( )
1 1 1
2 + 1 + 11

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
+ 1 + (21) (21) + 11

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 )
1 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 + 1 + (21) ((21) + 11)
( )

E VD1 1
() = ( 0 ) 2
1 1 1 2 1
( + 21) ((21) + 11)
( )

E VD1 1 2 1
1
1 2 1
() =
(1/ ( ) + ) 21
( ( ) + )
1 21 11 21 11

1
1 2 1
0 21 (( ) + )
21 11

9
 E VD1 1 2 1 1 (
1
)
1
(
1
)
1

() =
(1/ ( ) + ) 21 ( 21 11 21 11 )
1 21 11
1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
0 21 ( 21 11 + 21 11 )

E VD1 1 2 1 1 1 (
1
)
1
(
1
)
1

() =
(1/ ( ) + ) 21 ( ) ( 21 11 21 11 )
1 21 11 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
0 21 ( ) ( 21 11 + 21 11 )
2

1 1 1
E VD1 1 2 1 1 (
21
+( )
21 11
)
() =
(1/ ( ) + ) ( ) (
1 21 11 2
1 1 1
( ( ) )
21 21 11
)

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ( +( ) ) ( ( ) )
0 ( ) ( 21 21 11 + 21 21 11 )
2

1 1 1
E VD1 1 2 1 1 (
21
+( )
21 11
)
() =
(1/ ( ) + ) ( ) (
1 21 11 2
1 1 1
( ( ) )
21 21 11
) ; 0 = 0

1
E VD1 1
1() =( )
1
1 + 1 + 1

1
1() = (E VD1 ) 11
1 1
( 2 + 1 + 11)

(E VD1 ) 1
1() = 2
11 1 1 1 2
(( + 21) + 11 (21) )

(E VD1 ) 1
1() =
11 1 2 1 2 1
(( + 21) ((21) 11))

10
 (E VD1 ) 11 11
1() =
11 1 2 1 2 1
(( + 21) ((21) 11))
(

11

1 2 1 2 1
(( + 21) ((21) 11))
)

1
1() = (E VD1 )
1 2 1 2 1
(( + 21) ((21) 11))
(

1/1

1 2 1 2 1
(( + 21) ((21) 11))
)

1 1 1
1() = (E VD1 ) 1 21 cosh (( ) )
21 11

1/1 1 1 1
21 sinh (( ) )
1 1 21 11
((21) 11)
)

1 1 1 1
1
1 ( ) ( )

1() (E )
= VD1 1 21 ( ) ( 21 11 + 21 11 )
2

1/1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
21 ( ) ( 21 11 21 11 )
1 1 2
((21) 11)
)

11
 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 (
21
+( )
21 11
) (
21
( )
21 11
)
1() = (E VD1 ) 1 ( ) ( + )
2

(
1 1 1
1/1 1 ( +( ) )
( ) ( 21 21 11
1 1 2
((21) 11)

1 1 1
( ( ) )
21 21 11
)

1 1 1
1 1/1 (
21
+( )
21 11
)
1() = (E VD1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( )
2 1 1
((21) 11)
( ( )

1 1 1
1 1/1 (
21
( )
21 11
)
( ) 1+ ( )
2 1 1
((21) 11)
( ) )

1() = (E VD1 )
1 2 1 1 2
( + 21) + 11 (21)

1() = (E VD1 ) 2
1 1 2 1
( + 21) (21) + 11

1() = (E VD1 )
1 2 1 2 1
( + 21) ((21) 11)

1 1 1
1() = (E VD1 ) 21 cosh (( ) )
21 11

1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
1() = (E VD1 ) 21 ( ) ( 21 11 + 21 11 )
2

1 1 1 1 1 1
E VD1 (
21
+( )
21 11
) (
21
( )
21 11
)
1() =( ) ( + )
2

12
DIAGRAM:

Figure 5 Diode with RL load Figure 6 Diode with RC Load

Figure 7 Diode with LC load Figure 8 Diode with RLC load

PROCEDURE:
1. Determine current I(t) and voltages Vc(t) and VL(t) of the circuit shown in Figure 5,
6, 7 and 8. Fill-up the values needed in the table below.
2. Make a MATLAB GUI program or use Multsim Simulation to calculate the values and
plot the graphs of I(t) and VL(t).
3. Show your process in the Multisim simulation or Matlab programming.

Simulation Process

1. In multisim, For Figure 5, Connect a 10V DC Supply in series to a 1k resistor

and 1mH inductor. Make sure it is properly grounded. Attach a DC voltmeter
across each passive components. Attach an DC ammeter and switch in series to
the circuit. Attach the oscilloscope terminals across each passive component as
seen in Figure 9.

13
 XSC1

Ext Trig
+
_
U1 A B
_ _
+ - + +

9.349 V

DC 10MOhm
S1 U2
D1 R1 + -
9.349m A
Key = A 1N4001 1k U3
DC 1e-009Ohm L1 +
V1 1mH 0 V
10V -

DC 10MOhm

Figure 9

2. Run the simulation and observe the values of the indicators. Observe the plot of
the oscilloscope. Also, run transient analysis.
3. For AC supply, change the 10V DC source to 10Vrms AC source and switch
between DC to AC indicators. Repeat step 1 to 2.
4. In multisim, For Figure 6, connect a 10V DC Supply in series to a 1k resistor
and 1uF capacitor. Make sure it is properly grounded. Attach a DC voltmeter
across each passive components. Attach a DC ammeter and switch inseries to the
circuit. Attach the oscilloscope terminals across each passive component as seen
in Figure 10.

XSC1

Ext Trig
+
U4 _
A B
+ -
+ _ + _
1.995m V

DC 10MOhm
S2 U5
D2 R2 + -
0.959u A
Key = A 1N4001 1k U6
V2 DC 1e-009Ohm C1 +
10V 1F 9.783 V
-

DC 10MOhm

Figure 10

5. Run the simulation and observe the values of the indicators. Observe the plot of
the oscilloscope. Also, run transient analysis.
6. For AC supply, change the 10V DC source to 10Vrms AC source and switch
between DC to AC indicators. Repeat step 4 to 5.
7. In multisim, For Figure 7, connect a 10V DC Supply in series to 1uF
capacitor.and 1mH inductor. Make sure it is properly grounded. Attach a DC
voltmeter across each passive components. Attach a DC ammeter and switch
inseries to the circuit. Attach the oscilloscope terminals across each passive
component as seen in Figure 11.

14
 S3
D3
XSC1
Key = A 1N4001 U9 Ext Trig
V3 L2 + +

10V 1mH 0 V _
- A B
+ _ + _

DC 10MOhm
+ U1
0 A DC 1e-009Ohm
-

U7
+
C3 9.79 V
1F -

DC 10MOhm

Figure 11
8. Run the simulation and observe the values of the indicators. Observe the plot of
the oscilloscope. Also, run transient analysis.
9. For AC supply, change the 10V DC source to 10Vrms AC source and switch
between DC to AC indicators. Repeat step 7 to 8.
10. In multisim, For Figure 8, connect a 10V DC Supply in series to a 1k resistor,
1uF capacitor and 1mH inductor. Make sure it is properly grounded. Attach a DC
voltmeter across each passive components. Attach a DC ammeter and switch in
series to the circuit. Attach the oscilloscope terminals across each passive
component as seen in Figure 12.

XSC1

Ext Trig
U2 +
_
+ - B
A
1.81m V + _ + _

S4 DC 10MOhm U11
D4 R4 + -
1.776u A
Key = A 1N4001 1k
V4 DC 1e-009Ohm C2
10V U9 1F
+
9.789 V
-

DC 10MOhm

U1
+ L2
17.764 V
1mH
-

DC 10MOhm

Figure 12

15
 11. Optional, In MATLAB, access the GUI. Make a layout and program that can
calculate the required parameters and plot the data such as shown in Figure 13 and
Script 1(process and details are included in the script comments)

The GUI Layout of the Program

Figure 13
Script of the Program
function varargout = LabJAJ1(varargin)

% Begin initialization code GUI provided this code

gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @Lab1_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @Lab1_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end

if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code

function LabJAJ1_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin) %

This functions Opens the program
handles.output = hObject;

axes(handles.circuit); % shows a visual representation of the given

circuit
imshow('Circuit.jpg'); % calls the image from the same folder

% Update handles structure

guidata(hObject, handles);

16
function varargout = LabJAJ1_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
varargout{1} = handles.output; % outputs the functions created to the
command line. Useful for troubleshooting the codes

% --- This are all static texts --- %

function edit1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a
callback for a static text
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a
function for the static text
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); %set the background color
to white by default
end

function edit6_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a

callback for a static text
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a
function for the static text
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); %set the background color
to white by default
end
function edit7_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a
callback for a static text
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a
function for the static text
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); %set the background color
to white by default
end

function edit8_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a

callback for a static text
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a
function for the static text
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); %set the background color
to white by default
end
% --- End of static texts ---%

function L_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a callback

for edit text for inductance
L=str2num(get(handles.L,'string')); %gets the value of the string
inputted for the inductance and converts it to a number

function L_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a

function for the for edit text for inductance

if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),

get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end

function C_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a callback

for the edit text for capacitance
C=str2num(get(handles.C,'string')); %gets the value of the string
inputted for the capacitance and converts it to a number
function C_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a
function for the for edit text for inductance
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))

17
 set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); %set the background color
to white by default
end

function Vs_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a callback

for the edit text for source voltage
Vs=str2num(get(handles.Vs,'string')); %gets the value of the string
inputted for the source voltage and converts it to a number
function Vs_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a
function for the for edit text for source voltage
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); %set the background color
to white by default
end

function R_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a callback

for the edit text for resistance
R=str2num(get(handles.R,'string')); %gets the value of the string
inputted for the resistance and converts it to a number
function R_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a
function for the for edit text for resistance
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); %set the background color
to white by default
end

function Vd_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles) %creates a callback

for the edit text for threshold voltage
Vd=str2num(get(handles.Vd,'string')); %gets the value of the string
inputted for the threshold voltage and converts it to a number
function Vd_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) %use to create a
function for the for edit text for threshold voltage
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white'); %set the background color
to white by default
end

% --- Executes on button press in Calculate.

function Calculate_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% functions copied from edit text callbacks

Vs=str2num(get(handles.Vs,'string')); %voltage source
R=str2num(get(handles.R,'string')); %resistance
L=str2num(get(handles.L,'string')); %inductance
C=str2num(get(handles.C,'string')); %capacitance
Vd=str2num(get(handles.Vd,'string')); %threshold voltage

% I = current
% Vl = inductor voltage
% Vc = capacitor voltage

% --- code proper ---%

% selects one of the conditions

if C==0 %condition for RL circuit

I = tf([0 0 (Vs-Vd)],[0 L R]); %the derived transfer function of
I(s)
axes(handles.axesIt); %selects axes to output the graph of I(t)
[y,x]=step(I); %introduces a step function as input source to I(s)
converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s

18
 xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s
text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left

axes(handles.axesVlt); % selects axes to output the graph of Vl(t)

Vl = tf([0 (Vs-Vd)*L 0],[0 L R]); %the derived transfer function of
Vl(s)
[y,x]=step(Vl); %introduces a step function as input source to
Vl(s) converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s
xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s
text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left

Vc = 0; %Vc is zero because capacitance is negligible

axes(handles.axesVct); %selects axes to output the graph of Vc(t)
plot(Vc); %plots Vc(t) as blank

elseif L==0%condition for RC circuit

I = tf([0 (Vs-Vd)/R 0],[0 1 1/(R*C)]); %the derived transfer
function of I(s)
axes(handles.axesIt); %selects axes to output the graph of I(t)
[y,x]=step(I); %introduces a step function as input source to I(s)
converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s
xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s
text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left

19
 strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left

Vc = tf([0 0 (Vs-Vd)/(R*C)],[0 1 1/(R*C)]); %the derived transfer

function of Vc(s)
axes(handles.axesVct); %selects axes to output the graph of Vc(t)
[y,x]=step(Vc); %introduces a step function as input source to
Vc(s) converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s
xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s
text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left

Vl=0; %Vc is zero because inductance is negligible

axes(handles.axesVlt); %selects axes to output the graph of V1(t)
plot(Vl); %plots Vl(t) as blank

elseif R==0 %condition for LC circuit

I = tf([0 (Vs-Vd)/L 0],[1 0 1/(L*C)]); %the derived transfer
function of I(s)
axes(handles.axesIt); %selects axes to output the graph of I(t)
[y,x]=step(I); %introduces a step function as input source to I(s)
converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s
xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s
text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left

axis([0 5/(sqrt(1/(L*C))/(2*pi)) -((Vs-Vd)/L)*sqrt(L*C) ((Vs-

Vd)/L)*sqrt(L*C)]) %specify the axis because function is periodic
Vl = tf([(Vs-Vd) 0 0],[1 0 1/(L*C)]); %the derived transfer
function of Vl(s)
axes(handles.axesVlt); % selects axes to output the graph of Vl(t)
[y,x]=step(Vl) %introduces a step function as input source to Vl(s)
converts transfer function to steady state equation
axis([0 5/(sqrt(1/(L*C))/(2*pi)) -(Vs-Vd) (Vs-Vd)]); %specify the
axis because function is periodic

20
 Vc = tf([0 0 (Vs-Vd)/(L*C)],[1 0 1/(L*C)]); %the derived transfer
function of Vc(s)
axes(handles.axesVct); % selects axes to output the graph of Vl(t)
[y,x]=step(Vc) %introduces a step function as input source to Vc(s)
converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s
xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s
text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
axis([0 5/(sqrt(1/(L*C))/(2*pi)) 0 2*(Vs-Vd)]); %specify the axis
because function is periodic
else %if no conditions are met, it will default to RLC circuit
I = tf([0 (Vs-Vd)/L 0],[1 R/L 1/(L*C)]); %the derived transfer
function of I(s)
axes(handles.axesIt); % selects axes to output the graph of I(t)
[y,x]=step(I); %introduces a step function as input source to I(s)
converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s
xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s
text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
Vl = tf([(Vs-Vd) 0 0],[1 R/L 1/(L*C)]);
axes(handles.axesVlt); % selects axes to output the graph of Vl(t)
[y,x]=step(Vl) %%introduces a step function as input source to
Vl(s) converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s
xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s

21
 text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left

Vc = tf([0 0 (Vs-Vd)/(L*C)],[1 R/L 1/(L*C)]);

axes(handles.axesVct); % selects axes to output the graph of Vc(t)
[y,x]=step(Vc) %%introduces a step function as input source to
Vc(s) converts transfer function to steady state equation
plot(x,y); %plots the graph in time domain
indexmin = find(min(y) == y); %finds the minimum value/s
xmin = x(indexmin); %assign the position of the minimum in the x-
axis
ymin = y(indexmin); %assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
indexmax = find(max(y) == y); %finds the maximum value/s
xmax = x(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the x-
axis
ymax = y(indexmax);%assign the position of the maximum in the y-
axis
strmin = ['Minimum = ',num2str(ymin)];%indicates the value and
labels minimum point/s
text(xmin,ymin,strmin,'HorizontalAlignment','left'); %format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left
strmax = ['Maximum = ',num2str(ymax)];%indicates the value and
labels maximum point/s
text(xmax,ymax,strmax,'HorizontalAlignment','left');%format the
text above to be horazontally aligned and starts from the left

end

Script 1
RESULTS:
A.Data
Table 1-1 Diode with RL results
Parameter I(t) Vc(t) VL(t)
Value 9.6mA - 0.0012V

Table 1-2 Diode with RC results

Parameter I(t) Vc(t) VL(t)
Value 1.2uA 9.6V -

Table 1-3 Diode with LC results

Parameter I(t) Vc(t) VL(t)
Value 0A 9.79V 0V

Table 1-4 Diode with RLC results

Parameter I(t) Vc(t) VL(t)
Value 41mA 9.6V 0V

22
B. FIGURES, PLOTS AND GRAPHS
Software Used: Multism

Results of Figure 5 for DC Source

Vdc and Idc

XSC1

Ext Trig
+
_
U1 A B
_ _
+ - + +

9.349 V

DC 10MOhm
S1 U2
D1 R1 + -
9.349m A
Key = A 1N4001 1k U3
DC 1e-009Ohm L1 +
V1 1mH 0 V
10V -

DC 10MOhm

Interactive Simulation

Red = voltage across resistor

Blue = voltage across inductor

23
Transient Analysis
Current

Voltage across Inductor

Result of Figure 5 for AC Source

Vdc and Idc

XSC1

Ext Trig
+
_
U1 A B
_ _
+ - + +

4.187 V

DC 10MOhm
S1 U2
D1 R1 + -
4.187m A
Key = A
V1 1N4001 1k U3
10Vrms DC 1e-009Ohm L1 +
1mH 0.03m V
60Hz
-
0
DC 10MOhm

24
Vac and Iac
XSC1

Ext Trig
+
_
U1 A B
_ _
+ - + +

5.174 V

AC 10MOhm
S1 U2
D1 R1 + -
5.175m A
Key = A
V1 1N4001 1k U3
10Vrms AC 1e-009Ohm L1 +
1mH 2.951m V
60Hz
-
0
AC 10MOhm

Interactive Simulation

Red = voltage across resistor

Blue = voltage across inductor

Steady state response

Transient Analysis

25
Current

Voltage across inductor

Results for Figure 6 for DC Source

Vdc and Idc
XSC1

Ext Trig
+
U4 _
A B
+ -
+ _ + _
1.995m V

DC 10MOhm
S2 U5
D2 R2 + -
0.959u A
Key = A 1N4001 1k U6
V2 DC 1e-009Ohm C1 +
10V 1F 9.783 V
-

DC 10MOhm

Interactive Simulation

26
Red = voltage across resistor
Blue = voltage across capacitor

Transient Analysis

Current

27
Voltage across capacitor

Results of Figure 6 for AC source

Vdc and Idc

Vac and Iac

28
 XSC1

Ext Trig
+
U4 _
A B
+ -
+ _ + _
0.186 V

AC 10MOhm
S2 U5
D2 R2 + -
0.186m A
V2
Key = A 1N4001 1k U6
10Vrms AC 1e-009Ohm
60Hz C1 +
1F 0.022 V
0 -

AC 10MOhm

Interactive Simulation

Red = voltage across resistor

Blue = voltage across capacitor

Transient Analysis
Current

29
Voltage across capacitor

Results for Figure 7 for DC Source

Vdc and Idc
S3
D3
XSC1
Key = A 1N4001 U9 Ext Trig
V3 L2 + +

10V 1mH 0 V _
- A B
+ _ + _

DC 10MOhm
+ U1
0 A DC 1e-009Ohm
-

U7
+
C3 9.79 V
1F -

DC 10MOhm

30
Interactive Simulation

Red = voltage across capacitor

Blue = voltage across inductor

Transient Analysis
Current

31
Voltage across Inductor

Voltage across Capacitor

Result for Figure 7 for AC Source

Vdc and Idc

32
 S3
D3
XSC1
V3
Key = A 1N4001
10Vrms U9
60Hz L2 + Ext Trig
+
1mH 2.184u V
0 - _
A B
+ _ + _
DC 10MOhm
+ U1
1.765u A DC 1e-009Ohm
-

U7
+
C3 13.729 V
1F -

DC 10MOhm

Vdc and Idc

S3
D3
XSC1
V3
Key = A 1N4001
10Vrms U9
60Hz L2 + Ext Trig
+
1mH 0.061m V
0 - _
A B
+ _ + _
AC 10MOhm
+ U1
0.183m A AC 1e-009Ohm
-

U7
+
C3 0.023 V
1F -

AC 10MOhm

Interactive Simulation/s

33
Red = voltage across capacitor
Blue = voltage across inductor

Red = voltage across capacitor

Blue = voltage across inductor

Observe

34
Transient

Current

Voltage across Capacitor

35
 Result of Figure 8 for DC source

Vdc and Idc

XSC1

Ext Trig
U2 +
_
+ - B
A
1.81m V + _ + _

S4 DC 10MOhm U11
D4 R4 + -
1.776u A
Key = A 1N4001 1k
V4 DC 1e-009Ohm C2
10V U9 1F
+
9.789 V
-

DC 10MOhm

U1
+ L2
17.764 V
1mH
-

DC 10MOhm

Interactive Simulation

Red = voltage across capacitor

Blue = voltage across inductor

Transient

36
Current

Voltage across Capacitor

Result of Figure 8 for DC source

Vdc and Idc

37
 XSC1

Ext Trig
U2 +
_
+ - B
A
-0.091m V + _ + _

S4 DC 10MOhm U11
D4 R4 + -
-0.999u A
V4
Key = A 1N4001 1k
10Vrms DC 1e-009Ohm
60Hz C2
0 U9 1F
+
13.397 V
-

DC 10MOhm

U1
+ L2
-9.974 V
1mH
-

DC 10MOhm

Vac and Iac

XSC1

Ext Trig
U2 +
_
+ - B
A
2.871m V + _ + _

S4 AC 10MOhm U11
D4 R4 + -
3.044u A
V4
Key = A 1N4001 1k
10Vrms AC 1e-009Ohm
60Hz C2
0 U9 1F
+
0 V
-

AC 10MOhm

U1
+ L2
29.582 V
1mH
-

AC 10MOhm

Interactive Simulation

38
Red = voltage across capacitor
Blue = voltage across inductor

Transient
Current

Voltage across Capacitor

39
Voltage across Inductor

B. FIGURES, PLOTS AND GRAPHS

Software Used: MATLAB GUI
*Note: the software is only designed for DC Source

Result for Figure 5

40
Result for Figure 6

Result for Figure 7

41
 Observe

Result for Figure 8

42
Computation in determinating of values required inn figure 5

1 1
() = ( ) (1 1 ) ;
1
10 0.4 1
() = ( ) (1 1 )
1
1
() = (9.6) (1 1 )

() = 9.6
1
1 () = ( 1 ) ( 1 )

1
1 () = (10 0.4V) ( 1 )

1 () = 9.6

Computation in determinating of values required inn figure 6

1
() = ( 11 )
1

10 0.4 (1)(1)
() = ( )
1


() = (9.6) ( (1)(1) )

() = 0

1() = ( 1 ) (1 11 )

1() = (10 0.4) (1 (1)(1) )

1() = (9.6) (1 (1)(1) )

1() = 9.6

Computation in determinating of values required inn figure 7

( 1 ) 1
() = ( ) (11) sin ( )
1 11

(10 0.4) 1
() = ( ) ((1)(1)) sin ( )
1 (1)(1)

43
 (10 0.4) 1
() = ( ) ((1)(1)) sin ( )
1 (1)(1)

(10 0.4) 1
() = ( ) ((1)(1)) sin ( )
1 (1)(1)

() = (9.6) (0.31623m)sin(3.1623)

() = 3.0358 sin(3.1623)

1
1() = ( 1 ) ( )
11

1
1() = (10 0.4) ( )
(1)(1)

1() = 9.6(3.1623)

1
1() = ( 1 ) (1 ( ))
11

1
1() = 9.6 (1 ( ))
(1)(1)

1() = (10 0.4) (1 ((3.1623)))

Computation in determinating of values required inn figure 8

1 1 2
( ) <0
11 21
1 1 2
( ) = 1 2.5 103 ~2.5 103 < 0
(1)(1) 2(1)

1 1 1
E VD1 1 2 1 1 (
21
+( )
21 11
)
() =
(1/ ( ) + ) ( ) (
1 21 11 2
1 1 1
( ( ) )
21 21 11
)

44
 10 0.4
() = (1
1

1 2 1 1 (
1
+(
1
)+
1
)
/( ) + ) ( ) ( 21 21 (1)(1)
2 1 (1)(1) 2
1 1 1
( ( ) )
21 21 (1)(1)
)

1 1 1
1 1/1 (
21
+( )
21 11
)
1() = (E VD1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( )
2 1 1
((21) 11)
( ( )

1 1 1
1 1/1 (
21
( )
21 11
)
( ) 1+ ( )
2 1 1
((21) 11)
( ) )
1 1 1 1 1 1
E VD1 (
21
+( )
21 11
) (
21
( )
21 11
)
1() =( ) ( + )
2

45
OBSERVATION:

-Transient analysis for characteristics and oscilloscope for steady state value.
-Even just a small resistance in an LC circuit can change the system from the ideal
undamped to an underdamp system.
-In Figure 7, the characteristics of the voltages at zero to microseconds increases
way beyond the maximum source voltage. At microseconds to milliseconds, it
oscillates not as a sinusoid but more of a saw tooth wave. The oscillations
exponentially decays. At twice the maximum source voltage, the oscillations stops or
negligible but the exponential decay still persist until it reaches a steady state value
nearly at maximum source voltage minus threshold voltage.

46
CONCLUSION:

47
DESIGN:
Problem:
Design a simple half-wave rectifier circuit with purely resistive load of R with an
output dc voltage of aV. Where a is the last digit of your Leaders ID number. If the last
number of his/her ID is zero, change it to one. Draw your circuit design showing the
standard value of the components and its specifications. Show solution in a step-by-step
process.
:
= = = 4V
= = 0.4

Vo = maximum output voltage

Vs = source voltage as a function of time
Vm = maximum source voltage
=
T = period = 2 normalized
R1, R2 = resistance
=
Vp = primary voltage
N1/N2 = turns ratio

=

=
1
= ()
0

1
=
0

=
0

1 1 2
= + 0
2 0 2

= [() (0)]
2

= [(1) (1)]
2

48

=


4=

= 4

= 12.57V

=
= +
= 4 + 0.4
= 4 + 0.7
= 12.96

1
= 2 ()

1 2
= ()
0

1 2
= 2 sin2
2 0

2 2
= 1 2
4 0

2 1 1
= [2 0 2(2) + 2(0)]
4 2 2

2
= [2]
4

=
2

4 + 0.4
=
2
= 9.17, not commercially available

commercially available components and specifications

Transformer:
TS040400200

49
 Specification:
Input Volt(ACV): 110/220V
Output Volt 12V/24V
Amp.(A): 0.4A
VA: 40W
Dimensions 75mm x 94 mm x 95mm

Diode
1N4001
Specification

Name Description Value Units

3.19824e-
IS Saturation current 08 A
RS Parasitic resistance 0.0428551
N Emission Coefficient 2
8.86839e-
TT Transit Time 06 sec
4.67862e-
CJO Zero-bias junction capacitance 11 F
VJ Junction potential 0.4 V
M Junction grading coefficient 0.469632
EG Activation energy 0.784216 eV
XTI Saturation-current temperature exponent 0.504749
KF Flicker noise coefficient 0
AF Flicker noise exponent 1
Forward-bias depletion capacitance
FC coefficient 0.5
BV Reverse breakdown knee voltage 53 V
IBV Reverse breakdown knee current 0.0001 A
IBVL Low-level reverse breakdown knee current 1.0 A
IKF High-injection knee current 1e30 A
ISR Recombination current parameter 0.0 A
NBV Reverse breakdown ideality factor 1.0
NBVL Low-level reverse breakdown ideality factor 1.0
NR Emission coefficient for ISR 2.0
TBV1 BV linear temperature coefficient 0.0 1/C
TBV2 BV quadratic temperature coefficient 0.0 1/C
TIKF IKF linear temperature coefficient 0.0 1/C
TRS1 RS linear temperature coefficient 0.0 1/C
TRS2 RS quadratic temperature coefficient 0.0 1/C
TNOM Parameter measurement temperature 27 C
T_MEASURED Parameter measurement temperature 27 C
T_ABS Model operating temperature 27 C
T_REL_GLOBAL Change relative to global temperature 0 C

Resistors

50
 Specification
Resistance: 10kOhms and 3kOhms
Power Rating at 70C = 0.125W
Operating Temp: -55C - +155C

Max working voltage: 150V

Max overload voltage:300V

Dielectric Withstanding Voltage: 300V

Tolerance : 5%

Using a 110/12V step down transformer

N1/N2 = 110/12 =9.16667:1
Using Vp =110V
2
= 1
12
= 110 110

becomes secondary voltage = 12V

2
=

122 0.4
=

= 5.27 not desired voltage
Using Voltage Divider Rule to get desired voltage
4
5.27 =
1 + 2
2
1 + 2
= 1.31~1.3
2
1 + 2 13
= 1.3 =
2 10
Using 10kohms and 3kOhms by inspection
10 + 3 13
= 1.3~
10 10

Circuit Design

51
 XSC1

Ext Trig
+
_
A B
+ _ + _

D2

1N4001 R2
T1 + U1
V1 10k 3.963 V
110Vrms -

60Hz R1 DC 10MOhm
0 9.16667:1 3k

Signal without DC coupling to obtain Vdc and Vo

Vdc = 3.974V
Vo = 12.411V

52