BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

in

AIR CONDITIONING & INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION

FCD 20603

(HEATING AND COOLING LOAD)

TITLE:
HOMEWORK 1

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. ZAKARIA

PREPARED BY:
YUZZAEN BIN ZAINOL - (50206110257)

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
September 1, 2010
1. Heat gain
An increase in the amount of heat contained in a space, resulting from direct solar
radiation, heat flow through walls, windows, and other building surfaces and the heat
given off by people, lights, equipment and other sources.

2. Heat loss
A decrease in the amount of heat contained in a space, resulting from heat flow through
walls, windows, roof and other building surfaces and from exfiltration of warm air.

3. Cooling load
(Expressed in Btu/h): The maximum amount of heat, under design conditions, that
builds up in a space without a cooling system operating. It is calculated to determine the
capacity of air conditioner required.

4. Heating load
The rate of heat gain required to maintain indoor comfort; measured in BTU's per hour.

5. Heat extraction rate

The rate at which heat is removed from the conditioned space and is equal to the space
cooling load if the room temperature remains constant.

6. Heat addition rate

The rate at which heat is added from the conditioned space and is equal to the space
cooling load if the room temperature remains constant.
7. Peak load
The electric load that corresponds to a maximum level of electric demand in a specified
time period. Peak periods during the day usually occur in the morning hours from 6 to 9
a.m. and during the afternoons from 4 to about 8 or 9 p.m. The afternoon peak demand
periods are usually higher, and they are highest during summer months when air–
conditioning use is the highest. Annual peaks generally occur on hot summer days.

8. Sensible heat
Sensible heat is defined as the heat energy that causes a change in temperature of a
substance but does not contribute to a change in state (for example, steam to liquid
water) for the substance.

9. Latent heat
Heat energy that must be transferred to or removed from a substance to change its
state. For example, energy used to boil water (latent heat energy) cannot raise the
temperature of the water beyond 212°F / 100°C. Adding more heat will accelerate the
boiling (phase change) but will not raise the temperature of the water.

10. Conduction
A mode of heat transfer in which heat energy is transferred within an object itself or
between objects in contact. When a cold spoon is left in a pot of boiling water, the
spoon eventually becomes hot. This is an example of conduction. Conduction is one of
the three forms of heat transfer, which also include Convection and Radiation.

11. Convection
A mode of heat transfer in which heat energy is transferred from an object to moving
fluid such as air, water, or refrigerant. The heat sink of a computer processor is an
example of heat transfer by convection. Convection is one of the three forms of heat
transfer, which also include Conduction and Radiation.
12. Radiation
A mode of heat transfer in which heat energy is transferred via electromagnetic waves.
An item warmed by sunlight is an example of radiant heating. Radiation is one of the
three forms of heat transfer, which also include Convection and Conduction.

13. Evaporation
The process of a liquid becoming a vapor. If a cup of water were boiled for long enough,
all the water would be gone. By adding heat, all the water becomes a vapor and mixes
with the air.

14. Temperature
The measurement of heat energy within a body or substance. There are two common
scales used to measure temperature, Centigrade and Fahrenheit. The Centigrade scale
(also commonly referred to as Celsius) is widely used internationally while the
Fahrenheit scale is commonly used in the United States.

15. Relative humidity

The amount of water vapor contained in air relative to the maximum amount the air is
capable of holding. Expressed in percentage (%).

16. Comfort zone

The range of temperatures, humidity and air velocities at which the greatest percentage
of people feel comfortable.

17. Sol-air temperature

(Tsol-air) is a variable used to calculate cooling load of a building and determine the total
heat gain through exterior surfaces.
18. Ventilation
The intentional movement of air from outside a building to the inside. It is the V in
HVAC. With clothes dryers, and combustion equipment such as water heaters, boilers,
fireplaces, and wood stoves, their exhausts are often called vents or flues — this should
not be confused with ventilation. The vents or flues carry the products of combustion
which have to be expelled from the building in a way which does not cause harm to the
occupants of the building.

19. Infiltration
The unintentional or accidental introduction of outside air into a building, typically
through cracks in the building envelope and through use of doors for passage
Infiltration is sometimes called air leakage.

20. Fenestration
The placement of window openings in a building wall, one of the important elements in
controlling the exterior appearance of a building. Also, a window, door or skylight and
its associated interior or exterior elements, such as shades or blinds.

21. Conditioned space

The part of the building that is designed to be thermally conditioned for the comfort of
occupants or for other occupancies or for other reasons.

22. Indoor air quality

Term referring to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially
as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants.
23. Thermostat
A device for regulating the temperature of a system so that the system's temperature is
maintained near a desired setpoint temperature. The name is derived from the Greek
words thermos "hot" and statos "a standing". The thermostat does this by switching
heating or cooling devices on or off, or regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as
needed, to maintain the correct temperature.

24. Occupant
A person who occupies a place or a position; An owner or tenant of a property; A person
sitting in a car or other vehicle.

25. Metabolic heat

Heat gain from occupants in air conditioned spaces at different degrees of activities - in
Watts.

26. Psychrometric Chart

Graph of the thermodynamic properties of moist air at a constant pressure (often
equated to an elevation relative to sea level).

27. Heat transfer

The transition of thermal energy from a hotter mass to a cooler mass. When an object is
at a different temperature than its surroundings or another object, transfer of thermal
energy, also known as heat transfer, or heat exchange, occurs in such a way that the
body and the surroundings reach thermal equilibrium; this means that they are at the
same temperature. Heat transfer always occurs from a higher-temperature object to a
cooler-temperature one as described by the second law of thermodynamics or the
Clausius statement. Where there is a temperature difference between objects in
proximity, heat transfer between them can never be stopped; it can only be slowed.
28. First law of thermodynamics
An expression of the principle of conservation of energy, states that energy can be
transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed.

“The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy
added by heating the system minus the amount lost as a result of the work done by
the system on its surroundings.”

29. Thermodynamic properties.

Here is a partial list of thermodynamic properties of fluids:

 T temperature [K]
 ρ density [kg/m3]
 cp specific heat at constant pressure [J/(kg·K)]
 cv specific heat at constant volume [J/(kg·K)]
 μ dynamic viscosity [N/(m²·s)]
 ν kinematic viscosity [m²/s]
 k thermal conductivity [W/(m·K)]
 α thermal diffusivity [m²/s]
 β volumetric thermal expansion coefficient [K−1]
 H enthalpy [J/kg]
 S entropy [J/(kg·K)]
 G gibbs free energy [J/kg]
 A Helmholtz free energy
 p pressure [N/m²]
 V volume
 f fugacity
 a activity
 μi chemical potential