Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31 (4) (2017) 1805~1811

www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x(Print)/1976-3824(Online)
DOI 10.1007/s12206-017-0328-5

Stress analysis of compound cylinders subjected to thermo-mechanical loads

Kaoutar Bahoum, Mohammed Diany* and Mustapha Mabrouki
Universit Sultan Moulay Slimane, Facult des Sciences et Techniques,
Laboratoire Gnie Industriel, Mghila, BP. 535, Beni Mellal, 23000, Morocco

(Manuscript Received May 26, 2016; Revised November 24, 2016; Accepted November 30, 2016)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract

Axisymmetric pressure vessels have wide application in industrial engineering. They are often subjected to combined mechanical and
thermal loads. In order to improve their pressure-carrying capacity, especially those with a cylindrical shape, some basic techniques are
used such as increasing wall thickness, autofrettage and compound cylinders. This paper presents a basic model that can be used to study
the effects of temperature and internal pressure on the stress distributions and displacement fields in compound cylinders. The analytical
model is based on the thick walled cylinders theory. The results of the developed analytical approach are compared and validated to a
finite element axisymmetric model.
Keywords: Analytical and finite elements analysis; Compound cylinders; Stress analysis; Thermomecanical behavior
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

der experience the same level of Von-Mises equivalent stress.

1. Introduction
Majzoobi et al. [8] present another study to optimize the
Cylinders are structures that may confine fluids under pres- weight of compound cylinder. Optimization techniques, nu-
sure. They are used extensively in chemical and nuclear plants, merical simulation, and experiments were employed to predict
high-pressure and gas vessels [1, 2], oil and gas industry [3, 4]. the optimized conditions of a compound cylinders for a spe-
Cylinders are classified into two types - thin walled and thick cific working pressure. For this specific pressure, the weight
walled cylinders. In the classical Lames theory of thick of a compound cylinder made of steel-aluminum could be
walled cylinders [5], if the internal fluid pressure approaches reduced by 60 % with respect to a single steel cylinder. The
the safe working stress limit of the material, the cylinder burst. reduction is more significant at higher pressures. Shi et al. [9]
To overcome this problem, the use of compound cylinders is proposed an analytical linear-elastic model to determine the
recommended. stress distribution of a multilayered composite pressure vessel
Compound cylinders are made from two or more cylinders. subjected to uniform pressures applying to the inner and outer
The manufacturing processes known to be used for the fabri- surfaces. The interfacial pressure between two consecutive
cation of these compound cylinders are: Hydraulic expansion, layers was calculated by a recursive algorithm.
thermo-hydraulic expansion and forming of welded plates [6] Most cylinders used in industry and in artillery, are sub-
or the cylinders are narrowed the one in the other with differ- jected to thermal loads produced by temperature variations in
ent diametrical interference. addition to mechanical loads. Thermal loads have a significant
The shrinkage may produce a residual stress distribution influence on the stresses distributions and displacements of a
within the walls of the cylinders, which improves the resis- multilayered composite pressure vessel due to thermal gradi-
tance to relatively greater pressure more than a single cylinder. ents through the thickness and the difference between the
Several research studies have been conducted and reported thermal expansion coefficients of the used materials. Several
in the literature on the compound cylinders. Majzoobi et al. [7] studies take into consideration the effect of temperature
showed that the best shrinkage radius of compound cylinders changes. Zhang et al. [10] derived an analytical solution to
subjected to bursting and autofrettage pressure could be ob- determine the stress distribution of a multilayered compound
tained when the ratio of outer to inner cylinder radii is equiva- pressure vessel subjected to internal fluid pressure and thermal
lent to 2.2, and when both the inner radii of compound cylin- loading considering the influence of closed ends. The analyti-
*
cal stress distributions were compared to the computed ones
Corresponding author. Tel.: +212 661740125, Fax.: +212 523485201
E-mail address: mdiany@yahoo.com
obtained using FE method with different thermal load condi-

Recommended by Associate Editor Kyeongsik Woo tions. Moreover, the transient response of a quasi-static cou-
KSME & Springer 2017 pled thermo-elastic problem for hollow cylinders was also
1806 K. Bahoum et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31 (4) (2017) 1805~1811

studied under different boundary conditions [11-13].

The use of composites and Functionally graded materials
(FGM) has increasingly been investigated. Jabbari et al. [14]
presented an analytical solution for the calculation of the axi-
symmetric thermal and mechanical stresses in thick hollow
FGM cylinder using Navier equation. Loghman et al. [15]
presented an exact solution for the magneto-thermo-elastic
behaviour of a double-walled cylinder made of an inner FGM
and an outer homogeneous layer. They found that under Fig. 1. Compound cylinders model.
thermo-magnetomechanical loading the minimum effective
stress distribution and the minimum radial displacement can
2pl1L (T1 - T2 ) 2pl2 L (T2 - T3 )
be achieved by selecting an appropriate material parameter in Q= = (1)
the FGM layer. Recently Vedeld et al. [16] derived closed- b c
ln ln
form analytical expressions for the displacement field and a
b
corresponding stress state in two-layer cylinders subjected to
pressure and thermal loading. The solutions are developed for where 1, 2, is the thermal conductivity of cylinder 1 and cylin-
axially loaded and spring-mounted cylinders. The chosen axial der 2, respectively, L is the length of the two cylinders.
boundary conditions are demonstrated to be particularly rele- The values of T1 and T3 are known, Eq. (1) evaluates the
vant for pipeline and piping applications. Sollund et al. [17] temperature T2 at the contact surface between the two cylin-
developped two novels, analytical recursive algorithms for ders.
calculating stresses and displacements in heated, pressurized, Since the problem is axisymmetric, the temperature distri-
multi-layer cylinders in plane stress or plane strain conditions. bution depends only on the radial position, r. The temperature
In this paper, the resulting stresses and displacements fields profile through the thickness is found by solving the Fourier
in two-layer compound cylinders subjected to internal pres- heat conduction equation [16]. The Eq. (2) gives the radial
sure and logarithmic radial temperature distribution are pre- temperature variations, T(r), for the cylinder Cyi (i = 1, 2),
sented considering the heat transfer conservation; thick walled which follows a logarithmic form, in the inner or the outer
cylinders theory and taking into account the boundary condi- cylinders.
tions. Assuming that the external pressure is zero, the effects
of a temperature gradient, the internal pressure and the mate- r
riel propriety of each cylinder of a compound cylinders are ln ou
r
examined. The analytical solution is compared to a 2D finite Tcyi ( r ) = (Tin - Tou ) +T .
ou (2)
rou
elements modeling. ln
rin

2. Analytical model of compound cylinders
This section presents a thermo-elastic model to describe the
behavior of compound cylinders subjected to internal pressure
with the presence of a temperature change between the inner
and the outer wall of the assembly. At first step, the tempera-
ture distribution is determined considering the heat transfer
conservation through the various side surfaces of the cylinders
in the radial direction. Then using the stress-strain relations,
the equilibrium equation for a cylinder with axial symmetry
and the straindisplacement relationship, the resulting stresses,
and displacements from the application of the internal pressure
are calculated in order to estimate the optimum working cyl-
inder conditions.
Fig. 1 shows the assembly used in this study where T1 is the
Tin, Tou, rin and rou are respectively the inner and outer tem-
perature and radius of the cylinder Cyi .
The cylinder length is larger enough to assume the plane
strain condition (the axial strain eiz = 0). Based on temperature
fields and assuming that the cylinders materials are linearly
elastic, isotropic and homogenous and also their mechanical
characteristics are independent of temperature, the stresses and
strains will be developed.
Considering one of the two cylinders, Cyi=1,2, subjected to
the radial temperature variation, Tcyi.. The stress-strain rela-
tions, according to Ref. [18], are:
Ei
s ri = (1 - n i ) e ri + n ie qi - (1 + n i ) a iTcyi
(1 + n )(1 - 2n )
i i

fluid temperature in contact with the inside wall of the inner Ei

cylinder, T2 is the temperature of the contact surface between
i
sq = (1 - n i ) e qi + n ie ri - (1 + n i ) a iTcyi (3)
(1 + n i )(1 - 2n i )
the two cylinders, and T3 is the ambient temperature at the
outer surface of the outer cylinder. a, b and c are the com- s zi = n i (s ri + s qi ) - Eia iTcyi
pound cylinder radius.
In the steady state, the heat flux, Q, is conserved across dif- where sir, siq and siz are radial, hoop and axial stresses in Cyi.
ferent layers of the cylinder and is given by Eq. (1). Ei, i, ni are Young's modulus, Coefficient of thermal expan-
 K. Bahoum et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31 (4) (2017) 1805~1811 1807

sion and Poisson's ratio of Cyi. eir , eiq are radial and tangential 1 K12 -1 - K12 C11 B1
strain.
1 K 22 K 23 K 24 C21 B2
= . (10)
The equilibrium equation for cylinder with axial symmetry 1 K 32 0 0 C12 B3
is given by [18]:
0 0 1 K 44 C22 B4

ds ri s ri - s qi
+ =0. (4) With:
dr r

And the straindisplacement relationship for a long cylinder K 22 = -

(1 - 2n ) = a
1
2

K 32 =
c2
K 44
2 2
is written as [18]: b b b2
1
K12 = - K14 = 2
dui i ui i b
e ri = ; eq = ; e z = 0 . (5)
dr r E2 1 + n 1 1 - 2n 1 b2
K 23 = - = - K 24
E1 1 - n 2 1 - 2n 2 1 - 2n 2
From Eqs. (3) and (5), the Eq. (4), becomes, in term of ra- 1 + n 1 a1 b 1
dial displacement [18], ui: B1 = - 2 rTcy1d r = - B2
1 - n 1 b a 1 - 2n 1
(1 - 2n 1 )(1 + n 1 ) p ;
d 1 dui 1 + n i dTcyi B3 = - i

dr r dr = 1 - n
a i dr . (6) E1
i
1 +n 2 1 - 2n 2 c
B4 = a 2 2 rTcy 2 d r .
1 -n 2 c b
The integration of Eq. (6) gives:

Once the integration constants are obtained from Eq. (10),

1 +n i ai r Ci 2 the Eqs. (7) and (8) give the stresses and the displacements at
ui ( r ) = r rTcyi d r + Ci1r + r (7)
1 - n i rin each radial position.

3. Finite element model

where Ci1 and Ci2 are the constants of integration for cylinder
Cyi = 1, 2.
Using the displacement, ui, given by Eq. (7) and strain
displacement relationship from Eq. (5), the radial and hoop
stresses, given by Eq. (3), become:
ai r
s ri ( r ) = Ei - 2
r Tcyi d r +
(1 - n i ) r inr (1 + n i )( 1 - 2n i )
a r
C C
s qi ( r ) = Ei i
2
r Tcyi d r +
(1 - n i ) r r
in
(1 + n i )(1 - 2n i ) (1 + n i ) r 2 (1 -n i )
Then the axial stress is deduced using Eq. (3).
The integration constants, Cij, are determined using the
boundary conditions in the compound cylinders. These
boundary conditions are related to the application of the inter-
nal pressure, pi, the continuity of the radial displacement and
the radial stress at the interface layer between the two cylin-
ders. They are summarized in the following equation:
s r1 ( a ) = - pi ; s r2 ( c ) = 0
s r1 ( b ) = s r2 ( c ) ; u1 ( b ) = u2 ( b ) .
Substituting the temperature distributions, stresses and dis-
placements of the inner and outer cylinders into the boundary
conditions, the equations system, given by Eq. (10), is ob-
tained.
The validation of the proposed analytical model is carried
out using a 2D finite element model with ANSYS software
[19]. It consists of simulating the behavior of the compound
cylinders subjected to internal pressure and thermal load. In
order to study the effect of the temperature variation, the in-
Ci1 Ci 2 ternal pressure and the materiel proprieties, an axisymmetric
- 2
(1 + n i ) r finite element model of the compound cylinders, as presented
aT in Fig. 1, is used. The 2D, 8-nodes, is used to model the inner
i1
+ i2
- i cyi .
and the outer cylinders. The displacements in the radial and
(8) axial directions are blocked at the top and bottom of the cylin-
ders. To examine the material proprieties effect on the behav-
ior of the compound cylinders, steel and aluminum materials
are used. To study the effect of the internal pressure and tem-
perature, several pairs of pressure-temperature values are
tested. The values chosen allow remaining in the elastic zones
of used materials.
The results are obtained after two successive executions of
the script. In the first run, the temperature profiles are obtained.
In the second run, the internal pressure is applied, and then the
resulted stresses and strains are extracted.
(9)
4. Results and discussion
The evaluation of the resistance and the conformity of the
compound cylinders, depending on the conditions of use, are
illustrated by the stresses and displacements distributions
through the various layers thickness. If the Von-Mises failure
1808 K. Bahoum et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31 (4) (2017) 1805~1811
Table 1. Mechanical properties of the two used materials.
Material E (GPa) n (C-1) (W.m-1.K-1)
Steel ASTM A564
210 0.3 11.6106 19.5
H1150
Aluminum 1050A-H9 72 0.33 24106 234
Fig. 2. Radial distribution of the temperature.
criterion is adopted, all stresses at each radial position deter-
mine the achieved confidence level for a given application.
The mechanical properties of materials used for the two cyl-
inders influence the resulted values of stresses and displace-
ments. Two material configurations are adopted. The two
cylinder layers are made from the same material, S-Steel
(Custom 450, H1150); or from different materials, S-Steel
(Custom 450, H1150) and aluminum alloy (1050A-H9). Table
1 shows the mechanical properties of the two used materials.
The cylinders dimensions are: a = 14.29 mm, b = 23.81 mm
and c = 33.75 mm.
The stresss formulas reflecting the thermal and mechanical
loading conditions are used to verify the realization possibility
of the planned assembly. Indeed, in the assembly of two coax-
ial cylinders without initial interference, the temperature can
have a negative effect when the relative displacement of the
contact surface creates a gap and by the way, the contact may
be lost between the two cylinders. To avoid this case, a pre-
liminary study was conducted to get, for the chosen data, the
minimal threshold temperature, T1, to get a permanent contact
between the two cylinders, when T3 is the ambient tempera-
ture. This temperature is around 100 oC.
The temperature field is determined analytically by assum-
ing that the heat flux on the interface between the two com-
posed cylinders is constant. Therefore, the temperature distri-
bution through the thickness is logarithmic. Fig. 2 shows this
distribution for tree values of T1, and for the two materials
configurations. It is clear that when the two cylinders are
made from different materials, the temperature distribution is
more pronounced and the slope has a discontinuity at the
median surface. The FE analysis gives the same temperature
curves as the analytical approach.
The temperature gradient between the two side surfaces of a
Fig. 3. Radial stress distribution for pi= 0 MPa.
Fig. 4. Internal presure effect on radial stress.
cylinder creates radial displacements at each radial position.
For a composed cylinder, the displacements difference be-
tween the two cylinders at the contact interface generates a
contact pressure which is propagated through the two thick-
nesses and may be considered as an external pressure for the
inner cylinder and an internal pressure for the outer cylinder.
To confirm the existence of the permanent contact between
the two cylinders, in the studied loading cases, Fig. 3 presents
the temperature influence on the radial stress in absence of the
internal pressure. Indeed, for values of T1 larger than 100 C,
the radial stress on the interface radii is compressive. When
the temperature difference between the inside and outside is
large, the radial stress is more significant for all radial posi-
tions.
The effect of the thermo-mechanical characteristics of cyl-
inders materials is clear on the radial stress distribution. In-
deed, when the materials of the two cylinders are the same, the
radial stress distribution is parabolic and it is identical to one
for a cast solid cylinder. However, for different cylinders ma-
terials, the shapes of the stress distribution curves are different.
At the contact surface, one notices a discontinuity of the curve
slope.
The application of the internal pressure increases the level
of the radial stress for all radial positions. Fig. 4 shows that
when the internal pressure is more significant, the radial stress
 K. Bahoum et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31 (4) (2017) 1805~1811
Fig. 5. Internal pressure and temperature effect on hoop stress.
Fig. 6. Internal pressure and temperature effects on axial stress.
is larger in absolute value. The radial position, where the
maximum value is reached, approaches more towards the
inner radius. For the same thermal loading, the compound
cylinder made up from two different materials, steel-
aluminum in our case, support more pressure than that of
which the two parts are made from the same material.
In Figs. 2-4, the results of the two approaches used in this
work are presented. It is clear, and without exception, that the
two approaches give the same values for the temperatures and
the stresses. Consequently, the results presented in the con-
tinuation of this paragraph use one of the two approaches.
Fig. 5 illustrates the effect of internal pressure and tempera-
ture on hoop stress. When the two cylinder materials are dif-
ferent, the hoop stress curves have a discontinuity at the con-
tact radii. The difference between the values of the hoop stress
at this interface radius is larger when T1 is larger. The effect of
temperature is more significant compared to the internal pres-
sures one.
For the studied cases, the internal pressure effect is unim-
portant on axial stress. Indeed, in Fig. 6, the axial stress varia-
tion curves relating to the two extremum internal pressure
values overlap.
In order to evaluate the cylinders resistance, Fig. 7 shows
the variation of the Von-Mises stress for various values of T1
and for pi = 10 MPa. The increase in temperature at the inside
1809
Fig. 7. Temperature effect on analytical Von-Mise stress.
Fig. 8. Axial displacement variation.
diameter causes the increase in the equivalent stress but with-
out exceeding the equivalent yield stress representing the
safety limit conditions. The equivalent stress has the maxi-
mum and the minimum values at the inner and outer radii.
When the two materials are different, the equivalent stress
curves have a discontinuity at the contact radii. The disconti-
nuity jump is larger when the temperature is larger.
The thermomechanical effect is more significant on radial
dimensions changing for the compound cylinders. The change
of those dimensions is expressed as a function of the radial
displacements of the side surfaces of the two cylinders. Fig. 8
illustrates clearly the continuity of the radial displacement at
the contact surface of the two assembly components. It is evi-
dent that when the temperature at the inner surface increases
the displacements increase also.
At the end, it is noted that the pressure vessels, in a cylindri-
cal shape, are dimensioned for industrial use according to
codes; such as those of ASME and ANSI. These codes intro-
duce the safety and load factors.
5. Conclusions
The analytical model for a compound cylinder under
thermo-mechanical loading is presented. The expressions of
radial displacement and different stresses in the two cylinders,
1810 K. Bahoum et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31 (4) (2017) 1805~1811
inner and outer, were deducted for the cases where the cylin-
ders are made from the same or different materials. The results
obtained in this analysis leads to the following conclusions:
- The combined effects of temperature and internal pressure
must be taken into account when designing compounds
cylinders, to ensure their maximum efficiency and maxi-
mum availability. The material proprieties should also be
considered to remain in the elastic range.
- The hoop stress is more affected by the variation of the
temperature then the internal pressure value.
- The internal pressure effect is more significant when the
cylinders are from the same material (steel-steel) com-
pared to when they are made from different materials
(steel-aluminum).
- The radial displacement in the compound cylinder of dif-
ferent materials is less important compared to the
compound cylinders of the same materials.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank Dr. Abdel-Hakim Bouzid, Pro-
fessor in Ecole de Technologie Suprieur- Montral- Canada,
for his assistance and generosity in sharing his scientific
knowledge.
Nomenclature------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cy1, y2 : Inner and outer cylinders
T1 : Temperature of the inner surface of Cy1
T2 : Temperature of the contact surface Cy1-Cy2
T3 : Temperature of the outer surface of Cy2
T : Temperature distribution as function of r
Q : Heat flow through the compound cylinder
rou, rin: Outer and inside radius
Tou, Tin: Outer and inside temperature of the cylinder Cyi
eir,q,z : Are radial, tangential and axial strain
r : Radial position
a, b and c : Compound cylinders radius
1, 2 : Thermal conductivity of Cy1 and Cy2
L : Length of the two cylinders
s1,2r : Radial stresses, respectively in Cy1 and Cy2
s1,2q : Hoop stresses, respectively in Cy1 and Cy2
s1,2z : Axial stresses, respectively in Cy1 and Cy2
E1, 2 : Young's modulus of Cy1 and Cy2
1, 2 : Coefficient of thermal expansion of Cy1 and Cy2
n1, 2 : Poisson's ratio of Cy1 and Cy2
u1, u2 : Radial displacements in Cy1 and Cy2.
pi : Inner pressure
References
[1] E. David, An overview of advanced materials for hydrogen
storage, Journal of Material Processing Technology, 162-
163 (2005) 169-177.
[2] W. R. D. Wilson and W. J. Skelton, Design of bi-metallic
high pressure cylinders, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 182 (3)
(1967) 1-10.
[3] K. Vedeld, H. Osnes and O. Fyrileiv, Analytical expressions
for stress distributions in lined pipes: Axial stress and con-
tact pressure interaction, Mar. Struct., 26 (1) 1-26.
[4] J. Kloewer, R. Behrens and J. Lettner, Clad plates and pipes
in oil and gas production: Applications-fabrication-welding,
Proceedings of Corrosion, April 2002, Denver, CO, USA
(2002).
[5] G. Lam and B. Clapeyron, Mmoire sur lquilibre intrieur
des corps solides homognes, J. Reine Angew. Math.
(Crelles J.), 7, 145-169.
[6] E. S. Focke, Reeling of tight fit pipe, Ph.D. Thesis, Delft
University of Technology (2007).
[7] G. H. Majzoobi, G. H. Farrahi, M. K. Pipelzadeh and A.
Akbari, Experimental and finite element prediction of burst-
ing pressure in compound cylinders, International Journal of
Pressure Vessels and Piping, 81 (2004) 889-896.
[8] G. H. Majzoobi and A. Ghomi, Optimisation of compound
pressure cylinders, Journal of Achievements in Materials
and Manufacturing Engineering, 15 (1-2) (2006).
[9] Z. Shi, T. Zhang and H. Xiang, Exact solutions of heteroge-
neous elastic hollow cylinders, Composite Structures, 79
(2007) 140-147.
[10] Q. Zhang, Z. W. Wang, C. Y. Tang, D. P. Hu, P. Q. Liu
and L. Z. Xia, Analytical solution of the thermo-mechanical
stresses in a multilayered composite pressure vessel consid-
ering the influence of the closed ends, International Journal
of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 98 (2012) 102-110.
[11] A. H. Ghosn and M. Sabbaghian, Quasi-static coupled
problems of thermoelasticity for cylindrical regions, Journal
of Thermal Stresses, 5 (1982) 299-313.
[12] C. I. Hung, C. K. Chen and Z. Y. Lee, Thermoelastic tran-
sient response of multilayered hollow cylinder with initial
interface pressure, Journal of Thermal Stresses, 24 (2001)
987-1006.
[13] Z. Y. Lee, Generalized coupled transient thermoelastic
problem of multilayered hollow cylinder with hybrid bound-
ary conditions, International Communications in Heat and
Mass Transfer, 33 (2006) 518-528.
[14] M. Jabbari, S. Sohrabpour and M. R. Eslami, Mechanical
and thermal stresses in a functionally graded hollow cylinder
due to radially symmetric loads, Int. J. Pressure Vessels Pip,
79 (2002) 493-497.
[15] A. Loghman and H. Parsa, Exact solution for magneto-
thermo-elastic behaviour of double-walled cylinder made of
an inner FGM and an outer homogeneous layer, Interna-
tional Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 88 (2014) 93-99.
[16] K. Vedeld, H. A. Sollund and J. Hellesland, Closed analyti-
cal expressions for stress distributions in two-layer cylinders
and their application to offshore lined and clad pipes, Jour-
nal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 137
(2015) 021702-1.
[17] H. A. Sollund, K. Vedeld and J. Hellesland, Efficient ana-
lytical solution for heated and pressurized multi-layer cyl-
 K. Bahoum et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31 (4) (2017) 1805~1811 1811

indes, Ocean Engineering, 92 (2014) 285-295. Kaoutar Bahoum is currently a Ph.D.

[18] A. C. Ugural and S. K. Fenster, Advanced mechanics of
materials and elasticity, 5th Edition, Pearson education,
USA (2012).
[19] Ansys. Standard Manuel. Version 15.
[20] H. H. Lee, J. H. Yoon, J. S. Park and Y. M. Yi, A study of
failure characteristic of spherical pressure vessels, Journal of
Material Processing Technology, 164-165 (2005) 882-888.
[21] H. Jahed, B. Farshi and M. Karimi, Optimum autofrettage
and shrink-fit combination in multi-layer cylinders, ASME J.
Pressure Vessels Technology, 128 (2006) 196-200.
student in the Industrial Engineering
Laboratory in Sultan Moulay Sliman
University, Faculty of Sciences and
Technology in Beni Mellal, Morocco.
She received her engineering degree
in industrial and logistics engineering
from National School of Applied Sci-
ences, Cadi Ayyad University in Marrakesh, Morocco. Her
research is focused on mechanical engineering, structural me-
chanics and material sciences.