Quantitative Aptitude

QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE By M Siddhartha #09818974743
1|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON
SIDDHARTHA MISHRA
The following problem is the gateway to this book; try to solve it

without using calculator. See the answer at the last page. If your answer
matches then go through this book, else you should brush-up your basics
first.
Hi, this is Siddhartha Mishra, teaching

mathematics and various subjects for more
than 20 year. Hope readers of this book
will find the materials and proceedings
very helpful.
Please help me to improve this

book. Suggestions are welcome.
Siddhartha Mishra,
New Delhi: 23-04-2013.
Mobile: 9818974743
siddhartha691@gmail.com

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Natural numbers: These are the numbers (1, 2, 3 etc.) that are used
for counting. In other words, all positive integers are natural numbers.
There are infinite natural numbers and the number 1 is the least
natural number.
Examples of natural numbers: 1, 2, 4, 8, 32, 23, 4321 and so on.
The following numbers are examples of numbers that are not

natural;
-2, -33, 2.37, 0 and so on.
Prime numbers: A natural number, greater than unity, is a prime number

if it does not have other divisors except for itself and unity.
Please keep in mind that unity is not a prime number.

The prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
Points to be remembered:
The lowest prime number is 2.

2 is also the only even prime number.
The lowest odd prime number is 3.
The remainder when a prime number 5 is divided by
6 is 1 or 5. However if a number on being divided by 6
gives a remainder 1 or 5 the number need not be prime.
The remainder of the division of the square of a prime
number p 5 divided by 24 is 1.
For prime numbers p > 3, p2 1 is divisible by 24.
If p and q are any two odd primes then (p 2 q2) and
(p2 + q2) are composite.
Composite numbers: The natural numbers which are not prime are called
composite numbers.

Co Primes: Two natural numbers a and b are said to be co-prime if their
HCF is 1. Ex: (2, 3), (4, 5), (7, 9)are pairs of co primes.
TEST OF DIVISIBLITY
I. DIVISIBLITY BY 2: A number is divisible by 2 if its units digit is
any of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.
Ex: 58694 is divisible by 2, while 86945 is not divisible by 2.
II. DIVISIBLITY BY 3: A number is divisible by 3, when the sum of
its digits is divisible by 3.
Ex: In the number 695421, the sum of the digits = 27,
which is divisible by 3
III. DIVISIBILITY BY 9: A number is divisible by 9 only when the sum
of its digits is divisible by 9.
IV. DIVISIBILITY BY 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the sum of its
last two digits is divisible by 4.
V. DIVISIBILITY BY 8: A number is divisible by 8 if the number
formed by hundreds, tens and units digit of the given number is
divisible by 8.
Example: In the number 9683352 the number formed by last
three digits, namely 352 is divisible by 8, hence 9683352 is
divisible by 8.
VI. DIVISIBLITY BY 11: A number is divisible by 11 if the difference
between the sum of its digits at odd places and the sum of its digits
at even places is either 0 or a number divisible by 11.
Example: consider the number29435417
(sum of its digits at odd places)- (sum of its digits at even places)
(7 + 4 + 3 + 9) (1 + 5 + 4 + 2) = 23 12 = 11, hence
29435417 is divisible by 11.
VII. DIVISIBILITY BY 7, 11 OR 13: The integer n is divisible by 7, 11
or 13 iff the difference of the number of its thousands and the
remainder of its division by 1000 is divisible by 7, 11 or 13.
Example: consider 40353607
4 0 3 5 3 6 0 7
Here, 40353 607 = 39746 is divisible by 7.
Note: Twin primes are a pair of prime numbers when they differ
by 2. (3, 5) and (11, 13) are twin primes.
Perfect numbers: A number is said to be a perfect number if the

sum of all the divisors of is equal to .
Example: 28 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 sum is 56 = 228

Hence, 28 is a perfect number.
The concept of LCM
METHOD (A)
LCM means least common multiple. To find LCM of 5, 6 the steps are;
Step1. Find multiples of all,
Step2. Find common in all,
Step3. Find least of all,
Multiples of 5 are: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60
Multiples of 6 are: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60
Common are: 30, 60, 90, 120
Least of all is 30. Hence, LCM of 5 and 6 is 30.
METHOD (B)
Find the LCM of 150, 210 and 375.
Step1. Write down the standard form of the numbers
150 = 5532 = 52 31 21

210 = 5273 = 51 31 21 71
375 = 5553 = 53 31
Step2. Write down all the prime factors which are contained in
the standard form separately at least once in each standard form:
5, 3, 2, and 7.
Step3. Raise each of the prime factors to their highest power.
The LCM = 21 31 53 71 = 42125 = 5250.
METHOD (C)
When we are to find LCM of numbers having no common factors

among them, other than 1, the LCM will be just product of the
numbers.
LCM of 4, 5, 7 = 457 = 140; *common factor is 1 only +
The concept of HCF (GCD)
METHOD (A)
HCF means highest common factor. HCF of 14 and 16 will be:
Step1. Find all the factors;
Step2. Find common among all factors;
Step3. Find highest among all common factors;
Factors of 14 = 1, 2, 7, 14.
Factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
Common factors are 1 and 2.
Highest among 1 and 2 is 2. Hence, the HCF of 14 and 16 is 2.

METHOD (B)
Find the HCF of 150, 210 and 375.
Step1. Write down the standard form of the numbers
150 = 5532 = 52 31 21
210 = 5273 = 51 31 21 71
375 = 5553 = 53 31
Step2. Write down all the prime factors that are common to the
standard form. They are 5 and 3.
Step3. Raise each of the common prime factors to their lowest

power.
The HCF = 31 51 = 15.
Keep in mind there are so many ways to find HCF and LCM of numbers. I
am showing you few of them. If you know better method than the above
please follow them.
HCF and LCM of fractions
(, , )
a. LCM of . , , /= ;
(, , )
(, , )
b. HCF of . , , /= ;
(, , )

Relation between HCF and LCM
LCM of (p, q) HCF of (p, q) = p q
Points to remember are:

1. LCM of a, b, c means a smallest number which can be
divided by a, b and c all.
2. HCF of a, b, c means a greatest number which can
divide a, b and c all.
HCF can divide (a, b, c) and (a, b, c) can devide LCM
IMPORTANT RESULTS
Find the GREATEST Required number = H.C.F. of x, y, and z
NUMBER that will exactly (greatest divisor).
divide x, y, z.
Find the GREATEST Required number =
NUMBER that will divide x, y H.C.F. of (x a), (y b) and (z c).
and z leaving remainders a, b
and c respectively.
Find the LEAST NUMBER Required number = L.C.M. of x, y
which is exactly divisible by and z .
x, y and z
Find the LEAST NUMBER Then, it is always observed that
which when divided by x, y (x a) = (z b) = (z c) = K (say).
and z leaves the remainders Required number
a, b and c respectively. = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) K
Find the LEAST NUMBER Required number
which when divided by x, y = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) + r.
and z leaves the same
remainder r each case.
Find the GREATEST Required number = H.C.F of (x y),
NUMBER that will divide x, y (y z) and (z x).
and z leaving the same
remainder in each case
10 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
SAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION
Q1. Two numbers, both greater than 29, have HCF 29 and LCM 4147.
What is the sum of the numbers?
Solution: Let the numbers be x and y both greater than 29
HCF of (x, y) = 29 29 can divide x and y both
x = 29m and y = 29n

LCM of (x, y) = 4147 x and y can divide 4147,
As 4147 = 29143 = 291113
LCM of (x, y) HCF of (x, y) = x y
414729 = 29m29n
(291113) 29 = 2929mn
1113 = mn,
Now sum of the numbers; x + y = 29m +29n = 2911 + 2913
Hence, x = 319 and y = 377 both greater than 29 and sum =696
Q2. Find the least number which when divided by 16, 18, 20, and 25
leaves 4 as remainder?
Solution: LCMk = required number 4

k is any integer 1
LCM1 = required least number 4

As LCM of 16, 18, 20 and 25 is 3600.
When 3600 is divided by 16, 18, 20 and 25, there will be no

remainder. To leave remainder 4 we must increase the multiple
of 3600 by 4, i.e.(3600m +4) but the least will be
36001 + 4 =3604.
Q3. Find the least number which when increased by 5, is divisible by

24, 32, and 36 and 54?
Solution: LCMk = required number + 5
k is any integer 1
LCM1 = required least number + 5
864 = required least number + 5
8641 5
859 is the required least number.
Q4. Find the greatest number, which on dividing 107 and 120
leaves remainders 5 and 1 respectively.
Solution: As HCF of (x, y) can divide x and y both, hence the

required greatest number will be;
HCF of (107- 5 and 120-1) = 17.
Q5. Sum of two numbers prime to each other is 20 and their LCM
is 99. What are the numbers?
Solution: Here, sum of two numbers prime to each other

means, the numbers are co-prime (no common multiple).
Hence, equations will be + = 20,
. = 99,
{LCMof co }
The numbers are 9 and 11.
Q6. When in each box 5 or 6 dozens of oranges were packed, three
dozens were remaining. Therefore, bigger boxes were taken to pack
8 or 9 dozens of oranges. However, still three dozens of oranges
remain. What was the least number of dozens of oranges to be
packed?
Solution: Least number, when only 5 or 6 is 30. To be remainder 3,

it should be 30 + 3 = 33. Least number, when only 8 or 9 is
72. For, to be remainder 3, it should be 72 + 3 = 75.
But, the least number for 5, 6, 8 or 9 is 360 and for to be 3

remainder, least number of dozens of oranges to be packed is
360+3 =363.
Important Note:
There are n numbers. If the HCF of each pair is x and the LCM of all
the n numbers is y, then:
= ( ) () )
( )
Please keep in mind, mathematical calculations can be done very fast if

basic mathematical tools are well known to you. Let us see some of these
tools.
Tool no. 1. BODMAS (the sequence of simplification),
Tool no. 2. Multiplication table by heart (as much as you can),
Tool no. 3. Division concepts and application,
Tool no. 4. Surds and Indices,
Tool no. 5. Simple and complex algebraic equation,
Tool no. 6. Calm and cool mind
HOW TO
Transform a word problem into an algebraic equation.
AGE PROBLEMS
Type (A) Present form
Q1. Ram is 2 years more than Shyam.
Equation: let Shyams present age be
Step1. > ,
Step2. = + 2,
Step3. = + 2,
Q2. Ram is two times the age of Shyam.
Step1. > ,
Step2. = 2 ,
Step3. = 2 ,
Q3. Ram is two third of the age of Shyam.
Step1. < ,
2
Step2. = ,
3
2
Step3. = 3

Q4. The ages of Ram and Shyam are in the ratio : .
Equation: present age of Ram = 2
Shyam = 3.
Type (B) Past, Present and Future form
Q5. The ages of Ram and Shyam are in the ratio 2:3. Five years ago they
were in the ratio 1:2. What are their ages now?
Solution:
Past(-5) present future

Ram 2x-5 2x
Shyam 3x-5 3x
Five years ago; = 1 2
(2 5): (3 5) = 1 2
2(2 5) = 1(3 5)
4 3 = 10 5
= 5,
Present age of Ram is: 2x = 10 and Shyam is: 3x = 15.
Q6. Five years ago the ages of Ram and Shyam were in the ratio 1: 2.
At present, their ages are in the ratio 2:3. What are their ages
now?
Solution:
Past(-5) Present Future

Ram X x+5
Shyam 2x 2x+5
Five years after past is present;
= 2 3
( + 5): (2 + 5) = 2: 3,
3( + 5) = 2(2 + 5),
4 3 = 15 10,
= 5,
Therefore present age of Ram = (x+5) =10years and
Present age of Shyam = (2x+5) = 15years.
Simple equations
An equation is a mathematical statement in which two
statements are equal.
Statements and corresponding equation:
1. Sum of a number and 5 is 11.

: + 5 = 11.
2. 3 subtracted from a number is 8.
: 3 = 8.
3. A number subtracted from 5 is 9.
: 5 = 9.
4. 16 times a number is 80.
: 16 = 80.
5. 17 times added to 6 gives 85.
: 17 + 6 = 85.
6. 5 subtracted from 2/3 of a number is 7/8.
2 7
: 5 = .
3 8
Simple algebraic operations
Rule1. Side change Sign change
+
Rule2. Follow BODMAS;
Rule3. Use LCM for fractions.
Please remember (avoid common mistakes):
+ = 2 = 2 ; 3 + = 4 3 = 3 2
Equations and solutions:
1. + = , here we have three terms in all. They are 8, 5 and 7.

8 is the term containing variable . Try to keep this term on the
left hand side and change the sides of other terms.
2 1
8 + 5 = 7 8 = 7 5 8 = 2 = 8 = 4
2. = 8 7 = 2 + 6 = +4
3. 3 1 = 2 11 3 3 = 2 11 3 2 = 11 + 3
= 8
2 +1
4. + =
4 3 2
Here, first of all take LCM of 4 and 3, and it is 12
3((x2))+4(x+1) x
= ;
12 2
3x6+4x+4 x
= ;
12 2
7x2 x
= ; Now change the denominator into lowest term
12 2
7x2 x
= ; Then apply cross multiplication
6 1
1(7 2) = 6 7 2 = 6
7 6 = 2 = 2
35 2 4+3
5. + =
4 3 2
In this type of problems try to make the denominator same by
taking LCM.
LCM of 4 and 3 is 12.
3(35)+4.2 4+3
= ; here 4.2 means 42=8
12 2
915+8 4+3
=
12 2
97 4+3
=
12 2
Now cross multiply
2(97) 12(4+3)
= 2(9 7) = 12(4 + 3)
1 1
18 14 = 48 + 36
18 48 = 36 + 14
30 = 50
50
=
30
= 5/3. You can verify the answer by substituting the
value into the problem equation.
Linear equation in two variables
The standard form of linear equations in two variables is:
1 + 1 + 1 = 0,
2 + 2 + 2 = 0.
Where 1 ,1 ,1 and 2 ,2 ,2 are arbitrary constants.
Properties:
a1 b
1. If 1 ;unique solutions(intersecting lines)
a2 b2
a1 b1 c
2. If = 1 ;no solution(parallel lines)
a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c
3. If = = 1 ;infinite solution(coincident lines)
a2 b2 c2
Few questions and their solutions:
1. + = =
Solution:
+ = 10 = 10
Putting it into second equation
=6 putting = 8 into any one of the

(10 ) = 6 Equations
10 + = 6 + = 10
2 = 6 + 10 8 + = 10
2 = 16 = 10 8
= 16/2 =
=
2. + = =
Solution:
2 + 3 = 12
3 = 12 2
= (12 2)/3
Putting the value of into the second equation

(122)
3 =8
3
9 12 + 2 = 24
11x = 24+12
x = 36/11, putting this value into = (12 2)/3
36
We get = .12 2 11 / /3 =20/11
Hence, = 36/11 = 20/11 we can verify these

values by substituting them into the problem equations.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
An equation of the form
2 + + = 0, is called a quadratic equation,

where a, b and c are arbitrary constants.
If then it has real roots.
2 4
Hence =
2
+ 2 4 2 4
= and =
2 2
2 + + ( )( )
Sample problems
1. + + + =, ?
Solution:
Squaring both the sides
+ + + = 2
+ = 2
2 4
= .Formula
2
(1) (1)2 4.1.()
=
2.1
1 1+4
= , this is true only for positive value
2
4+1+1
Hence, = IMPORTANT
2
And
(21)2 1
= IMPORTANT
4
Try these problems:
420+1+1
a. 20 + 20 + 20 + = =5
2
456+1+1
b. 56 + 56 + 56 + = =8
2
4132+1+1
c. 132 + 132 + 132 + = = 12
2
490+1+1
d. 90 + 90 + 90 + = = 10
2
(271)2 1
e. + + + =7, then = = 42
4
(2131)2 1
f. + + + =13, then = = 156
4
2. =, ?
Solution:
Squaring both the sides
= 2
= 2
+ =
2 4
= .Formula
2
(1) (1)2 4.1.()

=
2.1
1 1+4
= , this is true only for positive value
2
4+11
Hence, = IMPORTANT
2
And
(2+1)2 1
= IMPORTANT
4
Try these problems:
420+11
a. 20 20 20 = =4
2
456+11
b. 56 56 56 = =7
2
4132+11
c. 132 132 132 = = 11
2
490+11
d. 90 90 90 = =9
2
(271)2 1
e. =7, then = = 42
4
(213+1)2 1
f. + + + =13, then = = 182
4
There are so many short cuts to solve these types of problems,

once you know the logic behind this; it would be easy for you to
develop new short cuts.
Let us see some ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE and their uses

1
INDECES 7. = ;
1. 0 = 1; 8. = ;
2. = 0;(if a<1) 9. = ( ) ;
3. = ;(if a>1)
10. . / = ;
4. = + ;
5. = ;

6. ( ) = ; 11. . / = ;
Surds:

1. = ;

2. = ;
1
3. = ; 2
1 1
+
4. = ;
1
5. = = ;

6. = =

= ;
BINOMIAL AND TRINOMIAL FORMULAE
1. 2 + 2 + 2 = ( + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2
2. 2 2 + 2 = ( )2 = 2 2 + 2
3. ( + )( ) = 2 2 = ( + )( )
4. ( + )3 = 3 + 32 + 3 2 + 3 ;
5. ( )3 = 3 32 + 3 2 3 ;
Or ( + )3 = 3 + 3 + 3 ( + )
And ( )3 = 3 3 3 ( )
6. 3 + 3 = ( + )3 3 ( + )
7. ( + + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
8. 3 + 3 + 3 3
= ( + + )(2 + 2 + 2 )
9. 3 + 3 + 3 3
1
= ( + + )*( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 +
2
10. When + + = 03 + 3 + 3 = 3
11. When 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 = =
12. When *( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 + = 0
( ) = 0 ( ) = 0 ( ) = 0
= =
13. 4 + 2 2 + 4
= (2 + + 2 )(2 + 2 )
1 2 1 1 1
14. . + / = 2 + + 2. = 2 + +2
2 2
1 2 1 1 1
15. . / = 2 + 2. = 2 + 2
2 2
1 3 1 1 1
16. . + / = 3 + + 3. . + /
3
1 1
= 3 + + 3 +
3
1 3 1 1 1
17. . / = 3 3. . /
3
1 1
= 3 3
3
18. 2 + 2 = ( + )2 2 = ( )2 + 2
19. 4 + 4 = (2 + 2 )2 22 2
2 1 1 2 1 2
20. + = . + / 2 = . / + 2
2
1 1 2 1 2
21. 4 + = . 2 + / 2 = . 2 / +2
4 2 2
We can manipulate formulae to get desired results.
Let us see some problems

2 3 4
1. Which is greater: 3, 4 5.
Solution:
Here the orders are different and they are 2, 3 and 4. We need
to make them same by taking LCM. Since the LCM is 12, hence
2 3 4 26 34 43
3, 4, 5 will become 36 , 44 , 53
12 12 12
36 , 44 , 53
12 12 12
729, 256, 125
12 12 12
729 > 256 > 125
2 3 4
3> 4> 5
1 1
1 2 2 3
2. Which is greater: .2/ .3/
Solution:
Here again orders are different and they are 2 and 3. We need
to make them same by taking LCM which is 6 in this case.
1 1
1 2 2 3
.2/ or .3/ will become
1 3 1 2
1 2 3 2
2 3
.2/ or .3 /
3 2 1 1
1 6 2 6 1 3 6 2 2 6
.2/ or .3/ .2/ or .3/
1 1
1 6 4 6
or ; since the powers are same we need to see the
8 9
1 4
bases, i.e. 8 .
9
1 1
1 4 1 6 4 6
As 1 9 < 4 8 8 < < ;
9 8 9
1 1
1 2 2 3
.2/ < .3/
2 25
3. Solve : 1+ =1+
144 12
Solution:
Use BODMAS and proceed
2 169
= 1+
144 12
13
=1+ =1
12 12
2 64
4. Solve : 1+ =1+
225 15
Solution:
Use BODMAS and proceed
2 289
= 1+
225 15
17
=1+ =2
15 15
5. Find the value of in the following expression:

3
a. 4 5 7 = 0
+1 61
b. + =
+1 30
Solution:
3
a. 4 5 7 = 0
1
3
4 5 = 7 (4 5)3 = 7 4 5 = 73
348
4 = 343 + 5 =
4
= 87
+1 61
b. + =
+1 30
2 2 2
2 + +1 61 + +2+1 61
= =
+1 30 2 + 30
2 2 +2+1 61
= ; now cross multiply
2 + 30
30(2 2 + 2 + 1) = 61( 2 + )
60 2 + 60 + 30 = 61 2 + 61
2 + 30 = 0 ( 5)( + 6) = 0 =
6. If = 2 + 3 then find the following:

1 1 1
a. c. + e.
2
1 1
b. 2 d. f. 2 + 2

Solution:
a. Since = 2 + 3
1 1
Hence = and when we RATIONALISE this we
2+ 3
get
1 1 2 3 ( + )( ) = 2 2
= =2 3
2+ 3 2 3

=

2
b. 2 = 2 + 3 2 = 4 + 3 + 4 3 = 7 + 4 3
= +
1
c. + = 2 + 3 + 2 3 = 4
1
d. = 2 + 3 2 3 = 2 3
1 2
e. = 2 3 =74 3
2
1
f. 2 +
2
= 7 + 4 3 + 7 4 3 = 14
Please remember
1
1. If =

= ; When = 1
1 1
= =
+
When = 1
1 1 5. If
=
+ 1
+ = 2;

2. If 1
+ = 2
= + ;
1 * , ()+
= 6. If
1
When = 1 + = 2;
1 1
= 1
+ = 2

When, both , are
3. If even.
1 1
= ; + = 2

When, both , are
1 + odd.
= 1
+ = 0
When = 1
1 When alternately ,
= + are odd and even

* , ()+
4. If
1 Please try to get the
= ; reasons behind all.
+
Continuation of page before previous page:

7. Solve:
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
3 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 52
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
3 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 52
The above expression can be written as:-

1 1 1 1 1
+ +
9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4
For each term = 1 hence;
9+ 8 8+ 7 + 7+ 6 6+ 5 + 5+ 4
3+2 22 2 7+ 7+ 6 6 5+ 5+2
8. If
1 1
+ = 2 35 + 15 = 2;

what will be the value of
1
87 + 107

Solution:
In any case given condition is true for = 1, hence the value of

1
87 + =2
107
1
9. If = 2 + 3, find the value of 3 + 3 .
Solution:
As we know
1 1 3 1
3 + 3 = + 3 +

Hence
1
+ = 2+ 3 + 2 3 =4

1
3 + 3 = (4)3 3(4) = 52

10. Factorise the following expressions.

a) 3 12( )2
b) 1 2 (2 + 2 )
c) 4 + 2 + 1
d) 4 + 5 2 + 9
e) 4 + 4
Solution:
a) 3 12( )2
3*1 4( )2 +
3,1 *2( )+2 - 2 2 = ( + )( )
3,12 *2( )+2 -

3,1 + 2( )-,1 + 2( )-
b) 1 2 (2 + 2 )
1 2 2 2
1 (2 + 2 + 2 )
12 ( + )2 (1 + + )(1 )
c) 4 + 2 + 1
( 4 + 2 2 + 1) 2 2 2 = ( + )( )
2 2 2
( + 1)
( 2 + 1 + )( 2 + 1 )
d) 4 + 5 2 + 9
( 4 + 6 2 + 9) 2
( 2 + 3)2 2
( 2 + 3 + )( 2 + 3 )
e) 4 + 4
( 4 + 4 2 + 4) 4 2
( 2 + 2)2 (2 )2
( 2 + 2 + 2)( 2 + 2 2 )
SOME SPECIAL TYPE PROBLEMS

1 1 1
a.
(+1)(+2)
=
+1 +2
2 1 1
b.
(+1)(+3)
=
+1 +3
3 1 1
c.
(+1)(+4)
=
+1 +4
4 1 1
d.
(+1)(+5)
=
+1 +5
1 1 1 1 1
1. + + + + + =
12 23 34 45 99100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution: + + + +
1 2 2 3 3 4 99 100
1 1 99
=
1 100 100
2 2 2 2 2
2. + + + ++
13 35 57 79 98100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution: + + + +
1 3 3 5 5 7 98 100
1 1 99
=
1 100 100
Similarly, we can form many patterns.
CLOCK PROBLEMS
Important points to remember
1. One hour = 60 minutes

2. One minute= 60 seconds
3. One hour = 6060 sec
Conversion ladder
a. Moving down, multiply 60 for each step
b. Moving up, divide 60 for each step
HOUR
Examples:
a. 120 min = 12060 Hr =2Hr

b. 120 sec = 12060 min =2min 60 MINUTE 60
c. 360 sec = 360(6060)Hr =0.1Hr
d. 2Hr =260 min =120min
e. 2min =260 sec =120sec
f. 2Hr =26060sec =7200sec SECOND
Some facts:
1. A clock dial has 12 parts.
2. Each part is equal to five minutes for minutes hand and one hour for
hours hand.
3. Whole circumference is equal to 360, hence each part = 30
4. When minutes hand moves all 12 parts then hours hand can move
only 1 part, this means hours hand lags behind 11 parts for each
time minutes hand moves 12 parts.
5. In 60 minutes, the minutes hand gains 55 minutes on the hour hand.
Examples:
1) What is the angle between H.Hand and M.Hand when it is 12

oclock?
Ans: Zero degree
oclock?
Ans: Since the separation is one part 30
oclock?
Ans: Since the separation is three parts 330 = 90.
oclock?
Ans: Since the separation is seven parts 730 = 210.
Those were very simple problems. Let us see now some more problems.
Short cut formula:
A.
11
=
12
Where = angle between M.Hand and H.Hand at particular

time.
= angle between M.Hand and H.Hand for whole
hour. (If it is 4:15 whole hour is 4:00 and =120)
= angle to gain/lag by M.Hand over H.Hand.
B.
11
T = T T
12
Where T = Minutes between M.Hand and H.Hand at
particular time
T= Minutes between M.Hand and H.Hand for whole
hour. (If it is 4:15 whole hour is 4:00 and T =15 min)
T= Minutes to gain/lag by M.Hand over H.Hand.
Some examples:
1. What is the angle between M.Hand and H.Hand when it is 4:15?

Solution:
= 430=120
= 330=90
=?
11
= 120 90 .12 / = 37.5
2. What is the angle between M.Hand and H.Hand when it is 4:30?

Solution:
= 430=120
= 630=180
=?
11
= 120 180 .12 / = 45
3. At what time between 4 and 5 Oclock M.Hand and H.Hand

meet?
Solution:
It will be at 4: T
Here T = 0 min, T = 20 min for 4 Oclock, hence
11 9
0 = 20 T .12 / T =21
11
9
Moreover, it will meet at 4:21
11
4. At what time between 4 and 5 Oclock M.Hand and H.Hand are at
right angle to each other?
Solution:
11
15 = 20 T .12 /
It will be at
5 2
4:5 and 4:38 11
11
%
PERCENTAGE
This topic is very important and it gives us tools, which is used in every
subject.

% = 100

% = 100

% = 100

Now let us examine the formula more.
The above formulae are known to most of us but when dealing with
percentage type problems we find ourselves into trouble.
Reason: 1. Those are written with respect to the original figure.
2. Requirements may be w.r.t. the final figure also.
Examples:
1. What % of 5 are 2?
Solution:
% 5 = 2

5=2
100
2
= 100 = 40%
5
2. What % of 2 are 5?
Solution:
% 2 = 5

2=5
100
5
= 100 = 250%
2
3. Cost price of an article is Rs.200 and it is sold for Rs.250. What is the
Profit %: (a) w.r.t. cost price, (b) w.r.t. selling price?
Solution:
(a)

% = 100

50
% = 100 = 25%
200
(b)

% = 100

50
% = 100 = 20%
250
4. Cost price of an article is Rs.250 and it is sold for Rs.200. What is the
loss %: (a) w.r.t. cost price, (b) w.r.t. selling price?
Solution:
(a)

% = 100

50
% = 100 = 20%
250
(b)

% = 100

50
% = 100 = 25%
200
Those were the few examples to show how we should deal with percentage
problems.
Let us see step by step process.
Type A.
1. A quantity, whose initial value is 800, if increased by 10% what will be

the new value?
Solution:
800
10%
10 110
800 1 + = 800
100 100
= 880
2. A quantity, whose initial value is 800, if decreased by 10% what will be
the new value?
Solution:
800
10%
10 90
800 1 = 800
100 100
= 720
3. A quantity, whose final value is 880, after increased by 10% what will be
the initial value?
Solution:
880
10%
10 100
880 1 + = 880
100 110
= 800
4. A quantity, whose final value is 720, after decreased by 10% what will
be the initial value?
Solution:
720
10%
10 100
720 1 = 720
100 90
= 800
Here we can formulate a rule.
x% 10%=110% 10%=90% Original=100% 20%=120%

Source% Destination% Destination% Destination%
Value 880 P=? Q=? R=?
The above table says if 110% of a quantity is 880 then what would be its
90%, 100% and 120%.
If we see the table it is clear that source is given and various
destinations are to be calculated.
Formula:
%
=
%
90
P = 880 = 720
110
100
Q = 880 = 800
110
120
R = 880 = 960
110
Type b.
If a quantity is increased by % , then % it should be

decreased to get the original quantity.
100 100+x X differen ce 100x

%= 100 =
Source Destination Difference source 100
100 100+x X difference 100x

%= 100 =
Destination Source Difference source 100+x
Now a quantity is decreased by % then % it should

be increased to get the original quantity.
100 100-y Y difference 100y

%= 100 =
Source Destination Difference source 100
100 100-y Y difference 100y

%= 100 =
Destination Source Difference source 100y
1. The price of sugar having gone down by 10%, a consumer can buy 5kg
more sugar for Rs.270. What is the difference between the original price
and reduced price per kg?
Solution:
METHOD 1.
Step 1. Let the initial price be p/kg.

And quantity be q kg.
: = 270
90
Step 2. New price 90% = 100
New quantity = ( + 5)Nquantity
90
: ( + 5) = 270
100
100
+ 5 = 270 = 300
90
5 = 30
= 6/kg.
Step 3. To find the difference between the original price and reduced
price:
90 10
=
100 100
10 6
100
60paise
METHOD 2 (SHORT-CUT: Thinking algorithm)
When you read the question patiently you will find that:
p q = 270
1
After reduction of 10% = in the price
10
The quantity should increase by
1 1
11 % =
9 9
The buyer could buy 5 more kgs. for the same price.
Hence,
1
= 5 = 45 = 6
9
10% of the difference in price = 10% of 6 = 60paise.
2. A sells a bicycle to B at a profit of 20% . B sells it to C at a profit of 25%.

If C pays 225 . What is the cost price for A?
Solution:
20% 25%
A = 100 B = 120 B = 120 C = 150
100
Cost price for A = cost price for C
150
100
As cost = 225 = 150
150
3. The marked price of a watch was 720. A man bought the same for
550.80 after getting two successive discounts, the first being 10%. What
was the second discount rate?
Solution:
METHOD 1.
90 100
720 = 550.80
100 100
D = 15%
METHOD 2 (SHORT-CUT: Thinking algorithm)
After First discount: 90% of 720 =648

648550.80
Second discount% = 100= 15%
648
4. The cost of manufacturing an article was 900. The trader wants to gain
25% profit after giving 10% discount. What should be the MP?
Solution:
Cost Marked Price(MP) After Discount Allowed

Price(CP) = Selling Price(SP)
100 125
Source Destination
100
125
90
900 100
900125 90 100
= 1250
Formula:
%
=
%
TRIGONOMETRY
For a right triangle Pythagoras theorem is to be used.

P2 + B2 = H 2 A
Where,
Hypotenuse
P = Perpendicular,
Perpendicular
B = Base and H = Hypotenuse (longest side)
Hence,
P= H 2 B2
B= H 2 P2
B C
H= P2 + B2 Base
Figure 001
Trigonometric ratios:

= = Relation between ratios

= 1
= =
= 1
= 1
= =

Identities:
1. 2 + 2 = 1
2. 1 + 2 = 2
3. 1 + 2 = 2
Derived identities:
1. as, 2 + 2 = 1
1 2 = 2
1 2 = 2
2 2
2. as, 1 + = 1 = 2 2
2 = 2 1
3. as, 1 + = 1 = 2 2
2 2
4. = 1 2 and = 1 2
We can write: TABLE

0 30 45 60 90
=
sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3/2 1
cos 1 3/2 1/ 2 1/2 0
=
Tan 0 1/ 3 1 3
1 Cot 3 1 1/ 3 0
=
sec 1 2/ 3 2 2
1
= cosec 2 2 2/ 3 1

(90-) TABLE
Sin(90-)= cos Cos(90-)=sin
Tan(90- )= cot Cot(90- )= tan
Sec(90- )= cosec Cosec(90- )= sec
LET US DO SOME SIMPLE PROBLEMS.
1. Solve:
(2 30 + 2 30) ( 2 65 2 65)
Solution:
1 1 = 0 ------------ (Plz. refer identities)
2. Solve:
2 30 + 2 60
Solution:
2 30 + 2 60
2 30 + 2 (90 30)= 2 30 + 2 30= 1
3. Solve:
(90 ) 65
+ 2
25
Solution:
(90 ) 65
+ 2
25
= 1+1-2 = 0
(Hint: Sin (90-) = cos )
Trigonometric Identity Hexagon

tan x
sin x sec x
cos x csc x
cot x
Understanding the Trigonometric Identity Hexagon:
1. The two trigonometric functions at the ends of any diameter are

reciprocals of one another.
2. Every trigonometric function is the product of the trigonometric
functions on either side of it.
For example:
sin x tan x cos x and cos x sin x cot x
3. Each trigonometric function is equal to either of its adjacent

trigonometric functions divided by its adjacent trigonometric
function.
For example:
sin x sec x
tan x and, also tan x .
cos x csc x
4. The product of any three non-adjacent functions is always 1.
For example:
tan x cos x csc x 1 and sin x cot x sec x 1 .
EVERY WEEK WE UPDATE THIS BOOK

GO TO YOU TUBE FOR SPEED MATHS VIDEO
AT http://www. youtube. com/watch? v = Z0mOEndml7o
siddhirbhavati karmaj
(Success is born of action)
Answer to the gateway question is zero.

Quantitative Aptitude

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QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE By M Siddhartha #09818974743

1|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON

The following problem is the gateway to this book; try to solve it

Hi, this is Siddhartha Mishra, teaching

Please help me to improve this

2|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON

3|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON

EVERY WEEK WE UPDATE THIS BOOK.

GO TO YOU TUBE FOR SPEED MATHS VIDEO

4|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON

Examples of natural numbers: 1, 2, 4, 8, 32, 23, 4321 and so on.

The following numbers are examples of numbers that are not

-2, -33, 2.37, 0 and so on.

Prime numbers: A natural number, greater than unity, is a prime number

Please keep in mind that unity is not a prime number.

The lowest prime number is 2.

5|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON

Perfect numbers: A number is said to be a perfect number if the

Example: 28 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 sum is 56 = 228

The concept of LCM

Step1. Find multiples of all,

Step2. Find common in all,

Step3. Find least of all,

Common are: 30, 60, 90, 120

Least of all is 30. Hence, LCM of 5 and 6 is 30.

Find the LCM of 150, 210 and 375.

Step1. Write down the standard form of the numbers

7|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON

Step3. Raise each of the prime factors to their highest power.

The LCM = 21 31 53 71 = 42125 = 5250.

When we are to find LCM of numbers having no common factors

LCM of 4, 5, 7 = 457 = 140; *common factor is 1 only +

The concept of HCF (GCD)

HCF means highest common factor. HCF of 14 and 16 will be:

Step1. Find all the factors;

Step2. Find common among all factors;

Step3. Find highest among all common factors;

Common factors are 1 and 2.

Highest among 1 and 2 is 2. Hence, the HCF of 14 and 16 is 2.

8|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON

Find the HCF of 150, 210 and 375.

Step1. Write down the standard form of the numbers

Step3. Raise each of the common prime factors to their lowest

The HCF = 31 51 = 15.

HCF and LCM of fractions

9|TH IS B OOK I S UND ER PR EPAP RATI ON

LCM of (p, q) HCF of (p, q) = p q

Points to remember are:

HCF can divide (a, b, c) and (a, b, c) can devide LCM

Solution: Let the numbers be x and y both greater than 29

HCF of (x, y) = 29 29 can divide x and y both

x = 29m and y = 29n

As 4147 = 29143 = 291113

LCM of (x, y) HCF of (x, y) = x y

Now sum of the numbers; x + y = 29m +29n = 2911 + 2913

Solution: LCMk = required number 4

LCM1 = required least number 4

When 3600 is divided by 16, 18, 20 and 25, there will be no

Q3. Find the least number which when increased by 5, is divisible by

Solution: LCMk = required number + 5

LCM1 = required least number + 5

864 = required least number + 5

859 is the required least number.