Chapter 1 - Vertical Stresses Distribution in Soil

ECG 353
SOIL ENGINEERING
Chapter 1
Vertical Stresses
Distribution in
Soil 1
Program Outcomes (PO)
At the end of this course, students should
be able to:-
PO1 Ability to acquire and apply basic

knowledge of science,
mathematics & engineering.
PO3 Ability to identify, formulate and

solve engineering problems.
2
Course Outcomes (CO)
At the end of this course, students should be able
to:-
CO1 Explain and differentiate methods of soil

exploration for civil engineering purposes and
soil engineering concepts on soil response to
various geotechnical situation.
CO2 Analyse and evaluate soil engineering

problems related to vertical stresses
distribution in soils, lateral earth
pressure,bearing capacity and slope stability.
3
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this lecture, student should be able to:
Explain the meaning of total stress, effective stress and

overburden pressure.
Describe the concept of soil response to stress: elastic,

plastic and elasto-plastic
Conduct empirical analysis and evaluate different stresses in

soil due to point load, line load, strip load, triangular strip
load, uniformly loaded circular area & uniformly loaded
rectangular area using Boussinesq Theory, Fadums and
Newmark Chart.
4
VERTICAL STRESS
5
WHAT IS VERTICAL STRESS
Any structures will rest on the top or beneath the soil layer as the
end point to transfer structural loading. Soils that support
foundations of various shapes are subjected to net stress increases.
Stress is defined as the intensity of loading per unit area. 6

WHAT IS VERTICAL STRESS
WHY it is IMPORTANT????????
Calculate settlement
Proposed suitable foundation system
Remedial work to strengthen up the soil
Suggest for other construction site
7
1.1 Definition of total stress, effective
stress and overburden pressures of soil
INTRODUCTION
Soil consists of solids grains and water

Loads and foundations will arise from
combination of stresses in the skeleton of
soil grains and in the pore water
the combinations of the stresses in the
skeleton of the grains and in the pore
water determine the overall soil behavior
8
STRESS IN THE GROUND
Total vertical stress acting at a point

below the ground surface is due to
the weight of everything above (soil
grains, water and foundations)
Stress generally increase with depth
Vertical stress z is
z = z
9
a) If ground water below z
z = z
b) If ground is below water level, e.g. lake or sea
z = z + wzw
c) If there is a surcharge load q at the surface from a foundation or
an embankment
z = z + q
10
Pore water pressure, u
u = wh w
Water table
hw
Effective stress ( ' ) on a plane within

a soil mass is the difference between total
stress () and pore water pressure (u):
'=u
11
The total stress is equal to the
overburden pressure or stress, which is
made up of the weight of soil vertically
above the plane, together with any
forces acting on the soil surface (e.g.
the weight of a structure).
Total stress increases with increasing

depth in proportion to the density of the
overlying soil.
12
REMEMBER :
STRESS
CONCEPTWILL
BE USED
THROUGHOUT
THIS COURSE
Total stress, Effective stress,

The stress carried by the soil The stress carried by soil particles
particles and pore water, u in the alone.
soil void.
=+u =-u
Short term analysis before pore Long term analysis. Soil
water dissipates. deformation, strength and
stability depend on effective
stress because water cannot
resist shear stress.
13
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
Pressure or stress imposed on the soil by the weight of overlying
material, also known as lithostatic pressure.
Single layer Multiple layer

Surcharge,
q 1 z1
Unit weight Depth, 2 z2
of soil,
z
(kN/m3)
3 z3
x x
The vertical stress imposed at The vertical stress imposed

point x is =z at point x is
If there is surcharge on the
surface, the vertical stress at =1z1 + 2z2 + 3z3
point x now is
=z+q 14
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
Saturated soil
If the ground water is at the

GWL ground level, then vertical
stress is =satz
Saturated Depth,
unit weight, z And, the pore water pressure
sat (kN/m3)
at point is u=wz
x
Therefore, the effective vertical stress
is = satz wz
or = z
where =(sat w)
15
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
Saturated soil
If the ground water is located
deeper in the soil layer, then
vertical stress is = 1z1 + satz2
GWL z1 And, the pore water pressure at

point x is u=wz2
sat Therefore, the effective vertical stress is at

point x is = 1z1 + satz2 wz2
x
or = 1z1 + z2
where =(sat w)
16
1.2 SOIL RESPONSE TO STRESS
Foundation soil fails in
supporting the load.
An engineer must ensure

that a geotechnical
structure must not
collapse under exposed
loading have to
determine stress and
strain in soil due to
external load.
17
1.2 SOIL RESPONSE TO STRESS
The relationship between a strain and stress is termed
stiffness
OA : linear and recoverable

ABC: nonlinear and irrecoverable
BCD: recoverable with hysteresis
DE : continuous shearing
The stressstrain curve of a soil has features which are characteristic

for different material behavior. Soils show elastic, plastic and
viscous deformation when exposed to stresses. 18
Elastic deformation
In linearelastic behavior (OA) the stressstrain is a straight line
and strains are fully recovered on unloading, i.e. there is no
hysteresis. The elastic parameters are the gradients of the
appropriate stressstrain curves and are constant.
19
Plastic deformation
With increasing stress the material
behavior goes over from elastic to
plastic. This transition is called yield (A).
Plastic strains (AB) are not recovered on
unloading (BC). Unloading (BC) and
reloading (CD) show a hysteresis. With
increasing strain (at constant stress) the
material eventually fails if brittle or
flows if ductile (E).
Soils material behavior is often simplified

as elasticperfectly plastic. During
perfectly plastic straining (AB), plastic
strains continue indefinitely at constant
stress. In a brittle perfectly plastic
material, the yield stress at point A this
is the same as the failure stress at a
point B. 20
In mechanics, material response can be demonstrate
using stress-strain curve.
a) Elastic
Recovers its original
configuration during unloading.
b) Plastic
Permanent deformation
c) Yield point
Beyond this point, the material
start to behave plastically.
21
What is soil behaviour?
Soil is very complex material. In general, soil is
behaving as an elasto-plastic material.
Elasto-plastic material undergoes both elastic

and plastic deformation during loading.
For example soil settlement.
22
Vertical Stress Due to An Applied Load
Factors affect the distribution of stress in soil mass :
1. Foundation size & shape

2. Distribution of loading
3. Contact pressure
4. Modulus of soil (E)
5. Proximity of rigid boundary
6. Poissons ratio
7. Depth of footing
23
Stresses in a Soil
It deals with the principles of estimating the vertical
stresses increase in soil due to various types of
loading
It can be relate to the effect of vertical stresses on
settlement
The assumption used here is that the soil is
(Boussenisqs Method; 1885)
1. Homogenous
2. Isotropic
3. Elastic
24
1.3 Stresses in a Soil
Basically there are 6 types of loading :
1. Point load
2. Line load
3. Strip load
4. Triangular load
5. Uniformly loaded circular area
6. Uniformly loaded rectangular area
25
Basic equation in calculating the vertical stresses:
Increase in = Applied X Influence

Vertical Stress Stress Factor
= P X I
26
The influence factor can be obtained using

either :
1. Equation (Formula)
***6 equations for 6 types of loading
27
The influence factor can
be obtained using either :
2. Table
28
The influence
factor can be Newmark Chart
obtained using
either :
3. Chart
Fadum Chart
29
1.3.1 Point Load
Increase in = Applied X Influence

Vertical Stress Factor
Stress
= P X IP
But for each type of loading
= P X IP
z2
Where
IP = 3 1 5/2
2 1 + ( r / z)2
30
1.3.1Point Load
Variation due to depth

and horizontal offset.,
31
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
32
1.3.1 Point Load
Example 1 Point Load

1200 kN
Calculate the increase in
vertical stress at a point of 2 m
depth directly below the point
load.
vertical stress at a point of 2 m
depth with a radius of 2 m
from the point load.
*Calculate the value of
influence factor
r=2m
*Use Table 1 to find the value

z=2m
of influence factor
*Compare the results
A B
33
Point Load
Example 1 Point Load (Solution)
For Point A,
P = 1200 kN, r = 0 m and z = 2 m
Use Table 1, to obtain the value of Influence factor, Ip.
r/z=0/2=0
From the table, Ip = 0.4775
Therefore,
= P X IP = 1200 X 0.4775 = 143.25

z2 (2)2 34
Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
35
1.3.1 Point Load
For Point B,
P = 1200 kN, r = 2 m and z = 2 m
Use Table 1, to obtain the value of Influence factor, Ip.
r/z=2/2=1
Therefore,
= P X IP = 1200 X 0.0844 = 25.32

z2 (2)2 36
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
37
1.3.1 Point Load
900 kN 650 kN Example 2 Point Load
Refer to the diagram given on

the left.
Calculate the total value of
3m
increase in vertical stress at
4m
point A due to the induced
loading of the two point loads
as given in the diagram.
*Calculate the value of
influence factor
*Use Table 1 to find the value
of influence factor
A B C
Mid-Point
*Compare the results
38
1.3.1 Point Load
For Point A,
1st Load,
P = 900 kN, r = 0 m and z = 4 m
and for Ip determination, r / z = 0 / 4 = 0
= P X IP = 900 X 0.4775 = 26.86

z2 (4)2
39
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
40
1.3.1 Point Load
For Point A,
2nd Load,
P = 650 kN, r = 3 m and z = 4 m
and for Ip determination, r / z = 3 / 4 = 0.75
= P X IP = 650 X 0.1565 =6.36

z2 (4)2
41
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
0.1602
0.1527 =
0.0
42
1.3.1 Point Load
The increase in vertical stress at point A, will take into account both
loads (Load 900 kN and Load 650kN).
Therefore,
v at Point A = v due to 1st Load + v due to 2nd Load
= 26.86 + 6.36
= 33.22 kN/m2
43
1.3.1 Point Load
It is more presentable if table is used to show all the calculations.

Point A,
v = P x Ip
Load r z r/z Ip
z2
900 0 4 0.0 0.4775 26.86

(+)
650 3 4 0.75 0.1565 6.36
Total 32.22 kN/m2
44
1.3.1 Point Load
Point B,
v = P x Ip
Load r z r/z Ip
z2
900 1.5 4 0.375 0.337 18.56

(+)
650 1.5 4 0.375 0.337 13.41
Total 31.97 kN/m2
45
1.3.1 Point Load
Point C,
v = P x Ip
Load r z r/z Ip
z2
900 3 4 0.75 0.1489 8.38

(+)
650 0 4 0.0 0.4775 19.39
Total 27.78 kN/m2
46
1.3.2 Line Load
For line loading, the

increase in vertical stress :
= P X IL
z
Where :
IL = 2 1 2
1 + (r/z)2
47
1.3.2 Line Load
Sheet Pile Wall

48
1.3.2 Line Load
Table 2 : Influence factor for Line Load
r = distance from load; z = depth
49
1.3.2 Line Load
Example 3 Line Load

P = 150 kN/m vertical stress at a point of
3 m depth directly below
the line load (point A)
r= 4m Calculate the increase in
vertical stress at a point of
z= 3m
3 m depth with a radius of
4 m from the line load
(point B)
A *Use Table 2 to find the
B
value of influence factor
50
1.3.2 Line Load
Example 3 Line Load (Solution)
Point A,
v = P x IL
Load r z r/z IL
z
150 0 3 0.0 0.637 31.85 kN/m2
51
1.3.2 Line Load
Example 3 Line Load (Solution)
Point B,
v = P x IL
Load r z r/z IL
z
150 4 3 1.33 0.08 4.0 kN/m2
52
1.3.2 Line Load
Example 4 Line Load
Line Load
150 kN/m
Line Load
100 kN/m Calculate the increase in
vertical stress imposed by
both line loads at each
point : Point A, B and C.
*Use Table 2 to find the

3m
2m
value of influence factor
A B C
Mid-Point
53
1.3.3 Strip Load
For strip loading, the

= P X IS
Where :
IS = 1 + sin cos (2 + )

54
Strip Load
Road / Highway / Railway Tracks
55
Strip Load
Table 3 : Influence factor for Strip Load
x = distance from CL; z = depth; b = length of width
56
1.3.3 Strip Load
Diameter = 2.5 m Example 5 Strip Load

P = 200 kN/m2 Calculate the increase in
vertical stress at a point A
and B below the strip load.
z= 4m
A B value of influence factor
x= 3m
57
Strip Load
Example 5 Strip Load (Solution)
Width of Strip = 2.5 m , Therefore b = 2.5/2 = 1.25 m

z = 4 and x = 0
Point A,
Load b z x z/b x/b IS v = P x IS
200 1.25 4 0 3.2 0.0 0.375 75.0 kN/m2
58
1.3.3 Strip Load
Example 5 Strip Load (Solution)
Width of Strip = 2.5 m , Therefore b = 2.5/2 = 1.25 m

z = 4 and x = 3
Point B,
Load b z x z/b x/b IS v = P x IS
200 1.25 4 3 3.2 2.4 0.174 34.8 kN/m2
59
1.3.3 Strip Load
Strip Load Strip Load

200 kN/m2 180 kN/m2
1.5 m
3.3 m
CL CL
A B C
Mid-Point
Example 6 Strip Load

Calculate the increase in vertical stress at each of the
point, point A, B and C imposed by both of the strip
loads. Both strip load width = 3 m.
*Use Table 3 to find the value of influence factor 60
1.3.4 Triangular Load
For triangular loading, the

= P X IT
Where :
IS = 1 x - 1/2 sin2
c
61
Embankment for Road / Highway / Railway Tracks
Combination Loading Case
62
Table 4 : Influence factor for Triangular Load

x = distance from toe@heel; z = depth; c = base width of load
z/c
63
Uniform Triangular Load

120 kN/m2
CL
3m
A B C D E
2m Base width 4 m 2m
Example 7 Triangular Load

Calculate the increase in vertical stress at point A, B, C,
D and E below the triangular load.
*Use Table 4 to find the value of influence factor 64
Example 7 Triangular Load (Solution)
Base of load, c = 4 m , Therefore c = 4 m

Center line, toe and heel has been identified.
Boundary for x value, either (+) and () also has been identified.

120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
- ve CL
+ ve 3m
A B C D E
65

120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
- ve
CL
+ ve
3m
A B C D E
Boundary for
+ve and -ve
66
Refer to diagram,
x=-2
Point A,
Load z c x z/c x/c IT v = P x IT
120 3 4 -2 0.75 - 0.5 0.0445 5.34 kN/m2
67
Refer to diagram,
x=0
Point B,
120 3 4 0 0.75 0.0 0.15 18.0 kN/m2
68
Refer to diagram,
x=+2
Point C,
120 3 4 2 0.75 0.5 0.360 43.2 kN/m2
69
Refer to diagram,
x=+4
Point D,
120 3 4 4 0.75 1 0.300 36.0 kN/m2
70
Refer to diagram,
x=+6
Point E,
120 3 4 6 0.75 1.5 0.09 10.8 kN/m2
71
1.3.5 Circular Load
For circular loading, the

= P x IC
Where :
IC = 1 - 1 3/2
1 + (a/z)2
Or = P x (A+B)
72
A and B is influence factor from table 5
Table 5 : Influence factor for Circular Load
r = distance from load; z = depth
73
1.3.5 Circular Load
Example 8 circular
load
Calculate the
increase in vertical
stress at Point A,
Point B and Point C.
*Use Table 5 to find

the values of
influence factor.
74
1.3.5 Circular Load
Example 8 Circular Load (Solution)
Diameter of Load = 7 m , Therefore a = 7/2 = 3.5 m

z = 8 m and r = 0 m from the C.L.
Point A,
Load z r a z/a r/a IC v = P x (A+B)
170 8 0 3.5 2.28 0 A = 0.087 40.46 kN/m2

B = 0.151
75
1.3.5 Circular Load

z = 8 m and r = 3.5 m from the C.L.
Point B,
170 8 3.5 3.5 2.28 1 A = 0.071 25.50 kN/m2

B = 0.079
76
1.3.5 Circular Load

z = 8 m and r = 11 m from the C.L.
Point C,
170 8 11 3.5 2.28 3.14 A = 0.022 3.74 kN/m2

B = 0.000
77
1.3.5 Circular Load
Example 9 circular
load
vertical stress at each of
the points; Point A and
Point B whereby both
points are imposed by
both of the circular
loads.
values of the influence
factor.
78
1.3.5 Circular Load
Example 10
circular load
Determine the
vertical stress at a
point A, 5.0 m depth
below the uniformly
loaded circular area
of 250kN/m2 as in
figure below.
79
1.3.6 Rectangular Load
For rectangular loading, the

= P X IR
Where :
IR = Table 6
Fadum Chart
Newmark Chart
80
81
Table 6 : Influence factor for Rectangular Load
L and B = dimension of rectangle from load; z = depth
82
Fadum Chart :
Influence factor for
Rectangular Load
83
For points other than the corner, v , may be obtained by

superpositions of rectangles.
(a) IR = IR for area ABCD (directly measured)
(b) IR = IR for area AFIE + FBGI + IGCH +EIHD
(c) IR = IR for area AEFD + EBCF
(d) IR = IR for area AEGI BEGH DFGI + CFGH
84
Rectangular Load
Example 11 Rectangular Load

Calculate the increase in vertical
D
stress at the designated points.
A 1.5 m
1.5 m C
*Use Table 6 & Fadum Chart to
6m
find the values of influence
factor. Compare the results.
B centre point
UDL for the rectangular load is

8m
200 kN/m2.
Depth for all the points is 5m.
85
Rectangular Load

(Solution)
D
A 1.5 m v at Point A
1.5 m C
1st step,
Determine direction of L and B
6m L
B centre point
B
2nd step,
Determine, how many rectangles at
8m Point A that share a common
corner.
Only 1 rectangle !
3rd step,
You may start, calculating 86
Example 11 Rectangular Load (Solution)
Length, L = 6 m
Breadth, B = 8 m
Point A,
Load z L B L/z B/z IR v = P x IR
200 5 6 8 1.2 1.6 0.205 41.0 kN/m2
87
88

(Solution)
v at Point B
D
1.5 m
A
1st step,
1.5 m C Determine direction of L and B
L
6m
B
B centre point
2nd step,
Determine, how many rectangle at
Point B that share a common
8m corner.
4 rectangles ! All with the same
dimensions
3rd step,
You may start, calculating
89
Length, L = 3 m
Breadth, B = 4 m
Point B,
24.94
200 5 3 4 0.6 0.8 0.1247
kN/m2
*Multiply this value by 4, because

there are 4 rectangles;
24.94 x 4 = 99.76 kN/m2 90
1.3.6 Rectangular Load L/z = 0.6
B/z = 0.8
91

(Solution)
v at Point C
1st step,
1.5 m C Determine direction of L and B
L
6m
B
2 step,
nd
Determine, how many rectangles at

Point C that share a common
8m corner.
2 rectangles ! (Both are imaginary
rectangles !)
3rd step,
92
Rectangle 1 - Rectangle 2
1.5 m C
=
8m
Original
Rectangle
6m
93
Example 11 Rectangular (Solution)
1st Rectangular Load,

L = 6 m and B = 9.5 m and z = 5 m
2nd Rectangular Load,
L = 6 m and B = 1.5 m and z = 5 m
Point C,
200 5 6 9.5 1.2 1.9 0.200 38.9 kN/m2
200 5 6 1.5 1.2 0.3 0.0675 13.5 kN/m2
25.4 kN/m2 94
Rectangular Load
Rect 1, L/z = 1.2 & B/z = 1.9
1.2
1.9
95
Rectangular Load
Rect 1, L/z = 1.2 & B/z = 0.3
L and B = dimension of rectangle from load; z = depth Interpolate

0.0825
1.2
96
Rectangular Load

(Solution)
D
v at Point D
1.5 m
1st step,
Determine direction of L and B
1.5 m
L
6m
2nd step, B
Determine, how many rectangle at
Point A that share a common
8m corner.
4 rectangles ! (All are imaginary
rectangles !)
3rd step,
97
L = 7.5 m
L=
7.5 m Rectangle 1 - Rectangle 2
B = 1.5 m
B = 9.5 m
=
Rectangle X
98
Rectangle 3
L=
L = 7.5 m
B=
Rectangle X
-
In this case
there a loop
B=8m
= due to 2 times
of deduction.
We need to
add a rectangle
in order to fill
the loop!
Original
Rectangle
99
L=
B=
Original
Rectangle + Rectangle 4
Original SOLVED
Rectangle !!!
100
Rect Load z L B L/z B/z IR v = P x IR
1 200 5 7.5 9.5 1.5 1.9 0.210 44.2 kN/m2
2 200 5 7.5 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.086 17.2 kN/m2
3 200 5 1.5 9.5 0.3 1.9 0.088 17.6 kN/m2
4 200 5 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.037 7.4 kN/m2
16.8 kN/m2
REMINDER!!!
v at D = Rect 1 Rect 2
Rect 3 + Rect 4
101
(Newmarks Chart)
In order to solve the induced of
vertical stresses, the things
needed :
1. Newmarkss chart
2. Tracing Paper
The influence factor value is fixed
at 0.005
Therefore;
= P X (0.005)(Nos. Area)
Influence value = 0.005

102
(Newmarks Chart)
This chart utilize the AB scale.
It corresponds with the depth
designated to the problem.
For example, if we need to find
the vertical stresses of a
rectangular load at the depth
of 5 m, then the AB will take
the length of 5 m.
And if we need to find the vertical
stresses at 10 m depth, AB will be
the reference scale for 10 m, i.e
the diagram will be smaller.

103
(Newmarks Chart)
The rectangular load diagram
then need to be drawn to a
particular scale that uses the
AB and depth of the
designated point as a
reference scale.
The advantage of Newmarks
Chart is we could calculate
different loads in a single chart.

104
(Newmarks Chart)
In a rectangular load problem,
there will be points allocated to us
as a reference point to us to find
the vertical stresses at a
particular depth.
Then what we need is just to
overlay the tracing paper which
has the rectangular load drawn to
the correct size on top of the
Newmarks chart.
The designated point must be
pin-point exactly at the
centre point of the chart.
105

2m Calculate the increase in vertical
stress at point A at the depth of
3 m and 6 m.
2m
4m *Use Newmarks chart to solve
A the problem.
2m
6m
Uniform Distributed Load of 100 kN/m2
106
Example 12 Rectangular Load(Solution)
Newmarks solution for z = 3 m
1st step, ? Length ? cm ?

Obtain the length of the AB scale.
Refer to your A4 hand out sheet.
The AB length is equivalent to 3 m. Influence value =
0.005
2nd step,
Draw the designated diagram by using this scale.
3rd step,
Super imposed in on the chart.
4th step
107
Calculate the Nos of boxes.
Newmarks solution for z = 6 m

? Length ? cm ?
1st step,
Obtain the length of the AB scale.
Refer to your A4 hand out sheet. Influence value =
0.005
The AB length is equivalent to 6 m.
2nd step,
Draw the designated diagram by using this scale.
3rd step, Do You Notice?!

Super imposed in on the chart. When z is deeper @ bigger,
the diagram will be
4th step smaller! 108
Calculate the Nos of boxes.

2m
Calculate the increase in vertical
stress at point A at the depth of
3 m and 6 m.
2m
*Use Newmarks chart to solve
4m
the problem.
A
2m
Uniform Distributed Load of 100 kN/m2
6m Uniform Distributed Load of 200 kN/m2
Try solving this

problem on your own! 109

Determine the vertical stress at
point A, 5.0m depth below the
uniform rectangular load
300kN/m2 as in figure below by
using:
Influence factor Table, Ir
Fadums chart
Newmark chart
*The size of rectangular load is

10.0m X 6.0m.
110
SUMMARY OF THE TOPIC
VERTICAL STRESS
a) Explain the total stress and effective stress analysis.
b) Solve total stress and effective stress problems due to
overburden pressure.
c) Analyze the empirical analysis for
-point load,
-line load,
-strip load,
-circular load
-rectangular load by
-using Boussinesq theory,
-using Fadums Chart
-using Newmarks Chart.
- able to define x, a, b, c, L, B parameter
- know how to read table for influence factor
- able to do interpolation
111

Chapter 1 - Vertical Stresses Distribution in Soil

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Chapter 1 - Vertical Stresses Distribution in Soil

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ECG 353

PO1 Ability to acquire and apply basic

PO3 Ability to identify, formulate and

CO1 Explain and differentiate methods of soil

CO2 Analyse and evaluate soil engineering

Explain the meaning of total stress, effective stress and

Describe the concept of soil response to stress: elastic,

Conduct empirical analysis and evaluate different stresses in

Stress is defined as the intensity of loading per unit area. 6

Soil consists of solids grains and water

Total vertical stress acting at a point

Effective stress ( ' ) on a plane within

Total stress increases with increasing

Total stress, Effective stress,

Single layer Multiple layer

The vertical stress imposed at The vertical stress imposed

If the ground water is at the

GWL z1 And, the pore water pressure at

sat Therefore, the effective vertical stress is at

An engineer must ensure

OA : linear and recoverable

The stressstrain curve of a soil has features which are characteristic

Soils material behavior is often simplified

Elasto-plastic material undergoes both elastic

For example soil settlement.

Factors affect the distribution of stress in soil mass :

1. Foundation size & shape

Basically there are 6 types of loading :

Increase in = Applied X Influence

The influence factor can be obtained using

***6 equations for 6 types of loading

Increase in = Applied X Influence

But for each type of loading

Variation due to depth

Example 1 Point Load

*Use Table 1 to find the value

Example 1 Point Load (Solution)

P = 1200 kN, r = 0 m and z = 2 m

Use Table 1, to obtain the value of Influence factor, Ip.

From the table, Ip = 0.4775

= P X IP = 1200 X 0.4775 = 143.25

Example 1 Point Load (Solution)

P = 1200 kN, r = 2 m and z = 2 m

Use Table 1, to obtain the value of Influence factor, Ip.

From the table, Ip = 0.0844

= P X IP = 1200 X 0.0844 = 25.32

900 kN 650 kN Example 2 Point Load

Refer to the diagram given on

*Compare the results

Example 2 Point Load (Solution)

P = 900 kN, r = 0 m and z = 4 m

and for Ip determination, r / z = 0 / 4 = 0

From the table, Ip = 0.4775

= P X IP = 900 X 0.4775 = 26.86

Example 2 Point Load (Solution)

P = 650 kN, r = 3 m and z = 4 m

and for Ip determination, r / z = 3 / 4 = 0.75

From the table, Ip = 0.1565

= P X IP = 650 X 0.1565 =6.36

Example 2 Point Load (Solution)

v at Point A = v due to 1st Load + v due to 2nd Load

Example 2 Point Load (Solution)

It is more presentable if table is used to show all the calculations.