Naveed Akhtar

LS1201201
 Introduction
Types
Properties
Production
Applications
Conclusion
References
Questions
Allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical structure
Composed entirely of sp2 bonds
Walls are formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon called graphene
Can be capped on the ends with buckyballs or open ended
Diameter range 0.440 nm but the length reach upto18.5 cm
 Classification

Nanomaterials

Organic Inorganic

Carbon
Fullerenes Metal Oxides Metals Quantaum Dots
Nanotubes

ZnO2 Au
C60 Multi-walled CdSe
CeO2 Ag

C90 Single-walled

Naveed Akhtar
Armchair Zig-Zag
 Multiple rolled layers of
graphene sheets
Russian Doll model, sheets
of graphite are arranged in
concentric cylinders
Parchment model, a single
sheet of graphite is rolled
in around itself
Interlayer distance ~ 3.4
A) Young Modulus (stiffness)
Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa
Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.)
High strength steel 200 GPa
B) Tensile strength (breaking strength)
Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa
Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa
High strength steel ~ 2 Gpa
C) Density
Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 1.40 gram / cm3
Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3

Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material

 Armchair structure nanotubes show
the metallic electrical properties
Chiral structure nanotubes are
semiconductors
Metallic nanotubes can carry an
electrical current density of 4109
A/cm2 which is more than 1,000
times greater than metals such as
copper
Electrons propagate only along the
tube's axis, so CNT referred to as
one-dimensional conductors
 All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal
conductors along the tube, but good insulators
laterally to the tube axis.

It is predicted that carbon nanotubes will be able to

transmit up to 6000 watts per meter per Kelvin at
room temperature; compare this to copper, a metal
well-known for its good thermal conductivity, which
transmits 385 watts per meter per Kelvin.

The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is

estimated to be up to 2800oC in vacuum and about
750oC in air
 Defects can occur in the form
of atomic vacancies
Crystallographic defect

Because of the very small structure of CNTs, the tensile strength of

the tube is dependent on its weakest segment in a similar manner
to a chain, where the strength of the weakest link becomes the
maximum strength of the chain.
High level of defects can lower the tensile strength up to 85%
Low thermal conductivity
Low Electrical properties
Common Methods
 Uses two carbon electrodes
that are separated by 1 mm
and located in a partial
vacuum
25 V is applied across the
electrodes, causing carbon
atoms to be ejected from
positive electrode and carried
to negative electrode where
they form nanotubes
If no catalyst multi-walled
nanotubes form
If cobalt used as catalyst, single-
walled nanotubes with diameters 1 to
5 nm and lengths ~ 1 m
 Starting material is graphite with traces of Co and Ni that act
as nucleation sites in formation of nanotubes
Graphite work piece is placed in quartz tube filled with argon
and heated to 1200C
A pulsed laser beam is focused on surface, causing carbon
atoms to evaporate from the bulk graphite
Argon moves carbon atoms to cool copper surface, where
they condense, forming nanotubes with diameters 10 to 20
nm and lengths ~ 100 m
 Starting material is hydrocarbon gas such as methane (CH4)
Gas is heated to 1100C, causing it to decompose and release
carbon atoms
Atoms condense on cool substrate to form nanotubes
Substrate surface may contain metallic traces that act as
nucleation sites for nanotubes
CVD process can be operated continuously, making it attractive
for mass production
 Structural Applications
Electrical Applications
Energy Storage Applications
Biomedical Applications
 Weaving them into clothes to create stab-
proof and bulletproof clothing
CNTs are being coated on the fiber
surface for preparing multifunctional
fabric including antibacterial, flame
retardant
CNT composites that incorporate tougher
materials (i.e. Kevlar)
 FED LCD CRT EL
Field Emission Display
( FED) Low Cost

Uses electron beam Wide

Viewing
to produce color Angle
images Rugged
Nano electrical cables
and wires Sharpness

Low Power

High
Resolution

Thin

Lightweight
 Paper batteries
Solar cells
Ultracapacitors
Hydrogen storage

Li ion battery

Physical or chemisorption
Designing novel carbon nanostructures for hydrogen storage
G. Dimitrakakis, G. Froudakis, and E. Tylianakis
Pillared graphene provides a stable architecture for enhanced fuel storage
8 March 2009, SPIE Newsroom. DOI: 10.1117/2.1200902.1451

Pillared graphene consists of CNTs and graphene sheets combined to form a 3D

network nanostructure
Ferromagnetic nano-container for diagnostic and therapy of cancer
1.Transfer of (functionalized) ferromagnetic nanotubes in cells
2.Manipulation by external magnetic fields (e.g. alignment, heating)
3.Detection of magnetic particles by magnetic probes (SQUID, NMR,
etc.)
 Because of their unique properties CNT are
making their way in a wide range of fields from
engineering to medicine.
However, there are concerns over the similar shape
of nanotubes and asbestos fibers, which are known
to cause damage to the lungs in conditions such as
mesothelioma.
Scientists are therefore trying to work out if there
are any adverse effects that nanotubes might have
on human health.
In a new study on mice, researchers found that
inhaling nanotubes affected the function of T-cells,
a type of white blood cell that organizes the
immune system to fight infections.
 Having unique properties
Many ways to synthesize
Method of synthesis depends on finances
involved and amount of product desired
There are many exciting applications of
carbon nanotubes
Special properties & potential
applications make them material of future
Naveed Akhar
 http://www.news-medical.net/news/22799.aspx
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Hong, Seunghun; Sung Myung (2007). "Nanotube Electronics: A flexible
approach to mobility". Nature Nanotechnology 2: 207208.
doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.89
Meo, S.B.; Andrews R. (2001). "Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties,
and Applications". Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 26(3):145-249: 145.
doi:10.1080/20014091104189.
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nanotubes". Adv Exp Med Biol. 620: 181204. PMID 18217344
Ebbesen, T. W.; Ajayan, P. M. (1992). "Large-scale synthesis of carbon
nanotubes". Nature 358: 220222. doi:10.1038/358220a0
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=4154.php
http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=980#_Energy_Storage
http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1561
http://www.nanotechnology.de/ntforum/download/16_Buechner_Leibniz_I
FW.pdf