FEBRUARY 2015

+
LEDsmagazine.com

Market trends
Lamps and luminaires
market P. 35

Sapphire Awards
Awards finalists
named P. 43

Smart SSL
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
Internet of
awareness P. 63

DOLL control
center
Visitors monitor
outdoor SSL P. 39

PREVIEW THE
CONFERENCE ON P. 51

1502leds_C1 1 2/9/15 10:55 AM

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1502leds_2 2 2/9/15 10:54 AM

 ISSUE 76

2015
February Cover Story
Virtual labs and live project installations
help guide SSL design at the Danish
Outdoor Lighting Lab (see p. 39; photos
courtesy of Jeppe Carlsen/DOLL).

features
35 STRATEGICALLY SPEAKING
LED luminaire growth looms over the lighting
columns/departments
landscape Shonika Vijay
4 COMMENTARY Maury Wright

39 SMART CITIES
Denmark heads for the bright lights, smart city
SSL benefits from practical
and virtual labs

Caroline Hayes
9 NEWS + ANALYSIS

43 FOCUS ON
LEDs Magazine Sapphire Awards finalists
NFL Super Bowl viewers experience
the benefits of LED-based SSL
iLight Plexineon LED luminaires
Maury Wright define hotel faade in Maine
Acuity brings OLED lighting to
47 STANDARDS
ANSI works to update the SSL chromaticity
consumer retail channels
Cree introduces a surface-mount LED
standard Jiangzhong Jiao, Osram Opto Semiconductors to compete with COB flux output
Connected lighting: Belkin,
51 PREVIEW
Strategies in Light to span SSL technology and
Osram, TCP, and more
Sweden restaurant leverages LEDs
business domains Maury Wright to grow herbs and produce
Osram delivers new IR LED for
59 MOCVD TOOLS
LED manufacturing tools evolve in efficiency and
biometric ID applications

flexibility Caroline Hayes 25 FUNDING + PROGRAMS

Zhaga plans a new interchangeable-
63 SMART SSL
Integrating the Internet of Awareness into our
source Book including COB LEDs
DOE issues Gateway report surveying
LED lighting used in museums
smart SSL systems Tom Griffiths, ams
DOE publishes new Caliper reports on

69
LED PAR38 and residential lamps
DEVELOPER FORUM
DOE announces four FY15 SSL research
Protect an LED driver against output shorts to
grants in SBIR-STTR program
ground John Rice, Texas Instruments
EPA issues directive on LED and legacy
lamp verification testing for Energy Star
72 LAST WORD
Incandescent bulb legislation doesnt matter
DOE reports on bright LED luminaires
in high-temperature environments
Mike Watson, Cree
LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 3

1502leds_3 3 2/9/15 10:54 AM

 commentary
SSL benefits from
practical and virtual labs
O
ur cover image and story for this
issue of LEDs Magazine describes
an interesting and innovative approach
to pushing the development and deploy-
ment of LED-based lighting in municipal
outdoor applications, including network
capabilities and integration with smart
city technology at the Danish Outdoor
Lighting Lab (DOLL) in Denmark (p. 39).
Learning the details of the project made
me wonder if the DOLL model might be
one that the lighting industry should rep-
licate in other application areas.
Three laboratories compose the cen-
terpiece of the DOLL program: the Qual-
ity, Virtual, and Living Labs.
The Quality Lab allows detailed evalu-
ation and characterization of SSL prod-
ucts. The Virtual and Living Labs are
essentially clones of one another. The
teams participating in DOLL can sim-
ulate an outdoor-lighting project in the
Virtual Lab and optimize the concept
before installing the project in a section
of the Living Lab. Together, the three labs
allow municipalities, lighting manufac-
turers, and researchers to quickly develop
and trial future technologies.
Lets think about where else the SSL
industry could apply the DOLL model.
What about human-centric lighting
(HCL)? There are many independent and
small-scale trials, completed and under-
way, focused on how a tunable spectrum
in SSL products could enhance our well-
being and boost productivity. There is
even a Human Centric Lighting Society
advocating the technology. But there is
nothing like DOLL in the HCL area.
Mark Rea, director of the Lighting
Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Poly-
technic Institute, has called for the devel-
4 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_4 4
opment of benefit metrics tied to applica-
tions such as HCL as the best way to move
the SSL industry forward in a prosperous
manner. A DOLL-like project could be a way
to accomplish such a goal. Rea will address
metrics again at the upcoming Strategies in
Light conference, and we cover some of his
thoughts in a show preview on p. 51.
The HCL application still faces other
significant hurdles. Some researchers are
still pursuing the possibility that the blue
energy in LED-based lighting can dam-
age the human retina. We recently held a
webcast on that topic, and most experts
in the field believe that there is no risk
from LEDs in typical lighting (http://bit.
ly/1DavLIs). But someone may need to
prove it at some point.
The non-visual receptors in the human
body are apparently the physiological key
to HCL benefits. We covered that in an
interview last fall (http://bit.ly/1q7GM4G).
Researchers from the medical commu-
nity are not in agreement as to whether
we know enough to go forward with HCL.
So there are numerous areas in SSL
that could benefit from the combination
of research labs tied closely to real instal-
lations and trials. Even the home automa-
tion and adaptive lighting sectors would
benefit from such an arrangement, as
would life-science applications.
Dont misunderstand. I know there are
research projects that combine lab and trial
components. But DOLL offers integrated
labs and opens its doors to allow interested
parties around the globe to participate.
Maury Wright,
EDITOR
mauryw@pennwell.com
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT/ Christine Shaw
PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
EDITOR Maury Wright
mauryw@pennwell.com
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carriem@pennwell.com
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Caroline Hayes
caroline.hayes@ruivamedia.com
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Ken Marrin
kmarrin@cfl.rr.com
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Laura Peters
lpeters40@gmail.com
MARKETING MANAGER Kimberly Ayer
Kelli Mylchreest
ART DIRECTOR
PRODUCTION DIRECTORMari Rodriguez
Christopher Hipp
SENIOR ILLUSTRATOR
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Debbie Bouley
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2/9/15 10:54 AM
1502leds_5 5 2/9/15 10:54 AM
 FEATURED events
| web exclusives Strategies in Light 2015
Co-located event The LED Show
February 2426, 2015
Las Vegas, NV
Webcasts 2015 Shanghai International Lighting Expo
March 1114, 2015
Understand the changes Shanghai, China
and additions to the IES RP-8 Phosphor Global Summit 2015
specification for roadway lighting March 1617, 2015
San Francisco, CA
http://bit.ly/1EuZnBG
Quantum Dots Forum 2015
March 18, 2015
LEDs and humans: Is blue light a hazard San Francisco, CA

or can SSL improve our wellbeing? LED Taiwan 2015

March 2528, 2015
http://bit.ly/1BSDYPm Nangang, Taiwan
Prolight+Sound
White papers April 1518, 2015
Frankfurt, Germany
Clearly superior: Epoxies for China (Beijing) International Lighting
Exhibition & SSL Exhibition
optical applications April 2324, 2015
http://bit.ly/1F2wIEc Beijing, China
LightExpo Africa 2015
LEDs Magazine Suppliers Directory May 24, 2015
Nairobi, Kenya
Get all your vendor information from LightFair International 2015
May 57, 2015
one 24/7 online resource New York, NY
http://bit.ly/1K8evYF
Smart Lighting 2015
May 20 21, 2015
For more online exclusive resources, go to: ledsmagazine.com/resources Berlin, Germany

ADVERTISERS index
American Bright Optoelectronics ................23
Bayer Material Science LLC .........................14
Cambridge Nanotherm Ltd. .........................55
CFW............................................................58
Citizen Electronics Ltd. ................................13
Cleanlife Energy LLC ...................................37
HC Semitek Limited, Suzhou .......................38
Henkel ........................................................42
Imigy Lighting Co. Ltd. ...................................5
Indium Corporation .....................................41
Informa Exhibitions ............................... 57, 65
Instrument Systems GmbH .........................15
Orb Optronix................................................40
Ripley Lighting Controls ...............................49
Seoul Semiconductor Co Ltd. ......................11
Shat-R-Shield ..............................................30
Shenzhen Ledfriend
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. .............................2

Cooledge Lighting .......................................19 Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc...........................1 Shenzhen Okt Lighting Co. Ltd.....................46

Cree Inc. ...................................................CV4 IOTA Engineering .........................................16 Shenzhen Refond

Ellsworth Adhesives ....................................49
Epistar ........................................................17
Fujian Morstar New-Energy Tec LLC .............71
Future Lighting Solutions.....................CV2, 24
Green Inova Lighting Technology
(Shenzhen) Limited ...................................36
Hangzhou Hpwinner Opto Corporation ...........7
Labsphere Inc. ............................................61
Ledlink Optics Inc........................................50
Linear Technology .....................................CV3
LTF LLC .......................................................32
Lumens Co. Ltd...........................................21
Mean Well USA Inc. .....................................31
Metrue........................................................53
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................34
Shin-Etsu Silicones of America Inc. .............29
TE Connectivity ...........................................27
The Home Appliances,
Lighting & Electronics Exhibition ...............45
Thomas Research Products & Norlux ............8
Underwriters Laboratories ...........................33

6 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_6 6 2/9/15 10:54 AM

1502leds_7 7 2/9/15 10:54 AM
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 +
news views
SPORTS LIGHTING

NFL Super Bowl viewers

experience the benefits
of LED-based SSL
Ephesus Lighting announced back in September 2014 that it
had supplied LED-based fixtures for a lighting retrofit at the
University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, AZ home of
the Arizona Cardinals National Football League (NFL) team
(http://bit.ly/1z6H5WQ). With the NFL Super Bowl that took
place earlier this month, the solid-state lighting (SSL) proj-
ect has endured global scrutiny. Of course, the lighting was
critical for the players who participated in the champion- The stadium retrofit involved replacing 780 metal halide
ship game. But the lighting also influenced the quality of (MH) fixtures with only 312 SSL luminaires. The prior MH
the fan experience for the spectators in the stands and those lighting delivered 148 fc on average at the playing surface.
watching on HDTV around the world. The new lighting maintains 277 fc while also delivering 75%
Ephesus said the company and the stadium operators energy savings.
worked continuously since the initial installation to opti- We are excited about replacing our metal halide fixtures
mize the lighting. Moreover, Ephesus worked with the NBC with state-of-the-art Ephesus LED lighting fixtures, said
TV production team for several weeks to ensure an optimal Peter Sullivan, the stadiums regional vice-president and
broadcast of both the game and the famed halftime show, general manager.
headlined by superstar Katy Perry. Ephesus Lighting founder and CTO Joe Casper page 10

FAADE LIGHTING OLED LIGHTING

iLight Plexineon LED luminaires Acuity brings OLED lighting

define hotel faade in Maine
iLight Technologies has announced a hotel LED lighting project on the
waterfront in Portland, ME in which Plexineon LED luminaires add
sparkle to the faade at night and texture to the building during the
day. The architects and designers made the decision to expose rather
than hide the fixtures to add
contrast and texture with
the seven-story building
standing much taller than
the other nearby structures.
The Hyatt Place hotel in
Portland occupies a prom-
inent spot in the tourist-
centric Old Port district
and stands in contrast to
the low-rise brick buildings
that surround it. The archi-
tectural design page 12
to consumer retail channels
Acuity Brands has announced that two OLED light-
ing collections Aedan and Chalina are now being
offered in the US retail marketplace. Initially the flush-
mount, pendant, and sconce luminaires are available
on the Home Depot website with some products also
stocked in stores. The company has said that it will
bring the SSL products to a broader distribution base
in 2015.
Acuity has been one of the staunch supporters of
OLED technology, showing new product concepts at
events such as LightFair International each year (http://
bit.ly/U7psVF). Still, the planar, surface-emissive OLED
technology has remained far more expensive than LED-
based lighting even though OLED products can be quite
striking in terms of looks (http://bit.ly/Ou1Zvv).
Given what we know about OLED panel pricing, its
quite surprising that Acuity has brought the page 10

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 9

1502leds_9 9 2/9/15 10:54 AM

 news+views
Sports from page 9 described the benefits of
LED lighting in such a venue, especially when
it comes to the TV audience. He said that with
MH lighting, camera operators had to man-
ually adjust the aperture settings, allowing
as much light as possible. The LED lighting
allows for reduced aperture settings and a
better focal plane, according to Casper.
Solid-state lighting also allows a more
accurate presentation of colors to the TV
audience, added Casper. He noted that the
LED-based SSL products come much closer
to the lighting effects of natural daylight.
We help find the true color, said Casper.
We can take an indoor environment and
make it look like theyre playing outside.
Cree also issued a statement about the
stadiums SSL. The company said 44,928
XLamp MK-R LEDs are utilized in the sta-
dium lighting. The 310-kW system replaced
the prior 1.24-MW system.
Sports venues are one of the last light-
ing applications to be penetrated by LED
technology due to the cost and weight of
SSL products that can deliver the required
light output. But clearly the scene is chang-
ing. English Premier League soccer power-
house Chelsea lit its playing surface with
LED-based SSL last year and also cited the
HDTV experience as a reason (http://bit.
ly/1mbCuP1). And we have also covered a
recent LED lighting project at the Seattle
Mariners Major League Baseball stadium
(p. 22).
OLED from page 9 new Aedan and Chalina
products to market in the $199 to $299 price
range. Moreover, OLEDs have been used
almost exclusively in high-end commercial
applications until now, and the Home Depot
distribution makes the technology available
to every consumer.
OLED lighting is a unique and energy-
efficient lighting source that provides func-
tional and decorative design statements for
a wide variety of uses, said Jeannine Fisher
Wang, director of business development and
marketing at Acuitys OLED Business Group.
By launching innovative OLED solutions,
Acuity Brands has created a new and trans-
formational look for homes and other inte-
rior lighting applications natural light,
powered by OLED.
10 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_10 10
PACKAGED LEDS
Cree introduces a surface-
mount LED to compete
with COB flux output
Cree has announced the XLamp MHD family
of LEDs based on the companys SC5 (Silicon
Carbide 5) technology platform. The compo-
nents measure 77 mm and deliver as much
as 2500 lm. Cree said the new surface-mount
imum of 2500 lm at 19W. Both of those fig-
market from Cree and other manufacturers.
LED family offers SSL product developers the
lumen density of chip-on-board (COB) LEDs
while also offering the automated printed-
circuit board (PCB) assembly techniques
associated with mid-power LEDs.
The new MHD product family is the sec-
ond in the SC5 portfolio that is the latest gen-
eration of the companys LED manufactur-
ing technology platform. Cree announced the
SC5 platform back in November 2014 (http://
bit.ly/1xrxHf0) with the assertion that LEDs
based on the platform would offer double
the lumen output of prior LEDs and deliver
40% at the system level in cost
savings for SSL manufacturers.
The Aedan product will find
most typical usage in the sconce
form factor where a single $199
product is easily deployed. The
3000K-CCT product delivers 136
lm from 5W and comes with a
three-year warranty. The OLED
panel delivers direct and indi-
rect light. Home Depot will
also offer the product in pen-
dant form, although the typical
pendant usage would combine
several of the fixtures placed
parallel to one another with
alternating direction to form what appears
to be a cohesive luminaire.
The Chalina product integrates five
OLED panels (seen here) and can be flush
Subsequently, in early January, the company
announced traditional high-power LEDs in
the SC5 portfolio (http://bit.ly/1Dp6yKl).
The latest announcement covers the
MHD-E and MHD-G LEDs that look more
like mid-power surface-mount devices
(SMDs) intended for automated pick-and-
place assembly. Indeed, the new LEDs expand
the SMD-compatible line beyond the 55-mm
products in the MH-B family announced in
September 2014 (http://bit.ly/1tf1J3P).
The MHD-E tops out at 1800 lm from 14W
of power while the MHD-G delivers a max-
ures are indeed similar to COB LEDs on the
The surface-mount LEDs have already res-
onated with at least one customer. The high
lumen output and high reliability of Crees
new MHD-G LED allows us to develop a new
downlight that outperforms other down-
lights in the market, said Baly Luo, general
manager of Aeon Lighting Technology (ALT).
ALTs compact size 4-in. downlight that is
built with the MHD-G LED generates over
1800 lm at 3000K while other downlights can
only produce 800 to 1000 lm.
Cree will offer the new surface-mount
LEDs across a range of CCTs from 2700K
to 6500K. The multi-emitter products rely
on the companys EasyWhite technique of
mixing chips to deliver precise lumen and
mounted on ceilings or walls, or optionally
pendant mounted. The 3000K-CCT, 345-lm,
8W design is designed for direct lighting and
also carries a three-year warranty.
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 10:54 AM
1502leds_11 11 2/9/15 10:54 AM
 news+views
color bins with a two-step MacAdam ellipse
option. And the company offers the LEDs
with CRI as high as 90 in warm CCTs.
The company will also offer the surface-
mount LEDs in a choice of array configu-
rations with 9.1V, 18.2V, and 36.3V options.
Efficacy ranges to 130 lm/W.
At Cree, we continue to deliver inno-
vative products that give our customers a
competitive edge in the marketplace, said
Paul Thieken, Cree director of marketing
for LED components. With the MHD LEDs,
were offering chip-on-board performance to
lighting manufacturers that prefer surface-
mount technology, making it easier for them
to achieve lower system cost than with the
same commoditized mid-power LEDs that
everyone is using.
CONNECTED LIGHTING
Belkin, Osram, and TCP
demonstrate connected
LED lighting at CES
Belkin again featured its WeMo home auto-
mation platform at the 2015 International
Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in
January, with participation from light-
ing manufacturers Osram Sylvania and
Technical Consumer Products (TCP). Belkin
also has added new home-centric sensor
products to the WeMo family. TCP, mean-
while, continued to push its Connected by
TCP products.
Belkin first launched WeMo back in 2012
with products such as appliances
and even a baby monitor con-
nected by wireless ZigBee
network technology. At
CES 2014, the company
added a connected light-
ing starter kit specifi-
cally addressing LED-
based SSL for the first time
(http://bit.ly/1ie4niR). Sub-
sequently, Belkin seems to
be evolving to a model where
it depends on third-party col-
laborations to support different
sectors such as connected light-
ing. A partnership with Osram
Sylvania was first announced
in September 2014 (http://bit.
ly/1KkEfza).
With the introduction of new
12 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_12 12
iLight from page 9 was intended to spot-
light the growing sophistication of the
seaside city and raise its profile as a tour-
ist destination. Still, architects at Canal 5
Studio and lighting designers at Greg Day
Lighting sought to accentuate the preci-
sion and rectilinear shape of the building
with the LED lighting.
The team working on the building
decided to install linear Plexineon 2X fix-
tures surrounding the penthouse level
of the building and cascading down one
exterior wall. The 2800K-CCT luminaires
deliver soft light but with a distinctive
asymmetric pattern that will make the
building stand out day and night.
The Plexineon becomes like sparkly
jewels to contrast with the masculinity of
the building, said lighting designer Greg
Day. Its part of a very Fred and Ginger
dance: Theres the curve of the hotel with
freeforming glass and the flat, ordered
panels.
The concept was specifically intended
to use the LED lighting fixtures as an
accessory to the architecture. We could
WeMo-enabled bulbs from trusted light-
ing partners, weve created one of the most
robust whole-home lighting systems on the
market and given consumers an abundance
of choice in terms of form factor, style, and
color options, said Ohad Zeira, director of
product management for WeMo. By
expanding WeMo-enabled lighting
to additional brands, WeMo now
gives people the ability to auto-
mate entire rooms and scenes
through one simple, intuitive
app, which is an attractive
option for those that may be
waiting to jump into the world
of smart lighting.
The CES demo included a
number of products from Sylva-
nias Lightify portfolio (http://bit.
ly/1DpaF9i). Moreover, Osram par-
ticipated in a demo of the interoper-
ability of ZigBee products in the Con-
nected Lighting Alliance exhibit (see
news story on p. 14).
The products in the WeMo exhibit
included tunable-white and tunable-
have hidden them between the gaps in the
compressed stone siding, but we made a
conscious decision to make them visible
by day, said Day. Architect Patrick Costin
added, The iLight [luminaires] permitted
us to add texture and detail to the faade
during the day and a distinctive identity
to the building at night.
The Plexineon fixtures themselves have
an interesting story. iLight had sought to
develop an LED fixture that avoided the
complexity of color LED fixtures that use
red, green, and blue (RGB) LEDs and elim-
inated the color uniformity issues asso-
ciated with some white lighting that is
based on phosphor-converted LEDs.
The Plexineon White 2X products uti-
lize blue LEDs combined with remote-
phosphor diffusers that deliver uniform
light. Moreover, because the LEDs, and the
heat from the semiconductor junction, are
separated from the phosphor in the dif-
fuser, the color will not shift over time.
The design delivers double the light out-
put of the older Plexineon 1X family while
still providing long life and uniformity.
color A19 lamps, along with flexible RGB
strips and outdoor RGB landscaping strings.
The Sylvania products are already on sale.
The tunable white 60W-equivalent lamps
sell for $29.99. The RGB flex strips are $64.99.
TCPs products at CES included dimmable
A19, BR30, and PAR38 lamps. The company
also offers a surface-mount flat LED fixture
that can be used in place of recessed down-
lights. TCP said its WeMo-compatible prod-
ucts will be available this year.
TCP, however, seems to be headed in many
different directions with connected lighting
for indoor spaces. At the press-only Show-
stoppers event, separate from CES but coin-
cidentally in the neighborhood, the company
focused on its Connected by TCP products.
Those devices use the 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over
Low power Wireless Personal Area Net-
work) network rather than ZigBee (http://
bit.ly/1e0AdLk). TCP also demonstrated a
color-tunable lamp based on Bluetooth. But
such Bluetooth products lack the persistent
connection and control capability afforded
by networks such as ZigBee and 6LoWPAN.
Belkin, meanwhile, demonstrated a broad
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 10:54 AM
1502leds_13 13 2/9/15 10:54 AM

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range of new sensors for the WeMo platform. Some are far from the
lighting space such as a sensor intended to track home water usage.
Door and window sensors are meant for use in security applications.
But the portfolio does include room motion sensors that could be
used to control lighting.
Connected Lighting Alliance hosts
ZigBee LED lighting demo at CES
The Connected Lighting Alliance, an advocacy organization backed
by leading companies in the lighting industry, hosted a CES demon-
stration that showcased the interoperability of products based on
the ZigBee Light Link standard. Philips Lighting, Osram Sylvania,
GE Lighting, Lutron, LG Electronics, and Leedarson supplied prod-
ucts, including LED lamps and luminaires, that seamlessly work
together on one wireless ZigBee network. Such interoperability
could be the key to broader deployment of networked LED lighting
systems, especially in the residential market.
Formed to help proliferate networked SSL and smart lighting
applications, the Connected Lighting Alliance selected ZigBee Light
Link as the standard of choice for wireless connectivity and con-
trol in residential applications back in 2013 (http://bit.ly/1Dpcx1R).
ZigBee Light Link was published back in 2012 by the ZigBee Alli-
ance, adding lighting-specific control and commissioning capabil-
ities layered on top of the standards that define baseline ZigBee
wireless networks (http://bit.ly/1zNizvV). It includes a definition of
the wireless network and the protocol that allows a plug-and-play
approach to linking, say, a dimmer control with a lamp or fixture.
We have seen most of the networked LED lighting products
included in the CES demonstration introduced to the market over
the past year to 18 months, although the manufacturers behind the
products have rarely discussed interoperability. Still, the fact that a
manufacturer chose the Light Link standard would imply the inten-
tion of supporting multi-vendor installations of SSL products.
We are excited to see the smart lighting market entering the next
phase of evolution, said Simon den Uijl, secretary general of the Con-
nected Lighting Alliance. The products shown at CES indicate the
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 10:54 AM
 We bring quality to light.
news+views
market is converging to a common wireless communication protocol,
which will boost consumer confidence.
The CES demonstration also showed a ZigBee-based Lutron con-
trol product for the first time a wireless remote control in the
companys Pico family. Lutron has long been a member of the Zig-
Bee Alliance and the Connected Lighting Alliance. But the company
has also championed its proprietary Clear Connect wireless network.
DISC
DI
D SCOV
OVERIN
NG
DISCOVERING
The ZigBee-based Pico product has not been formally introduced to
market, but den Uijl said, The prerequisite for participating in the LIGHT
LIG
GH
HT
HT
demo is for the products to be ZigBee certified, and therefore already
on the market or soon to be introduced on the market.
Other products in the demo included the Philips color-tunable Hue
lamps, luminaires, and strips (http://bit.ly/1qgLEoh) that are perhaps
the best-known and most widely-sold wireless SSL products on the
market. Sylvanias products also included models in the Lightify fam-
ily with tunable color capabilities as well as white lighting products.
Putting LEDs
GE Lighting had entered the ZigBee-based market back in the in the right light
summer of 2014 (http://bit.ly/1KkHSFm) with the dimmable white
Link LED lamps. In that announcement, GE brought ZigBee-based
lamps well under the $20 price point for the first time. SSL solutions from the
Leedarson, meanwhile, offers a family of ZigBee-based products world leader in LED measurement
(http://bit.ly/1yvKdaO) including networked LED lamps, ZigBee
hubs, ZigBee-controlled AC sockets, SSL luminaires, and remote Right from the start, we have been supporting the
controls. The company supplied A19 lamps for the CES demo. LG LED industries with our measurement equipment.
Electronics also supplied A19 lamps for the demo after showing such You will also benet from this expertise in the new
products for the first time at the Light+Building trade fair back in Solid-State Lighting applications. Our solutions
the spring of 2014 (http://bit.ly/1mTY7Br). combine highly precise spectroradiometers and
photometers with a complete family of goniome-
Qualcomm uses CES stage to promote ters and integrating spheres.
wireless LED lamp technology Discover light with Instrument Systems.
At CES, Qualcomm announced that its Qualcomm Atheros business
www.instrumentsystems.com/ssl
unit has partnered with LIFX to develop a smart, Wi-Fi-based SSL
platform that is compatible with the AllSeen Alliance Internet of
Things (IoT) platform. The partners will deliver a reference design
for LED-based lamps as well as a module that manufacturers can
use in a lamp design.
The AllSeen Alliance is an industry consortium led by Qualcomm
that is based on the companys AllJoyn open-source software project
intended to allow everyday devices such as home appliances to com-
municate in a plug-and-play manner. AllSeen is in a heated battle
with an Intel-led coalition called the Open Interconnect Consortium
(OIC) that also includes Samsung, Broadcom, Atmel, and Dell Com-
puter as supporters. Both groups intend to establish standardized
support for products in vertical markets such as lighting. LGS 1000
The Qualcomm and LIFX partnership Goniophotometer
is based on using Wi-Fi as the net- with new features
work that connects SSL products
to the Internet and therefore to
devices such as smartphones
for control. Proponents
would argue that homes
and businesses already have
Wi-Fi networks, making it
the obvious network choice
for IoT usage. light measurement

www.instrumentsystems.com

1502leds_15 15 2/9/15 10:54 AM

 news+views
With the exception of the existing LIFX
Wi-Fi-based LED lamp, however, most
other smart lighting product developments
are being based on lower-power, lower-cost
network technologies such as ZigBee, Blue-
tooth, or proprietary systems. For example,
see our earlier story on the Connected Light-
ing Alliance demonstration of the interop-
erability of ZigBee-enabled SSL products at
CES with six major manufacturers from the
lighting industry participating.
At first glance, Wi-Fi would seem to be
overkill for most IoT applications and SSL
in particular. Leading-edge Wi-Fi products
push the high network bandwidth required
to transmit video, use far more power than
can be tolerated in a product such as a wire-
less LED lamp, and cost too much as well. The
Wi-Fi group, however, has maintained back-
ward-compatibility with older and slower ver-
sions of the technology. The Qualcomm Athe-
ros QCA4002 Wi-Fi IC used in the reference
design and the Lighting Connectivity Module
(LCM) is optimized for low power and appli-
1502leds_16 16
cations with relatively short range and low-
speed requirements. Qualcomm said the IC
uses less than 1 mW of power when in sleep
mode waiting for active communications.
Of course, both of the IoT groups are well
behind ZigBee when it comes to support for
lighting applications. As we have covered
previously, the ZigBee Light Link standard
endorsed by the Connected Lighting Alliance
has defined a complete framework for plug-
and-play interaction between controls such
as dimmers and SSL products. In addition,
the ZigBee Home Automation and ZigBee
Building Automation standards are equally
well defined for more complex lighting net-
works that included a dedicated lighting con-
troller on the network.
The AllSeen group is working on the
Lighting Service Framework (LSF) within a
working group led by LIFX CTO Marc Alex-
ander. But its apparent that ZigBee-like
capabilities are relatively far off. The LIFX
wireless LED lamp significantly lags the
sophisticated control capabilities of prod-
ucts like the ZigBee-based Philips Lighting
Hue products. Moreover, Qualcomm said at
CES that AllSeen-compliant SSL products
were a year away.
For now, the only lighting company asso-
ciated with the AllSeen group is Havells Syl-
vania, not to be confused with Osram Syl-
vania, which participated in the Connected
Lighting Alliance demo. And Havells Sylva-
nia also has a partnership with LIFX.
We are pairing the networking exper-
tise provided by Qualcomm Atheros and
LIFX with our nearly-century-long tradition
in lighting, said Edward Lees, LED lamps
business unit manager at Havells Sylvania
EMEA. By leveraging the Lighting Connec-
tivity Module and the AllJoyn Lighting Ser-
vice Framework, we can quickly enable a wide
range of products in our lighting portfolio to
become connected.
Qualcomm is the undisputed leader in the
mobile wireless communications space. More-
over, the company is among the leaders in
Wi-Fi via its acquisition of Atheros. But there
2/9/15 10:54 AM
 news+views
is no guarantee at this point that either the Qualcomm- or Intel-led
groups will become predominant in IoT applications. The OIC seems to
have broader support and is pursuing its mission independent of net-
work choice, assuming its protocols will run over multiple networks.
Ironically, the challenge both groups face may have less to do with
good networking capability and more to do with understanding a ver-
tical market such as lighting. That statement applies to things such as
protocol standards like ZigBee Light Link and knowledge of how to
integrate an SSL design and drive down cost. Networking may be far
more easily added to a lamp design with an integrated driver circuit and
microcontroller (MCU) as opposed to trying to base a lighting-product
development around a networking IC.

Cree delivers connected LED lamp based

on ZigBee wireless standard
Cree has announced entry into the residential connected-lighting sec-
tor with the debut of the Connected Cree LED bulb. The lamp is based
on the ZigBee wireless network and will be priced at $14.97 for a 60W
equivalent. The new Cree SSL product will interoperate on networks
created with ZigBee hubs such as the Wink Hub and with other ZigBee
lamps and controls.
Unlike the well-known Philips Hue color tunable lamps and lumi-
naires (http://bit.ly/18HYhrH), the Cree product for now is purely a
white lighting product. Although Philips has added a white-only prod-
uct to the Hue family, the Hue products start at around $30 per lamp
and range to $50 or more for color products.
Cree says it is focused on mass adoption with the new lamp. Vice
president of corporate marketing Mike Watson said, $30 bulbs arent
going to drive adoption. The Cree lamp is priced similarly to the GE
Lighting Link lamps launched last summer
(http://bit.ly/1KkHSFm) and offers similar
control capabilities (on, off, and dimming).
Watson added, Weve repeated our promise
of affordability. Cree has repeatedly said its
mission is to drive 100% adoption of SSL.
The Cree lamp looks identical to the
4Flow Filament Design lamps that the com-
pany launched back in November (http://bit.
ly/16myCnH). In fact, you cant readily dis-
cern any difference unless the lamps are in
labeled packaging. Cree did screen a green
circle around the center electrical contact
on the base of the connected lamps so con-
sumers can identify the products.
We asked Watson why Cree picked now to launch a residentially-
targeted connected product. Watson said, There has not been a real
consumer interest apart from enthusiasts fascination. But Cree said
research indicates the situation is changing. About the present, Watson
said, There is a change we can measure in consumer interest (read
more of what Watson has to say about consumers driving the light-
ing market in Incandescent bulb legislation doesnt matter on p. 72).
While the Cree lamp is ZigBee based and will work with other prod-
ucts based on the ZigBee Light Link standard, the company is not a
member of the Connected Lighting Alliance that is championing Zig-
Bee for residential applications, and did not participate in the alliances

LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_17 17 2/9/15 10:54 AM

 news+views
interoperable product demonstration at the
recent CES.
Cree is a partner in the Apple HomeKit
initiative, although that home-automa-
tion-centric platform is still in the forma-
tive stages. But Watson said the Cree lamp
will be compatible with the Apple platform
when it ships.
Watson said Cree tackled the 60W-equiv-
alent space first because of the number of
sockets for such lamps. He said more than
60% of the A-lamp sockets use 60W lamps.
The Cree bulb delivers 815 lm at a CCT of
2700K. The lamp is rated for 25,000 hours.
Cree is not saying how it will extend its
connected technology through its lamp port-
folio. The company has A-lamps across a span
of lumen packages along with PAR, BR, and
MR16 lamps. About adding wireless support
to such products, Watson said, If there is
demand, it will happen.
We also asked Watson about a possible
color-tunable product. He said Cree has been
at the forefront of color mixing, having devel-
oped the True White technology that was first
to use red LEDs to deliver high CRI with a
minimal sacrifice in efficacy. But he pointed
out that a multi-channel lamp would still add
significant costs.
Of course, color-tunable products offer
an entertainment-centric functionality, but
tunable light is also being touted as a way to
enhance our wellbeing. Still, science lags in
documenting such benefits. We dont know
all the applications, said Watson. There is
not enough application and service demand
to make that a priority right now.
Cree said the lamp will be available at
Home Depot shortly. The standard 60W
4Flow lamp sells for $8 at Home Depot so the
connected version at just under $15 comes in
at a premium but affordable price point.
HORTICULTURAL LIGHTING
Sweden restaurant leverages
LEDs to grow herbs and produce
The Upper House restaurant located in the
Gothia Towers building in Gothenburg,
Sweden is using a Heliospectra LX60 intel-
ligent horticultural LED lighting system to
grow some of its own herbs and vegetables
in small indoor gardens at its 25th-floor loca-
tion. The restaurant has garnered a Business
Restaurant of the Year award from a Swedish
18 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_18 18
IR LEDS
Osram delivers new IR LED for
biometric ID applications
Osram Opto Semiconductors has announced
the IR Oslux SFH 4780S infrared (IR) LED
centered at the 810-nm wavelength. The
LED specifically targets biometric identi-
fication (ID) applications. Specifically,
the new LED can be used for iris
scanning to gate access to
devices such as smart-
phones and tablets, or to
secure financial or confi-
dential transactions.
IR LEDs, or what
Osram refers to as
IREDs, are being used in a
broad array of applications in
mobile device, consumer electronic,
security, and life science applications.
LED manufacturers that offer IR LEDs are
able to leverage LED advancements being
driven by SSL and realize benefits in spe-
cialty IR LEDs in terms of size, footprint,
performance, and efficiency.
For example, Osram announced an LED
earlier in 2014 that could enable mobile
phones to operate as a living-room remote
control (http://bit.ly/1CSYDXM), and a low-
profile package is key to the application. IR
LEDs are also one option for implement-
ing touchscreen technology (http://bit.
ly/1jJqEZ1).
In the latest announcement, Osram is
addressing a key security concern for con-
sumers. Presently, the need to protect access
to portable devices and the data stored on
those devices is paramount. Moreover, con-
sumers use such devices to perform many
types of financial and other transactions
that need a security layer. Passwords are
far from perfect and strong passwords are
inconvenient. Fingerprint-recognition tech-
nology is broadly deployed, but has been
business journal called Dagens Industri, and
the in-house horticultural angle has provided
compelling scenes for guests to examine, while
adding to the quality of the food.
LED-based lighting is proving invaluable
for indoor farming, especially in commercial
proven vulnerable in some cases. Iris scan-
ning offers the potential advantages of sim-
ple usage for consumers and more robust
protection.
In a typical iris-scanning imple-
mentation, a mobile device would
use an IR LED to illuminate
the eye, and the camera
already integrated in
the device would cap-
ture the iris image for
identification. The pro-
cess could be quick and
tough to compromise for
someone trying to improperly
access a device or perform a secured
act such as a financial transaction.
The new LED offers the performance and
footprint needed in such an application.
The product is the first in the Osram portfo-
lio at the 810-nm wavelength that can yield
high-contrast images of irises of any color
with relatively low illumination levels. The
package is only 2.4-mm high, enabling use
in most any mobile device. Moreover, the
design delivers high intensity with a narrow
emission angle.
The emission angle is 10 and is achieved
via a primary lens on the package that is
optically matched to the internal reflector.
At 1A, the LED outputs radiant intensity
of 2900 mW/sr (milliwatts per steradian).
Developers can drive the LED up to 2A in
pulsed mode.
Of course, developers must follow appro-
priate guidelines to ensure safety when
working with an IR LED and directing the
output into the eye. Osram has an appli-
cation note that covers the usage and the
relevant eye safety standards (http://bit.
ly/1DppeJY).
applications (http://bit.ly/1p7upMI), as we
noted in an article on lettuce and tomato cul-
tivation. LED lighting with a specially-tuned
spectrum can greatly enhance the productiv-
ity of a garden even in small spaces (http://
bit.ly/1nPOBy5).
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 10:54 AM
 # #%#
%# $
Simple
Uniform
$%


#%
#
#
%#%# %% #
#%%  %!"

Vancouver I Hamburg Redefining the Geometry of Light

1502leds_19 19 2/9/15 10:54 AM

 news+views
Horticultural LED lighting is critical in the
in-house application at the Swedish restau-
rant. The head chef is growing items such as
chervil, fennel, anise, cumin, and beetroot.
The tuned spectrum accelerates the plant
development. Meanwhile, the Heliospectra
system also controls the delivery of nutrients.
For the restaurant, the in-house horticulture
allowed it to raise its public profile and perfor-
mance. We have extremely high aspirations,
said Mns Backlund, head chef. By growing
certain herbs and vegetables ourselves, we are
giving our guests something extra and it is
greatly appreciated and popular, too.
While the small gardens cant supply near
the full needs of the restaurant, the system
allows important control of special ingre-
dients. We are not self-sufficient nor are
we aiming to become so, said Backlund.
But its a very exciting project and the pro-
duce we grow adds an extra dimension to
our business. Its fantastic being able to pick
something straight from the earth, taste it,
and consider which dish it will complement.
Heliospectra offers a broad variety of
intelligent LED-based systems. Just the LX60
family encompasses products that range
from 10.5W to 630W for applications rang-
ing from the backyard to commercial farms.
The networked horticultural LED lighting
can dim LED channels from 0100% for pre-
cise spectrum control, along with support
for ventilation and nutrient control.
PLANAR LIGHTING
Cooper brings WaveStream planar
technology to round LED pendant
Eatons Cooper Lighting division has
announced the Portfolio Surface-Mount LED-
based luminaire that incorporates the compa-
nys WaveStream planar light-guide technol-
ogy. The fixture surface mounts to standard
or high ceilings including applications with
little or no plenum space, or can be installed
in pendant and other configurations.
Cooper has been proliferating WaveStream
based on light-guide technology licensed
from Rambus. Cooper first demonstrated
products at LightFair International in 2013
(http://bit.ly/1tX0Y20). The technology relies
on LEDs to edge light the optical guide that
embeds miniature beam-control elements
that Cooper calls AccuAim optics. In sim-
ple terms, the planar guide produces uni-
20 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_20 20
form diffuse light with minimal glare.
Cooper has used WaveStream in a number
of ceiling troffer-style fixtures, some of which
dramatically expose the light guides. But the
presumably premium-priced technology
is also finding use in surprising places. For
example, Cooper announced a WaveStream-
based parking garage fixture a year ago
(http://bit.ly/1Akm6Bx). More recently, the
company also deployed the technology in
downlights (http://bit.ly/1yw2vc8).
Given the variety of WaveStream-based
products, it comes as no surprise that the
technology has come to a round SSL flush-
mount form factor. The product mounts
directly to a junction box. Cooper offers mod-
els ranging from 45009000 lm, 4000K4000K
CCT and 80 or 90 CRI.
The Portfolio surface-mount product
offers customers a high-performing, versa-
tile luminaire, said Mark Eubanks, presi-
dent of Eatons Cooper Lighting Division. The
luminaires superior optical performance, low
power consumption, low life cycle cost, mul-
tiple mounting configurations, and architec-
tural design serve as an ideal solution for both
retrofit and new construction opportunities,
as well as those with limited plenum space or
hard to access areas.
Cooper is also supporting smart-light-
ing installations with a variety of control
options. The standard LED driver includes
010V dimming support and can work with
trailing-edge phase-cut dimmers such as
those designed for electronic-low-voltage
(ELV) products. Optionally, you can add sup-
port for DALI (digital addressable lighting
interface) networks.
The product also offers flexibility in terms
of mounting options, including a standard
pendant mount. But you can specify sus-
pension by aircraft cables, surface mount
direct to ceiling, and even wall mount ver-
sions. Finish options include white, black,
bronze, and silver.
MICROCONTROLLERS
Infineon adds RGB LED
development kit for open-
source platform
Infineon has announced the RGB LED
Lighting Shield a development board
that can jump start color LED-based light-
ing product development. The evaluation
module includes an XMC1202 MCU and
three independent LED drive channels to
enable RGB color mixing. The design is
based on the open-source Arduino technol-
ogy platform that is increasingly popular
with electronic engineers working on MCU-
based product development, and the plat-
form can enable fast time to market along
with a royalty-free software stack.
The XMC1202 offers the benefits of being
based on a popular ARM MCU core and hav-
ing hardware elements designed specifically
for SSL development. The MCU is based on a
32-bit ARM Cortex-M core that was designed
for embedded low-power industrial appli-
cations including lighting control. Infi-
neon offers a variety of MCUs in the XMC
family, but the XMC1202 integrates a BCCU
(brightness color control unit) peripheral
that is intended specifically for RGB LED
development.
The BCCU hardware engine greatly sim-
plifies the task of controlling multiple LED
strings. Developers simply configure the
BCCU using software, and the hardware
engine ensures smooth dimming and seam-
less color mixing. The development team has
flexibility in terms of the topology used in
an SSL product while not having to imple-
ment the detailed LED control functionality.
The MCU also supports interconnects that
are regularly used in smart-lighting prod-
ucts. For example, you can implement DMX
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 10:54 AM
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1502leds_21 21 2/9/15 10:55 AM

 news+views
or DALI control using the MCU. The MCU is
also extensible given the on-chip communi-
cation capabilities. For example, a develop-
ment team could add a 24-GHz radar sen-
sor peripheral that would be used for motion
detection in adaptive lighting system design.
We expect to see increasing usage of
MCUs in LED-based lighting products and
drivers. The components do add to the bill of
materials, but the intelligence afforded by an
MCU will be a requisite in networked light-
ing applications and adaptive systems.
Indeed, a number of other companies have
recently announced lighting-centric MCUs
and/or development kits. For example, Texas
Instruments (TI) offers a kit that acceler-
ates the development of ZigBee-based SSL
products (http://bit.ly/1F07c2e). And Span-
sion had also announced a driver IC with an
integrated MCU in November 2014 (http://
bit.ly/10LJlEs).
Greenvity teams with Mitsumi
to bring LED networks and
controls to market
Greenvity Communications has announced
a partnership with Mitsumi Electric to bring
a family of controller and network modules
to market for LED-based lighting applica-
tions. The hardware products that Mitsumi
will manufacture will include both IoT Hubs
(previously called a GV-Controller) that can
communicate with individual LED-based
fixtures, and the Smart LED Controller mod-
ules (called GV-LED) that can be integrated
into fixtures. Greenvity will also supply its
IoT cloud software and mobile apps for use
with SSL products and networked systems
based on the modules.
Greenvity has made a number of announce-
ments about its connected SSL control prod-
ucts over the course of the last year. For exam-
ple, the company announced controller and
sensor products back in early 2014 (http://bit.
ly/1lwZ2Zf). The company also announced a
partnership with Hodi Technologies, a Chinese
company focused on LED-based lighting and
smart-grid technology (http://bit.ly/16b0vhC).
The Mitsumi partnership, however, pro-
vides Greenvity with a proven electronic
manufacturing resource that can reliably
deliver the modular products in volume pro-
duction. We are pleased to collaborate with
Greenvity to develop and manufacture this
innovative IoT turnkey solution for low-volt-
22 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_22 22
age LED lighting products for outdoor light-
ing, said Fujio Furukawa, Mitsumis senior
vice president and chief executive of its Elec-
tronic Device Business. Combined with
Greenvitys chip, software, cloud, and mobile
apps, Mitsumi offers world-class manufac-
turing capability to enable high-volume pro-
duction with unmatched quality.
Indeed, Greenv ity has prev iously
described its GV7013 IC that combines an
MCU core along with powerline communi-
cations capability. The company also has ICs
that support other wired and wireless net-
working schemes.
The first hardware offerings will include
the IoT Hub with an integrated MCU and sup-
port for Wi-Fi networks. And the partners will
deliver the GV-LED-Mini a small module
that can be used in SSL luminaires ranging
from area lights such as parking-lot fixtures
to decorative and landscape luminaires.
SPORTS LIGHTING
Seattle Mariners retrofit
ballpark with LED lighting
for the playing surface
The Seattle Mariners Major League Baseball
(MLB) team has announced that its Safeco
Field home ballpark is now lit with LEDs,
making it the first MLB facility to light the
playing field with SSL. KMW Inc of Korea,
with US offices in Fullerton, CA, supplied
its GigaTera LED luminaire for the project.
Planled consulted on the project that prom-
ises to deliver more uniform illumination
on the field for players, and a better viewing
experience for fans watching games from the
stands or on HDTV screens at home.
LED lighting is increasingly penetrating
the major sports domains; earlier this month
the world sports spotlight was focused on
the NFL Super Bowl game played in Phoe-
nix, AZ with new LED lighting from Ephesus
in the University of Phoenix stadium (see p.
9). Now a baseball stadium has adopted LED
sports lighting technology with energy effi-
ciency and low maintenance as compelling
drivers for the project, but with optimum
light quality a mandate.
Thus far, our experience has indicated
that the Mariners new LED technology at
Safeco Field will be better for our players,
fans in the ballpark, and viewers watching
at home, said Joe Garagiola, Jr., senior vice
president of standards and on-field opera-
tions for MLB. We applaud the Mariners for
an innovative step that promises to improve
efficiency and the fan experience in numer-
ous ways, all while serving as a welcome
addition to our overall greening efforts.
Still, the energy- and maintenance-sav-
ing aspects of the LED sports lighting project
are undeniably attractive. The team expects
a 6070% reduction in energy usage for the
lighting. And the luminaires are rated for
100,000 hours of life, whereas the prior MH
lighting required lamps to be changed every
3000 hours. The LED products also eliminate
the 20-minute warm-up period associated
with MH lighting. The LED sports lighting
can be turned on or off or dimmed instantly.
The benefits of converting to LED light-
ing are across the board from the play on the
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 10:55 AM

field to supporting the Mariners long-estab-
lished sustainability goals, said Joe Myhra,
Seattle Mariners vice president of ballpark
operations. The GigaTera fixtures repre-
sent the latest in LED technology. This proj-
ect was the result of the work of many part-
ners, including Planled and KMW, working
together on this new approach to sports
lighting.
The field lighting retrofit follows a human-
centric lighting (HCL) LED-based project
installed in the Mariners clubhouse for the
players. Planled CEO John Hwang, Lighting
Wizards principal Stan Walerczyk, and Har-
vard professor Dr. Steven Lockley worked on
the project intended to help the baseball play-
ers prepare for a game and relax afterwards.
The tunable lighting allows the team to
increase energy at the blue end of the visual
spectrum prior to games to increase player
alertness. After a game the team sets the
lighting to a warm CCT to help the play-
ers transition to a rest cycle and help them
endure the 162-game season.
1502leds_23 23
LIGHT GUIDES
MHA Lighting develops new
LED-driven light-guide SSL
At the London LuxLive event in late
November, MHA Lighting demonstrated
a new approach to its acrylic light-guide
technology that is used in the companys SSL
products. The End Lit Rod (ELR) approach
utilizes COB LEDs at either end of a cylin-
drical light guide to produce uniform light
along and around the tube. The company
said the technology provides uniform light
much like a fluorescent tube.
What the MHA team has created is more
than an incremental improvement on exist-
ing technology it is a fundamental step
change in LED technology and its capabil-
ities, said Tom Harrison, managing direc-
tor of MHA Lighting. The new technology
combines high performance with unrivaled
light distribution, allowing MHA to install
the lowest-powered fixtures on the market
and fewer fittings too, creating a multi-
news+views
plier effect in terms of energy savings and
payback periods.
MHA has pushed cylindrical light guide
technology for some time as a way to cre-
ate even light distribution and simplify the
luminaire manufacturing process. Previ-
ously the company used such light guides
with LEDs inserted into holes drilled per-
pendicular to the center axis of the light
guide. We covered the technology in detail
in a feature (http://bit.ly/1DxWIGw).
The newer ELR approach uses the same
principles of total internal reflection of light
inside the cylindrical guide to ensure uni-
form distribution. But the COB LEDs are
more easily applied at the ends of the guide
and the greater lumen output of the LED
means fewer LED components in a lumi-
naire assembly.
MHA also announced the first products
that will use ELR technology the Lode-
Star family (http://bit.ly/1z79Z9c). The com-
pany has not said when the ELR technology
will be commercially available.
2/9/15 10:55 AM
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 + funding
programs
Zhaga plans a new interchangeable-
source Book including COB LEDs
The Zhaga Consortium has announced plans
to develop a specification a Book in the
organizations parlance defining mechan-
ical specifications for LED light sources. The
Book will focus primarily on chip-on-board
(COB) LED arrays, although realistically other
types of products could be designed to the
specification. The specification is meant to
ensure that solid-state lighting (SSL) prod-
uct developers have access to inter-
changeable LED sources
in new product
development.
We consulted
many luminaire
makers, and received
broad support for our plans to
standardize this type of LED light
source, said Musa Unmehopa, secre-
tary general of the Zhaga Consortium. These
companies asked us to standardize proper-
ties such as the mechanical dimensions of
the module, the position of electrodes, and
the diameter of the light-emitting surface.
Until now, Zhaga has focused on higher-
level, modular light-engine products with
or without a driver or what the organization
calls electronic control gear (ECG). The con-
sortium first develops the specification and
provides it to its members. Subsequently,
Zhaga publishes completed Books for use by
any company. For example, the consortium
publicly published Book 3 for spotlight mod-
ules back in late 2012 (http://bit.ly/16unBAQ).
The value proposition of the Zhaga Con-
sortiums efforts is centered on interopera-
bility. The Books allow SSL luminaire mak-
ers to choose from multiple modules or
sources from multiple manufacturers when
LEDsmagazine.com
1502leds_25 25
the luminaire is based on a Zhaga Book.
Typically, Zhaga defines the electrical,
thermal, mechanical, and optical inter-
faces to light engines. The COB LED Book
will be simpler and focused primarily on the
mechanical dimensions for square and rect-
angular COB LEDs.
The development is based on input from
the COB and SSL sectors. For Zhaga Books
to be successful, they need to reflect
the wishes of the market,
said Unmehopa. We
welcome any input
from COB makers
or other companies,
who are invited to join
Zhaga and contribute to the
ongoing discussions.
For now, the Book will be based
on COB LED sources with the follow-
ing printed-circuit-board (PCB) dimensions:
1215, 1619, 1919, 2024, 2424, and 2828
mm. In addition to the outer dimension, the
Book will define the size of the light-emit-
ting surface (LES) for the various PCB sizes.
Indeed, COB LED makers regularly point
out that their LEDs are compatible with
the mechanical dimensions defined in light
engine Books. The COB LED sizes will comply
with those defined in existing Books.
As the Book development process ensues,
Zhaga may include other elements. For
example, the organization said it could add
specifications for the holders commonly
used with COB LEDs. The initial spec will
include definition of a thermal measurement
point on a COB but might yet define how a
current- or temperature-sensing function-
ality is added.
DOE issues Gateway
report surveying
LED lighting used
in museums
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has
published another in its Gateway series
of reports on SSL with the latest work
focused on museum lighting. Unlike
most Gateway reports that are based
on a specific LED installation, the new
museum report is based on a survey
completed by curators, directors, light-
ing designers, and other professionals
at 46 museums that have installed LED-
based lighting. The community consid-
ers factors such as light quality and low
possibility of damage to artwork as the
key factors in evaluating LED lighting,
although energy efficiency also factors
into decisions to use SSL.
Weve reported on a number of
museum SSL projects over the past sev-
eral years and the technology is clearly
an increasingly better match to the
application as LED-based products
evolve. Even in 2011, a DOE Gateway
project at the Chicago Field Museum
documented positive results (http://bit.
ly/1JBnWja). Another Gateway report
focused on LED PAR38 lamps used at the
Getty Museum in Los Angeles (http://bit.
ly/1yZkZFO). Indeed, the Getty Conser-
vation Institute worked with the DOE in
generating the new report.
Respondents surveyed for the new
report overwhelmingly identified low
damage potential as the most impor-
tant factor in considering new light-
ing systems for their exhibits. Going
back to the early days of white LEDs,
there has been concern that the power-
ful point sources and blue energy peak
might damage works such as paintings.
The DOE work recalls a 2013 report pub-
lished in the UK that presumably had
documented damage to a Van Gogh
painting caused by LEDs, but it turned
out that the tests actually used xenon
sources that did not match the spectral
power distribution (SPD) of LEDs. And
most trials, including the page 28
FEBRUARY 2015 25
2/9/15 11:07 AM
 +
funding programs
DOE publishes new Caliper reports on
LED PAR38 and residential lamps
The DOE has published two new reports in
its Caliper series on LED lamps. An adden-
dum to its ongoing work with PAR38 lamps
documents that the SSL products are more
robust in resistance to a harsh environ-
ment than the benchmark legacy lamps.
A second report focuses on residentially-
targeted A-lamps and specifically how the
LED products perform when connected to a
phase-cut dimmer.
PAR38 ruggedness
The new PAR38 research is yet another
addition to the DOEs Series 20 PAR38 ret-
rofit lamp research. The original Series 20
report came out in December 2012 and doc-
umented baseline performance and cost
relative to legacy PAR38 bulbs (http://bit.
ly/1tlAwic). The most recent addendum
published in April 2014 focused on dimming
(http://bit.ly/1qhxwer).
The latest Report 20.3, Robustness of
LED PAR38 lamps, covers the testing of 32
LED retrofit lamps and 8 legacy benchmark
bulbs. The DOE tested three samples of each
product, putting the products through what
the agency called multi-stress testing. Spe-
cifically, the research team exposed the
lamps to increasing levels of humidity, ther-
mal, vibration, and electrical stress.
In general, the DOE reports that the LED
lamps proved more robust to the stress test-
ing than did the legacy lamps. But there was
broad variation in the results. The test pro-
cedure subjected the products to ten step
changes in stress levels as shown in the
table on p. 30. Some of the LED retrofit
lamps failed after one or two levels while
others were able to withstand all ten levels.
None of the legacy lamps proved capable
of operating past level three with the excep-
tion of a single halogen lamp that reached
level seven. On the other hand, more than 20
of the LED lamps matched or exceeded that
halogen lamp. To see the complete results,
view the full report on the DOE SSL website
(http://1.usa.gov/1zUyZ5d).
Consumer targeted lamps
Moving to the second new report, the DOE
released the Caliper retail lamps study 3.1:
26 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_26 26
Dimming, flicker, and power quality charac-
teristics of LED A lamps. The report is a fol-
low-on to the general Retail lamps study 3
published a year ago (http://bit.ly/1p7PQuF).
The new A-lamp research studied 14 LED
lamps and the observed performance when
controlled by four widely-available phase-
cut dimmers. The report reached three
general conclusions. A dimmer impacts
the output of any lamp even at full scale
DOE announces four FY15 SSL research
grants in SBIR-STTR program
The DOE has announced four fiscal year
15 (FY15) Phase 1 Release 1 Small Business
Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small
Business Technology Transfer (STTR) fund-
ing grants for SSL research and devel-
opment (R&D). The companies winning
funding for SSL research proj-
ects include PhosphorTech,
Lumisyn, Triton Systems,
and OLEDWorks.
The SBIR and STTR
program is intended
to engage small busi-
nesses that have innova-
tive ideas in federal R&D.
Indeed, all of the new SSL
research projects will explore
an innovative concept in the LED
or OLED space to determine the feasibil-
ity for transfer into a commercial product.
The DOE has a long history of support-
ing such SSL research projects. In FY14, the
agency funded four projects as well, with
the participants being VoltServer, Inno-
tec, Mojo Labs, and OLEDWorks (http://bit.
ly/1pkEe33). In FY13, the DOE funded four
OLED projects (http://bit.ly/18yKljI).
FY15 SBIR projects
In the FY15 program, PhosphorTechs proj-
ect is entitled Plasmonic-enhanced high
light extraction phosphor sheets for solid-
state lighting. The research will be based
on the companys phosphor film technol-
ogy that could lead to a simpler process
in the back-end packaging steps of LED
setting. There are vast differences in dim-
mers. And the performance of LED lamps at
different dim levels is less predictable than
with incandescent lamps.
Still, the research digs far deeper. The
LED lamps generally produce more light
output than halogen and incandescent
lamps at similar settings on a dimmer. The
LED products do maintain a significant
efficacy advantage over legacy page 30
manufacturing. But the SBIR research will
specifically focus on the use of high-quan-
tum-yield red phosphors combined with
surface plasmon resonance, and techniques
to improve light extraction.
Lumisyns project is entitled Nanocrys-
tal-based phosphors with enhanced
lifetime stability. The com-
pany hopes to reduce the
degree of oxidation in
such phosphors with the
oxidation thought to
be the basic issue with
poor lifetime. By modify-
ing the crystal structure,
Lumisyn believes it can
both maintain optical qual-
ities while extending the phos-
phor lifetime.
Triton Systems SSL research project is
entitled Improved light extraction from
GaN LEDs. The company will work with
North Dakota State University on a block
copolymer system that can be applied in
LED manufacturing. The results could be
improved performance in LEDs in terms of
output and the ability to operate reliably at
extended temperatures.
OLEDWorks research is entitled Short-
ing reduction layer process development for
OLED lighting panels. The SSL research
project is intended to increase the reliabil-
ity of OLED panels. The company will study
how shorts occur in OLED panels and seek
to optimize the layer in an OLED stack that
is grown to reduce such shorts.
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 11:07 AM
 TE Connectivity (TE) is transforming technology and helping to inspire new designs in LED lighting systems
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1502leds_27 27 2/9/15 11:07 AM

 +
funding programs
EPA issues directive on LED and legacy
lamp verification testing for Energy Star
The US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has issued a guidance document
intended to instruct certification bodies
(CBs) in their implementation of verifica-
tion testing of lamps, including LED-based
products, that are certified to the Energy
Star lamps V1.0 and V1.1 specifications. The
guidance covers mandatory and randomly-
selected tests and defines limited cases in
which verification testing can differ from
Museum from page 25
one at the Getty Museum, have concluded
that LEDs pose little risk especially with
no energy emitted in the ultraviolet (UV) or
infrared (IR) regions.
Combined, cost savings attributed to both
energy usage and maintenance ranked sec-
ond in the selection factors. But the survey
found that, separately, improved color qual-
ity and products that match the color qual-
ity of legacy lights were each ranked almost
as important as the cost savings.
When asked if they would use LEDs in
a second project, 71% of the respondents
said yes and 32% said they already had com-
pleted multiple LED projects. The respon-
dents said that the public has had a near
unanimous favorable response to LED
lighting and that 97% of museum staffs
regard the lighting favorably.
Of course, the survey also identified bar-
riers to broad adoption. High upfront costs
remain an issue, although LEDs generally
28 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_28 28
the original certification testing.
The EPA spent the summer and early
fall finalizing the Lamps V1.1 specifica-
tion (http://bit.ly/1uR1hHy). That docu-
ment includes slight changes
from the Lamps V1.0 specifi-
cation published in the fall of
2013 (http://bit.ly/1uDwm3l).
For now, lamps can be tested
to either document while the
agency works on the next
lamps specification.
The Energy Star process
requires that a product first
pass certification testing. Sub-
sequently, CBs are required to
selectively perform verifica-
tion tests on certified lamps at
annual intervals.
The EPA has stated that certification test-
ing should include applicable core perfor-
mance tests including:
Efficacy
Light output or center beam intensity
(verify for equivalency claim)
win out over other options for the museums
that perform a full lifecycle analysis. The
bigger problem remains confusion among
the different types of LED-based products
and matching the feature sets to applica-
tions. Museum staffs are struggling to keep
up with the pace of change in LEDs. And
Light output ratio (directional lamps
only)
Luminous intensity distribution (omni-
directional and decorative LED lamps
only)
Correlated color temperature
Color rendering index
Color maintenance (LED lamps only)
Color angular uniformity (directional
LED lamps only)
Lumen maintenance (1000 hours for
CFLs, 3000 hours for LED lamps)
Rated life (observation of operational
units after 4000 hours of operation)
Run up time (covered CFLs only)
Rapid cycle stress test
In-situ temperature test (LED lamps that
utilized early certification only)
In addition, CBs are required to randomly
select two additional tests from the follow-
ing list:
Frequency
Transient protection*
Start time*
Run up time* (bare CFLs only) page 32
Targetti 2014
poor or inconsistent dimming performance
remains an issue.
The report is entitled SSL adoption by
museums: Survey results, analysis, and rec-
ommendations. Readers can download the
complete report or a report brief on the DOE
website (http://1.usa.gov/1H6YP9Z).
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 11:07 AM
 +
funding programs

DOE reports on bright LED luminaires

in high-temperature environments
The DOE has released an initial Gateway
report on an SSL trial comparing high-output Segment of the Yuma Sector Border Patrol area east of the San Luis port of entry
quartz metal halide (QMH) and LED-based
fixtures in a high-temperature outdoor envi-
ronment. The trial involves three-poles ret-
rofitted with LED luminaires along a stretch
of the USMexican border fence near Yuma,
AZ. Thus far, the SSL fixtures are delivering
improved light quality and energy and main- 64
tenance savings bolstered by some unex- pole
pected nuances of the application at hand. Mexico United States
40
The DOE noted the uniqueness of the appli- pole
cation in the Gateway report, but suggests Primary fence Secondary fence
that many similar applications exist includ- 14 45 80 12
ing lighting of correctional facilities, mili-
tary bases, and even roadways. The trial was
intended to evaluate light quality in the appli- during parts of the year temperatures exceed mately the semiconductor junction to ensure
cation and the potential for savings. More- 100F even at sunset. The heat complicates long-term reliable operation.
over, the agency sought to evaluate the light- the challenge of a thermal design in eliminat- DOE Gateway reports detail actual trials of
ing in the harsh desert environment where ing heat from the LED luminaires and ulti- SSL technology in realistic applications and

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 funding programs +
Robustness testing results of LED PAR38 lamps by DOE
Haversine Center Perimeter Perimeter
Max. Min. Volt. Max. temp. Min. temp. Temp. Rel. hum.
Level pulsewidth stress stress stress
volt. (V) volt. (V) ramp (V) (C) (C) ramp (C) (%)
(ms) (peak g) (peak g) (RMS g)
1 126 114 12 8 3 5.0 0.42 50.0 -20.0 70.0 20
2 132 108 24 8 5 8.3 0.84 56.7 -24.4 81.1 20
3 138 102 36 7 7 11.7 1.22 63.3 -28.9 92.2 20
4 144 96 48 7 9 15.0 1.57 70.0 -33.3 103.3 20
5 150 90 60 6 11 18.3 2.28 76.7 -37.8 114.5 20
6 162 78 84 6 13 21.7 2.66 83.3 -42.2 125.5 20
7 174 66 108 4 15 25.0 3.03 90.0 -46.7 136.7 20
8 186 54 132 4 17 28.3 3.45 96.7 -51.1 147.8 20
9 198 42 156 3 19 31.7 3.94 103.3 -55.6 158.9 10
10 210 30 180 3 21 35.0 4.39 110.0 -60.0 170.0 10

Caliper from page 26
lamps throughout the dimming range. But
the dimming curve of LED products ranges
from linear to incandescent-like.
Of course, flicker remains of very high
interest due to the inherent dangers of the
phenomena for some susceptible people.
The DOE reports that half of the tested LED
lamps produced the same or less flicker
than the incandescent benchmarks. Unfor-
tunately, some of the lamps in the other half
of the sample set exhibited flicker that the
DOE characterized as similar to that of a
magnetically ballasted fluorescent lamp.
In terms of power quality or impact on
the AC power grid, all of the LED lamps met
the power factor (PF) and total harmonic
distortion (THD) requirements of ANSI
C82.77-2002. For more details, see the full
report on the DOE SSL website (http://1.
usa.gov/1LeZC8z).

30 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_30 30 2/9/15 11:07 AM

1502leds_31 31 2/9/15 11:07 AM
 funding programs+
Luminaires from page 29
the DOE follows such trials for extended peri-
ods. We recently covered a report on a Kansas
City, MO street light installation that we first
reported on in 2011 (http://bit.ly/1moyXvA).
Another major outdoor Gateway trial focused
on post-top LED luminaires in New Yorks Cen-
tral Park (http://bit.ly/15GjfFP).
The border application requires high light
levels to ensure national security and reli-
able operation every night. The trial sought to
ensure that LEDs could match the legacy sys-
tem, but in reality the area in which the LED-
based poles are located revealed much superior
lighting. The poles are located between pri-
mary and secondary border fences and illumi-
nate the area between the fences. The gap mea-
sures 125 ft with the lighting located 45 ft from
the primary fence. Poles are spaced at 180 ft.
Each luminaire of a pair mounted on
each pole must cover 11,250 ft2 with an aver-
age illuminance of 25 lx. The project design
revealed that LED luminaires from Eatons
Cooper Lighting business could handle the
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1502leds_32 32
task when mounted at 40 ft. The QMH light-
ing is mounted at 64 ft. The superior beam
control of the LED luminaires enabled the
lower mounting heights.
Initial testing revealed that the LED poles
deliver better than 100% improvement in
vertical illuminance on the primary fence.
The DOE noted that average horizontal and
vertical illuminance on the secondary fence
was slightly worse with the LED poles rel-
ative to the QMH poles. The uniformity is
superior for the LED-based lighting.
The LED system is delivering 69% improve-
ment in energy efficiency relative to the QMH
lighting. The trial has revealed other surpris-
ing findings relative to the lower pole heights.
In a new installation, the shorter poles
would of course cost less. Even in the retro-
fit scenario, installation savings came from
less lift time and faster installation. The same
factor would benefit maintenance operations
and even cleaning due to dirt depreciation.
But the lower mounting height also meant
that lower peak output was required of the
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Limitless applications
Indoor & outdoor models
ETL & UL rated
LED luminaire, enhancing energy sav-
ings. The DOE added that the lower mount-
ing height results in less light spill into the
night sky.
The high-temperature angle of the trial
will require a more lengthy evaluation. You
can access the full report on the DOE website
(http://1.usa.gov/1JBQyIR).
EPA from page 28
Power factor*
Dimensional requirements
Generally, CBs should perform verifica-
tion testing in the same manner as the cer-
tification testing was handled. But the EPA
did note some exceptions. Lumen mainte-
nance testing can take place at a shorter
4000-hour point but 90% of the tested prod-
ucts must pass the test. The guidance spells
out a procedure for establishing the test
temperature for lifetime and lumen main-
tenance tests. And CBs are allowed to test a
single sample for the random group of tests
that are marked with an asterisk above.
Smallest form factors
Designed in the U.S.
Limitless customization
Flicker free dimming
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2/9/15 11:07 AM
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1502leds_33 33 2/9/15 11:07 AM

1502leds_34 34 2/9/15 11:07 AM
 strategically speaking | LUMINAIRES
LED luminaire growth looms
over the lighting landscape
Strategies Unlimited analyst SHONIKA VIJAY explores the changing outlook of the general lighting
market brought about by the growth in LED-based luminaires.
I
t is without a doubt that LED luminaires
are no longer just hype but are showing
an attractive market outlook. This year,
the global luminaire market
for general lighting was eval-
uated at $59.5 billion, with
LED luminaires making up a
third of the total revenue ship-
ment. This is an amazing feat
for LED luminaires, since only
two years ago LED luminaires
had less than 1% market pen-
etration. LED luminaires are
becoming more accepted in
the general lighting space as they start pen-
etrating major luminaire form factors.
A lot of factors have been drivers in
changing our lighting landscape, espe-
cially regulatory influences. With regu-
lations such as the EISA 2007, inefficient
technologies such as incandescent light-
ing are expected to lose their market share
as they are slowly phased out or banned in
regions. With Californias Title 24 building
energy-efficiency code, smart controls could
become the standard, and this in turn will
help drive adoption for LED luminaires.
Like LED luminaires, compact fluorescent
lamps (CFLs) were once a disruptive technol-
ogy. It was hoped that this technology could
capture the market with its great energy sav-
ings, but it took more than 20 years for CFLs
to reach appreciable market penetration.
When CFLs were introduced to the market,
they had disappointing color quality, awk-
ward form factor, and low product quality.
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has
gone through tremendous efforts to ensure
SHONIKA VIJAY is the analyst for the outdoor
and replacement LED market at Strategies
Unlimited (strategies-u.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
1502leds_35 35
that this history is not repeated for LEDs. in specifying LED luminaires for new com-
Initiatives such as the DOEs Roundtables mercial construction and large renovation/
on Solid State Technology, Caliper testing, retrofit projects. The specifiers, especially
and the L Prize competition in the North America, Western Europe,
have helped set higher stan- and Japan regions, do look for LED prod-
dards for solid-state light- ucts that are backed by credible manufac-
ing (SSL), which in turn have turers and offer product warranties of three
affected adoption. years or longer.
LED luminaires can rely
on an integrated or non-inte- Global market for luminaires
grated light source. In a non- Fig. 1 shows the revenue breakdown by
integrated solution, the lumi- region, with North America, Western Europe,
naire will have a lamp/tube and China contributing to the majority of the
that can be taken
out and replaced. Integrated lumi- Middle East and Africa
naires may have modules instead 4%
Latin America
of lamp/tubes. The non-integrated 7%
luminaire could be appealing to Japan China 21%
users more comfortable with the 9%
familiar look and form of incum-
bent technologies; however, in the Rest of Asia Pacifc
10% North America
long term, integrated luminaires
21%
can offer higher light quality and Eastern Europe
longer lifetimes. 10%
Aside from regulatory inf lu- Western Europe
18%
ences, LED luminaires have been
successful due to their lighting
characteristics, longevity, and
FIG. 1. A global luminaire revenue breakdown
energy efficiency. For instance, the
by region shows that North America, Western
directionality of LEDs makes them
Europe, and China contribute to the majority of
optimal for directional lighting
the shipments.
applications such as downlights.
And with LED luminaires being able to shipments. LED lighting is seeing huge trac-
offer operating lifetimes of more than 50,000 tion in the Chinese market. Chinese compa-
hours, they have been an attractive option nies that were once solely traditional lighting
for municipalities, cities, and utilities look- manufacturers are being forced to produce
ing to reduce energy costs along with saving LED lighting due to increasing demand or
on maintenance costs. face the alternatives of consolidation or shut-
Through our interviews with end users ting down.
such as lighting designers, architects, and North America usually has high light qual-
engineers, we also found that these key ity requirements along with low average sell-
players are becoming more comfortable ing price (ASP) preference, and if customers
FEBRUARY 2015 35
2/9/15 11:08 AM
 strategically speaking | LUMINAIRES

are introduced to low-quality light- Luminaires shipment revenue ($B) taken into account. High LED
ing products, they are very likely to 50 luminaire ASPs are still a barrier
shy away from that particular light 45 Eastern Europe for luminaire form factors such
40
technology. Japan as troffers and high bays. ASP is
35
The Japanese region has been at Western Europe not the only barrier to adoption
30
the forefront of adopting energy- North America for some luminaire form factors,
25
efficiency practices, especially 20 but depending on the application
Middle East and Africa
after the effects of the Fuku- 15 it could be a big turn-away point
Rest of Asia Pacifc
shima Earthquake. As for Western 10 for customers.
Europe, with strict energy con- Latin America LED troffers are still overcom-
5
servation targets as described in 0 China ing light-quality consistency
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Europes 20/20/20 climate change issues when in operation for an
initiative and high energy costs, FIG. 2. Strategies Unlimited forecasts LED luminaires will extended period of time. However,
the region is expected to favor experience an average annual growth of 11% from 2014 as ASPs decrease and LED lumi-
adoption of LED technologies even through 2022. naires are able to meet and exceed
with high price points. light requirements in terms of
As urbanization increases in developing incumbent technologies such as halo- lumen output and light quality, we again
regions, we expect installation of LED lumi- gen, incandescent, fluorescent, and HID expect LED luminaire penetration to increase.
naires in new construction to increase as luminaires. However, LED luminaires are Aside from penetration of LED lumi-
well. Fig. 2 gives the global forecast for LED expected to increase in efficiency over naires varying by the different form factors,
luminaires; Strategies Unlimited forecasts time, and we also expect the bill of mate- it will also vary by different applications. For
LED luminaires will experience an average rials such as the thermal management instance, lighting specifiers/designers for
annual growth of 11% from 2014 through components, optics, and LED packages to retail and hospitality applications may be
2022. Aside from LED luminaires, we do not decline over time. As the ASP of LED lumi- more likely to actively install LED luminaires
anticipate major growth in incumbent tech- naires decreases, this in turn would further than those involved in residential applica-
nologies. All other technologies are expected increase their penetration into the market. tions. A detailed breakdown of penetration
to face steady declines during the forecast A few luminaire form factors already by form factors and application is included
period, with high-intensity discharge (HID) seem to have favorable traction for LED in the latest Strategies Unlimited report.
and incandescent luminaires declining the technology. LED downlights have been in
fastest at 14% and 10%, respectively. the market long enough to have gained prod- MORE INFORMATION
uct credibility, and their payback is usually
Strategies Unlimited recently released Global
Whats next for LED luminaires? from one to two years in most applications
luminaires: Lighting market analysis and forecast
We do not anticipate drastic price declines if interactive heating and cooling effects,
2014. DETAILS: http://bit.ly/1AHqWr7
or energy-efficiency improvements in energy savings, and maintenance costs are

36 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_36 36 2/9/15 11:08 AM

1502leds_37 37 2/9/15 11:08 AM
1502leds_38 38 2/9/15 11:09 AM
 controls | SMART CITIES

Denmark heads for the bright

lights, smart city
LED technology brings cost savings to street lighting, but CAROLINE HAYES explores how DOLL
(Danish Outdoor Lighting Lab) takes street lighting even further with projects to demonstrate how it
can contribute to the creation of smart cities.

D
OLL (Danish Outdoor and security in residential areas is
Lighting Lab) is a con- demonstrated in another with the
sortium of three partners: Christian IV and EyeKon LEDs.
Gate 21, a partnership of local
authorities, private companies, Light management
and research institutions; the Thorn partnered with Paradox
Technical University of Denmark Engineering to use its PE.AMI
(DTU); and the municipality of smart lighting management plat-
Albertslund. form to change lighting scenar-
It is made up of three labora- ios, with dimming and controls.
tories. The Quality Lab and the The IPv6/6LoWPAN manage-
Virtual Lab are both located at ment system allows each lumi-
the DTUs Photonics department; naire to become part of a net-
and the third, the Living Lab, is work. Each can be monitored
in the Hersted Industrial Park, and controlled, and used for data
Albertslund, a suburb of Copen- transmission, for example, moni-
hagen. The Living Lab opened toring temperature. It anticipates
in September 2014, as part of the the Internet of Things (IoT), where
City under the Microscope, at devices are connected over the
the LUCI (Lighting Urban City Internet, and smart cities where
International) conference. Dur- data can be used not only for smart
ing the conference week, visitors lighting but also for smart park-
toured the area, which has a 1:1 ing, metering, or traffic flows (see
scale living installation of 50 resources on p. 40).
different product types from 28 Who will own the agenda for
companies. The area of approxi- the smart city? asked Flemming
mately 2 km2, with 9 km of roads Madsen, head of secretariat, DOLL.
and pathways, has smaller sec- It may be the power grid, or the
tions measuring about 300m 2 FIG. 1. Danish Outdoor Lighting Lab (DOLL) has over 9 km of heating system, which demands to
where each company can dem- test roads, pathways, and public areas and already has plans have intelligent meters for remote
onstrate what different LED and to expand. readings, he suggested, but light-
luminaire types and designs can ing is central. It is everywhere in
bring to urban environments (Fig. 1). into the column. The energy-efficient ver- the urban infrastructure. The network with
For example, Thorn Lighting has installed sion of the companys Adelie luminaire the most nodes will be the winning network
its Adelie Sun energy-efficient luminaire in was designed by Morten Lyhne, and can be and that is lighting, he concluded.
the entrance of the DOLL offices. It is pow- placed on any mast without the need to be One aim is for the lighting in the project
ered completely by solar panels in the top connected to electricity. to be carbon neutral, said Madsen, explain-
of the luminaire rather than integrated Other areas have Thorns Avenue D2 LED ing the presence of solar energy and wind
and Plurio O LED luminaires for creative turbines in some areas. Of the 12 lamp posts
CAROLINE HAYES is a contributing editor with lighting on paths and parks; the Oxane L LED with solar panels and the two wind turbine
LEDs Magazine. demonstrates light control in another area; installations, he said, These are exper-

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 39

1502leds_39 39 2/9/15 11:09 AM

 controls | SMART CITIES

iments to see if lamps that are only pow-

ered by solar [or wind] energy work most
of the time.
Kim Brostrm, CTO, DOLL, believes Den-
mark has some of the strictest lighting reg-
ulations in the whole of the EU. If a lighting
scheme meets Danish regulations, he said, it
will be acceptable in most places. The capital
city, Copenhagen, has just signed a contract
with Frances Citelum to replace and renew
over 21,000 outdoor lighting points with LED
lamps, over a period of 10 years. Each will
have an IP address and half of them will have
extended sensor capacity, noted Madsen, who FIG. 2. The DOLL visitor center allows comparison of multiple lighting views.
proclaimed, Copenhagen will run a smart city
through lighting. Looking ahead, he believes partner Cisco uses the Living Lab to test drains annually is expensive, especially as
that intelligent traffic management systems Wi-Fi in public areas. The idea is to connect few have material in them that needs to be
will be introduced based on real-time mea- different sensors to a common infrastruc- cleared at any one time, he said. Sensors
surement of traffic density. ture [to create smart cities], he said. Placing could advise if a drain needs to be cleaned
RF or ZigBee devices within the posts will and which can be left, using the lamp post
Smart city networks control groups of luminaires and also pro- as the carrier infrastructure.
Brostrm agrees that the way forward lies vide data for central management. For exam- Technology is changing, continued
in using the existing lighting infrastructure ple, Brostrm cites the maintenance of rain- Brostrm. Every light post will have its own
as the backbone for the smart city. DOLL water drains. For local authorities to inspect IP address and be connected, so it is not just

MORE RESOURCES

While much buzz has surrounded

smart lighting products at
the residential level, such as
networked retrofit lamps and
residential lighting and home
automation control apps (note the
many announcements from the
recent International Consumer
Electronics Show), a wave of
interest in controls and network-
enabled lighting for intelligent
city functions has spawned
both technology and business
developments over the past year.

Intelligent lighting paves the way for

the smart city http://bit.ly/1wF9ihM
SIL speaker addresses smart lighting
and safety within the Internet of Things
http://bit.ly/1yRmZzz
Smart lighting track illuminates
connected lighting
http://bit.ly/1A3qSmM
Thorn and Paradox Engineering
contribute to smart lighting experiment
http://bit.ly/1A3rtFa

40 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_40 40 2/9/15 11:09 AM

 controls | SMART CITIES
High Reliability
a lighting system but an IT system. This will
enable remote monitoring, for example, to
tance between posts can be altered along a
stretch of path on the virtual model, to see Solders and
test luminaires that dim if the weather gets
sunnier, or brighten when people pass by it
what effect these changes may bring about
in the Living Lab.
TIMs for LED
during night hours. It also means that it can Brostrm said the aims of DOLL are to
alert a central municipal control center if a introduce new lighting solutions, adapt LED
bulb is not working for more efficient, tar- lighting, and to create transparency in the
geted maintenance. market. The control room and visitor center
Another example currently being demon- play an important role in this (Fig. 2). Here
strated and tested at DOLL are street lamps the different management systems can be
from Dutch company Tvilight, which adjust seen in operation, not just from the street. It
brightness based on movement. Sensors also provides an idea of the total cost of own-
that track traffic density,
noise, air quality, weather
conditions, and ultravio-
let (UV) radiation will be
fitted throughout the site,
and the results monitored
in the central control room
to assess the degrees of
lower costs and emissions
that can be achieved.
Madsen noted, More
manufacturers are imple- Designed specically for high
menting sensors in lumi- performance LED assembly
naires; it is not an extra cost
High performance thermal
to mount a sensor on a mast interface materials >40 W/mK
anymore, it is combined in
the luminaire. Prototype design and materials
support
Living space See us at:
The Living Lab area is more Strategies in Light,
than an extravagant show- Booth 623
room for international
companies such as Thorn FIG. 3. A lamp post with a motion sensor prepares for
Lighting, Osram, Philips, lighting to be the smart citys backbone.
Sparkle, and Zumtobel, as Learn more:
well as lighting designers. It also demon- ership. Visitors can assess service, mainte- http://indium.us/F315
strates performance in various controlled nance, longevity, and cost, he said.
conditions for instance, reflection on wet The aim of DOLL is to offer and influ-
and dry asphalt, brighter lighting in heavy ence luminaires and management sys-
traffic areas, and warmer hues for garden tems, added Madsen. Delegations have
or park areas. International delegates and already visited from Taiwan, Korea, and
local authority representatives can visit to Japan. Already, DOLL is influencing the
see how configurations work in different choice of 300,000 street lamps in Danish
lighting systems as well as to compare the municipalities, and 20 municipalities have
energy efficiencies using the Quality Lab, based decisions on a DOLL visit and using
which tests and characterizes light sources, DOLL as a partner.
fixtures, lamps, and lighting components. The project, funded by the Danish Gov-
The third element, the Virtual Lab, ernment and regions, is already expected
allows manufacturers to model and test to be expanded. The municipality has given
www.indium.com
lighting solutions in 3D, but also creates another 4 km of streets, says Brostrm, askus@indium.com
a virtual model of a square or a street to which will be operational in in three months ASIA CHINA EUROPE USA
test the lighting effect. For example, lamp with 15 new lighting solutions and lots of
2015 Indium Corporation
designs can be instantly changed or the dis- sensors (Fig. 3).

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 41

1502leds_41 41 2/9/15 11:09 AM

 THE FUTURE
IS LOOKING Visit Henk
in Booth ABCDE el
Strategies in Lig at the
BRIGHT.
ht
in Las Vegas froShow
February DKth - m
D6th!

LED Compatible Products From Henkel

LED lighting device manufacturers have experienced compatibility problems
color shifts, yellowing or dome failurewhen using incompatible adhesives and
sealants. The presence of incompatible products can impairor destroyLED
performance. Product tests, for one of the worlds largest LED manufacturers,
have proven the exceptional quality of Henkel LED compatible products.

Henkel is the first manufacturer to provide a comprehensive offering of LED

compatible products for bonding, sealing, potting and threadlocking.

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All marks used are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Henkel and its affliates in the U.S. and elsewhere.
= registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offce. 2015 Henkel Corporation. All rights reserved. 13857 (1/15)

1502leds_42 42 2/9/15 11:09 AM

focus on Sapphire Awards
LEDs to fixtures nab finalist
positions in LEDs Magazine
Sapphire Awards
MAURY WRIGHT reports on the 2015 LEDs Magazine Sapphire Awards program, with
competition across 13 categories featuring the best in solid-state lighting technology
ranging from the enabling technologies used by product developers to the finished
products that serve the broad general lighting application space.

LEDs Magazine recently announced the finalists
in its inaugural 2015 Sapphire Awards pro-
gram for both enabling technologies and
lighting products in the solid-state light-
ing (SSL) sector. The recognized prod-
ucts were selected by panel of judges
representing a broad cross-section of
the LED component and lighting indus-
tries. Winners will be announced at a Gala
to be held February 25, 2015 in Las Vegas, NV
in conjunction with the Strategies in Light and The
LED Show co-located events (http://bit.ly/1z3dH3T).
Entries to the Sapphire program were accepted
throughout the fall of 2014. The first-year program
received well in excess of 100 entries. The judges
(see below) selected three to four finalists in each of
13 categories. Ultimately, each entrant will receive
a score of one to five Sapphires for their entry, with
the top scorers among the finalists receiving Sap-
phire Awards at the Gala.
The Gala will be a cant-miss event during Strat-
egies in Light week with exciting entertainment
booked for the event that will be held in the Sands
Expo & Convention Center. The festivities will cul-
minate with a celebration of the Sapphire winners.
The finalists in each category are identified on the
following pages. The final category, Illumineer of the
Year, will recognize a person or team of people for
development of an especially innovative LED-centric
or SSL product during the course of the year.

AWARDS COMMITTEE COMPRISES INDUSTRY THOUGHT LEADERS

Maury Wright Cary Eskow Steve Paolini Robert Steele
Committee Chair/ Avnet Next Lighting Strategies Unlimited
LEDs Magazine & Telelumen

Ray Chock Duncan Jackson Stephanie Pruitt Shonika Vijay

Philips Lumileds Billings Jackson Design Strategies Unlimited Strategies Unlimited

Terry Clark Brad Koerner Philip Smallwood Stan Walerczyk

Finelite Philips Lighting Strategies Unlimited Lighting Wizards

David Cox Dave Neal Chad Stalker

Cree Seoul Semiconductor Acuity Brands

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 43

1502leds_43 43 2/9/15 11:09 AM

 Sapphire Awards Program
Packaged LEDs and OLED panels
Philips Lighting, Lumiblade Brite FL300 OLED panel
Philips Lumileds, Luxeon COB LED with CrispWhite technology
Cree, Cree Xlamp High-Density LEDs

Modular SSL light engines

Osram Sylvania, PrevaLED Cube AC LED module
LED Engin, LuxiTune generation 3.0 dimmable light engine
Seoul Semiconductor, Acrich 2 AC-LED module

LED drivers
Osram Sylvania, Optotronic linear programmable drivers
eldoLED/Acuity Brands, SOLOdrive 360 drivers
LumaStream, Trinity 12 DMX LED driver and control system

ICs and electronic components

Infineon Technologies, ILD6150 step-down driver IC
Maxim Integrated Circuits, MAX16840 LED driver IC with MOSFET
Texas Instruments, AC-LED Floating Switch Architecture/TPS92411

SSL enabling technologies

Cambridge Nanotherm, Nanotherm LC LED substrate
Khatod Optoelectronic, SIO3 silicone lens for COB LEDs
Rubicon Technology, Large-diameter patterned sapphire substrates

SSL tools and test

Mentor Graphics, T3Ster, TeraLED, and FloEFD simulation tools
United Power Research Technology, UPRtek advanced MK350S meter
Chroma Systems Solutions, Chroma 5102 LED lamp test system

SSL lamp design

Soraa, AR111 LED lamp with SNAP
Soraa, PAR30 LED lamp
Green Creative, BR30 Cloud LED lamp

Indoor SSL luminaire design

Eatons Cooper Lighting, Neo-Ray Index pendant luminaire
Eatons Cooper Lighting, Halo SLD Surface LED downlights
Finelite, Series 11 LED Micro Profile cove
Litecontrol/Hubbell Lighting, Litecontrol Liteweave
linear indirect/direct

Industrial SSL luminaire design

ALLED Lighting Systems, RAYdiant high-bay luminaire
Eatons Cooper Lighting, Metalux SkyBar high-bay luminaire
Horner Lighting Group, 2-Tube Remote Phosphor LED linear

44 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_44 44 2/9/15 11:09 AM

 Outdoor SSL luminaire design
Eatons Cooper Lighting, McGraw-Edison TopTier LED parking garage luminaire
Kim Lighting/Hubbell Lighting, Lightvault 8 Bluetooth in-grade luminaire
Sportsliter Solutions/Hubbell Lighting, ArenaLED luminaire

Specialty SSL luminaire design

Once Innovations, AgriShift JLL
Shat-R-Shield, LED Vapor Tight LED luminaire
Tempo Industries, Tempo T-Bar House Lighting system

Smart SSL technology

Cree, SmartCast technology
DimOnOff, Litenode wireless control system
Arborlight, LightWell 16 SSL daylight emulator
Philips Color Kinetics, SkyRibbon IntelliHue Linear Direct Powercore

Illumineer of the Year

Eric Senders, Bob Zona, Rene Helbing,
Mushfeque Manzur, and Catherine Othick,
Philips Lumileds Luxeon COB LEDs with CrispWhite technology
Michael Forbis, Jon Mapel, Rob Ellis,
Max Shtein, and P.C. Ku, LightWell 16 SSL daylight emulator
Bernard Tetu, DimOnOff Litenode Wireless Control system

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 45

1502leds_45 45 2/9/15 11:09 AM

1502leds_46 46 2/9/15 11:09 AM
 standards | CHROMATICITY

ANSI works to update the SSL

chromaticity standard
Industry trends such as warmer LED-based products below 2700K and the demand for tighter color
uniformity are driving continuous improvements in the ANSI SSL chromaticity standard, explains
JIANZHONG JIAO.

T
he ANSI (American National the SSL chromatic- 0.45 2700K
Standards Institute) organization is ity standards, light- Bins ft completely 3000K
9
into three-step 3500K
again working to update the solid- ing industry experts 8
MacAdam ellipses 4000K 7
state lighting (SSL) chromaticity specifica- focused on how the color 4500K 6
tion C78.377. As LED sources have evolved points of final products 0.40 5
5000K 4
and SSL developers broadened the range of should be defined, how U VW
X
5700K S T
luminaires produced, the need has arisen to color variation toler- Q R ANSI
6500K P
O quadrangles
expand the standard scope while tighten- ances should be spec- 0.35 N
L
M 3000K 2500K
ing some parameters to ensure better SSL ified, and what would J
K
8 I
products for lighting specifiers and develop- be the optimal require- 7
G
H 4000K
6
ers. Indeed, the latest revision will include ments to balance the 5 F
E
4 C D
coverage below the prior 2700K-CCT (corre- consumers acceptance 0.300.28 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.48
lated color temperature) floor as developers relative to LED manu-
Source: Osram
embrace warmer lighting for some specialty facturing costs.
applications, while also making tighter color LED dies are pro- Osram chromaticity chart for its white fine binning, with CCT
uniformity a requirement across the board. duced with distribu- quadrilaterals based on a three-step MacAdam ellipse.
Work started on C78.377 in 2006 and ANSI tions of color variations
published the first version in 2008. Similar to and spread on the chromaticity coordinates, FLs are: 1) LED color points can be rather flex-
the chromaticity specifications for linear flu- or planes, in a continuous fashion. By chang- ibly chosen; and 2) LED color variations can
orescent lamps (FLs) and compact fluorescent ing the phosphor contents or compounds, be continuous with a distribution between the
lamps (CFLs), the intended purpose for this LED packages can produce practically any chosen color points.
standard is to communicate between makers color point in a white space.
and users how indoor white color lighting is LED chromaticity is fundamentally dif- Flexible white point
categorized, named, and color variation tol- ferent from FLs where a target color point is Color point flexibility is a benefit of LED
erances are defined. chosen and the color variation is in a circu- lighting. Ideally, if the industry could deter-
lar or elliptical fashion around the color point. mine the preferred white color points for con-
LED versus FL sources At the time that FL color specifications were sumers, standards committees could put all
The primary difference in LED lighting, how- developed, targeted color points were not these points in the specifications as the tar-
ever, has always been that the light sources directly linked to consumer preferences but get points. Unfortunately, color preference is
used for a lamp or luminaire are discrete LED chosen by the manufacturers based on the a subjective matter highly related to famil-
packages, or LED dies, and many are often technology and cost limits. In summary, the iarity, cultural background, and other human
used in one lighting product. When developing differences in chromaticity between LEDs and factors. Based on human factor studies, there
is currently no consensus on what should be
DR. JIANZHONG JIAO, director of regulations and emerging technologies at OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, the targeted center points or white curve.
Inc., is an internationally recognized lighting expert. He has been actively involved in LED and SSL standard ANSI lighting experts have agreed that
development activities. He serves as the past chairman of the SAE Lighting Committee, past chairman of in the lower CCT range, most people prefer
NGLIA, past chairman of the NEMA SSL Technical Committee, active member of IESNA Testing Procedure white color that is centered on or close to the
Committee, Roadway Lighting Committee, and Computer Committee, ANSI SSL Working Groups, black-body locus. In the higher CCT range,
Standard Technical Panel of UL8750, standard committees in IEEE, CIE USA, SEMI, JEDEC and other the preferred white color is close to illumi-
organizations. He can be reached at jianzhong.jiao@osram-os.com. nant D65, standard daylight with an approx-

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 47

1502leds_47 47 2/9/15 11:09 AM

 standards | CHROMATICITY

imate CCT of 6500K. This series of illuminants tries to portray stan-

dard open-air illumination conditions in different parts of the world.
Based on this agreement, it seems logical that connections of color
center points should be a curved line connecting the black-body locus
from 2700K to the daylight point at 6500K. Until there is sufficient
The Worldwide Market
Global Luminaires for Lamps
evidence of universal color preference, ANSIs approach for defining
Market Analysis and Forecast
a white curve has been the most logical. Recent studies published by
Lighting Market Analysis and Forecast
2014
2014
the Lighting Research Center (LRC) of Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti-
tute and the National Institute of Standard Technology do not affect
their definition because of the multiple resulting conclusions.
Once the white curve was defined, ANSI needed to choose the tar-
geted CCTs. For fluorescent technologies, as mentioned earlier, target
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Strategies Unlimited
limited
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Phone: ((650) 946-3163
e-mail:
-mail: info@strategies-u.com
info@
CCTs were not chosen for consumers preferences but for the existing
e-mail: info@strategies-u.com
egies-u

Strategies Unlimited
mited 2014
2 A Research Unit of
Strategies
Strategie Unlimited 2014 A Research Unit of
technology and cost limits. It is logical to utilize color flexibilities for
LEDs and define nominal CCTs.

ANSI nominal CCTs

Order Today at With a given CCT range for indoor lighting, 2700K to 6500K, ANSI
strategies-u.com specified two types of nominal CCTs fixed CCTs and flexible CCTs.
The white color space between 2700K and 6500K are divided into eight
regions, each given a CCT tolerance. The eight regions center points
are the fixed nominal CCTs. In addition, if a manufacturer or speci-
fier chooses a color center point other than these fixed nominal CCT

Providing you with the most

points, ANSI specified flexible CCTs with 100K increment change
within the white color range. This approach provides two advantages:

comprehensive market studies

1) It gives the producers and users more flexibility to choose CCTs;
and 2) it allows LED makers to use wide LED die or package distri-

in the LEDs, lighting, and laser

butions without sacrificing the product yields.
Another element of the chromaticity specification is the color

industries
variation tolerance. The human eye is very sensitive to color varia-
tion. Statistically, from a defined color point, the standard deviation
is described by MacAdam ellipses as the steps. If a large sample of
Latest Reports from Strategies Unlimited: the population were used (which it wasnt), and a trained observer
The World Market for Chip on Board could reliably repeat his or her observation (which they cant), then
(COB) LEDs in General Lighting the steps would translate to probabilities for the general popula-
The Worldwide Market for Lamps tion as three steps equal to three standard deviations, or 99.44%.
Global Luminaires The lighting industry generally accepts and practices the approach
to use MacAdam ellipses to gauge color variations. For four steps or
more, it is assumed consumers are able to notice the color difference.
Strategies Unlimited provides a unique blend
Based on FLs color variation tolerances, ANSI decided to use the same
of in-depth historical market knowledge and seven-step MacAdam ellipse as the tolerance for SSL products. With
technical expertise, allowing them to deliver seven-step MacAdam ellipse and CCT variations, the ANSI standard
comprehensive market studies and far- gives a new but more practical tolerance type, namely quadrangles.
reaching assessments into new applications For each nominal CCT, either fixed or flexible, it has an associated
and market directions. quadrangle (box) for the color variation tolerance.
As a result, the SSL standard has a continuous white color space
Join the many companies who use research rather than the discrete ellipses used for FLs. It provides much higher
from Strategies Unlimited as an integral part flexibilities to LED lighting producers and users, it has a logically deter-
of their business decision-making processes. mined white curve as the color center points, and it has seven-step Mac-
Adam ellipse equivalent quadrangles for color variation tolerances.

Chromaticity standard updates

STRATEGIES-U.COM Three years into practice, ANSI decided to make improvements for
this standard and published the newer version ANSI_ANSLG C78.377-
2011. The 2011 version provides more accurate color center points by

48 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_48 48 2/9/15 11:09 AM

 standards | CHROMATICITY

adding an additional decimal. Thus the color
boundaries (upper and lower limits) became
continuous curves without zigzag boundar-
ies. That helps LED suppliers deliver LEDs
with more precise binning. The updated
version also provides detailed descriptions
for the calculations of chromaticity values
between corner points of each quadrangle.
In 2013, ANSI formed an ad hoc group
again to update the standards. Two initiatives
were put in the revision agenda. The first was
to extend the CCT range to lower than 2700K.
LED lamps or luminaires have recently pro-
vided lower than 2700K CCT values. There is
a need for recognizing these lower-CCT SSL
products and ANSI wants to standardize how
they should be specified so that it is consis-
tent between producers and users. With this
intent, the ad hoc group proposed to add
two seven-step MacAdam ellipse equivalent
quadrangles centered at 2500K and 2200K.
The second initiative came from specifiers,
like the California Energy Commission (CEC)
to have smaller color variation in an attempt
to improve LED lighting product quality.
Color preference is a subjective matter
for choosing preferred CCT values as well as
a point along the Judd line for a given CCT
value, above or below black-body locus (e.g.,
Duv value). Conversely, the color consistency
is rather an objective matter. A larger than
four-step MacAdam ellipse variation can be
noticeable for most of the population.
The challenge is determining what color
points in the current white color space should
be used as the tighter tolerance center points.
For simplicity, the ad hoc group recommends
using the current nominal CCT center points
to add a four-step tolerance. This includes
both fixed CCTs and flexible CCTs.
Within the existing seven-step quadrangles,
four-step quadrangles are specified using the
same center point. There is no international
standard for MacAdam ellipse calculations,
which has created difficulty writing program
codes for color measurement equipment. ANSI
decided to adopt the approach published by
CIE, TN 001 (Chromaticity Difference Spec-
ification for Light Sources). Instead of using
ellipses, C78.377 provides a four-step descrip-
tion for CIE circles on a u'v' plane. For conve-
nience, the standards also provide the conver-
sion calculations for mapping four-step circles
from u'v' plane circles to ellipses on a xy plane.
For international standard harmonization,
the new version of ANSI lists the comparison
of nominal CCTs with tolerances (quadran-
gles) and three-, five-, and seven-step Mac-
Adam ellipse LED lamps in IEC. Readers will
find ANSI standards are well harmonized
with IEC standards. With the principle of
continuous improvement, the ANSI SSL chro-
maticity standard has paved the road for fast
adoption of SSL products. The novelty, flex-
ibility, accuracy, consistency, and practical-
ity are reflected in developing and updat-
ing C78.377. ANSI will continue to improve
the standard. In particular, white preference
will be further studied, and a specification for
where the white color center points should be
targeted below black-body locus or above will
be developed.

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1502leds_50 50 2/9/15 11:09 AM
 preview | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT

Strategies in Light to span SSL

technology and business domains
The co-located Strategies in Light and The LED Show conferences and exhibitions will provide
attendees with an immersive educational and networking experience covering the range from the
latest LED components to advanced SSL luminaire designs, writes MAURY WRIGHT.

S
trategies in Light (SIL) and The LED Mid-power evolution
Show, slated for Feb. 2426, 2015 at One of the important takeaways
the Sands Expo & Convention Center of 2015 SIL week will be an
in Las Vegas, NV, will feature three packed updated examination of the
days of sessions, exhibits, keynotes, work- different types of LEDs being
shops, and an Investor Forum that will cover targeted at lighting applica-
all aspects of the LED and solid-state light- tions. Just two years back, low-,
ing (SSL) industries. Indeed, the co-located mid-, and high-power designations
conferences will mark the first time in the neatly segmented the market. Today
lighting industry that professionals can the boundaries are far from clear. As we
fully explore both enabling technologies have written previously, what look like plas-
for product development and finished SSL tic-packaged, mid-power devices regularly
product designs under one roof. Moreover, operate today in excess of 1W, previously the
the Strategies Unlimited analyst team will domain of high-power LEDs. Osram Opto Semiconductors will
deliver new research on both the packaged But the overlap between different types demonstrate mid-power to chip-on-board
LED and lighting sectors. of LEDs goes much deeper than power (COB) LEDs at SIL, including the mid-
As always, the plenary sessions will be level, although power level remains impor- power Duris S 5 LEDs, with CRI as high as
among the most anticipated events of SIL tant. The mid-power devices of the past 90 and efficacy just above 100 lm/W for
week. Last year, the packaged LED market that were mostly packaged in plastic until a 3000K-CCT LED.
was projected on a significant growth path recently were much less capable of oper-
with 2013 revenue reported at $14.4B (bil- ating at elevated temperature relative offer products in the 9V range with some
lion) and 2018 revenue projected at to high-power LEDs packaged in supplying devices up to the 36V range. Such
$25.9B. The 2015 update will ceramic. Today, manufac- high-voltage LEDs simplify the driver design
surely be interesting. turers are using com- because the drop from AC line voltage is
Without ques- posite materials, lower in magnitude. Manufacturers are also
tion, the num- which still look adding features such as primary optics on
ber of LEDs being like plastic but some mid-power families.
manufactured is that enable longer At the other end of the spectrum, Cree is
escalating and the tran- component life at higher delivering ceramic-based high-power LEDs
sition to LED sources in the temperatures. that look more like a traditional mid-power
general lighting market is The electrical and opti- device. The surface-mount devices (SMDs)
happening faster than even Crees ceramic-based, cal feature set in mid- such as the new XLamp MHD family are
SSL optimists had predicted. surface-mount device, high- power LEDs has changed designed to be assembled onto printed-cir-
But the transition to mid- power XLamp MHD LEDs as well. Starting around cuit boards (PCBs) with automated pick-and-
power LEDs in many light- look more like a traditional SIL last year, we had seen place equipment just like many mid-power
ing applications has resulted mid-power device and manufacturers deliver LEDs. The MHD LEDs also have a near-flat
in lower component prices can be assembled onto mid-power LEDs with light-emitting surface much like mid-power
and indeed near commod- printed-circuit boards with multiple emitters and rel- LEDs. But the LEDs can operate at a maximum
itization on some classes of automated pick-and-place atively high forward volt- of 19W, delivering 2500 lm far greater than
LED products. equipment. ages. Many companies any product with a mid-power legacy.

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 51

1502leds_51 51 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 preview | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT
Package-light LEDs
We also look forward to seeing how the
LED manufacturing industry is progress-
ing with chip-scale packages (CSPs). Philips
Lumileds started the CSP trend at SIL two
years back, introducing a high-power LED
based on a thin-film, flip-chip architecture
in which there is really no package (http://
bit.ly/1foX4lz). Essentially, the LED is sim-
ply a chip with contacts on the underside of
the chip.
At SIL last year, Bangwon Oh, senior vice
president of lighting marketing at Sam-
sung Electronics, said a move to CSP was
the only path to continue cost reduction in
mid-power LEDs (http://bit.ly/1kXzh1e). At
the time, he said the CSP architecture could
meet the Samsung goal of delivering more
than 2000 lm/$ (lumens per dollar) in an
LED retrofit lamp.
Throughout the remainder of 2014, a num-
ber of other companies working in mid-
power LEDs announced CSP architectures.
The list includes LG Innotek, Toshiba with
its gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si)
technology, and Luminus Devices. The value
proposition is relatively simple. LED manu-
facturers can potentially apply phosphor
at the wafer level with CSP architectures
streamlining the back-end packaging pro-
cess. And sources, including the US Depart-
ment of Energy, have identified packaging
Flip Chip Optos P Series of LEDs uses flip-chip components uniformly covered with
phosphor. An LED with a 19-mm light-emitting surface can operate at 122W.
52 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_52 52
Mid-power LED
Phosphor and
L / Frame High lm/$
encapsulation
Chip High lm/ W
Color
Plastic refector consistency
As presented at the 2014 SIL event, Samsung believes a move to a flip-chip structure
in mid-power LEDs can lower cost while advancing efficacy and color uniformity.
as a continuing obstacle to lower-cost LEDs
(http://bit.ly/1wAXTiW).
Still, the CSP technology is in the early
stages of maturity. We havent seen such
LEDs used widely at this point. Indeed, its
unclear how many manufacturers are ship-
ping such products in volume. And many
lighting manufacturers may lack the man-
ufacturing sophistication needed to utilize
such LEDs. But we should get an update on
the technology at SIL, and perhaps witness
some lighting products that use the LEDs.
SIL workshops
Of course, the program for SIL week will fea-
ture numerous opportunities for attendees
to learn about applying LED technology in
White-chip
Package-free
structure
Flip chip
Phosphor
flm PCB
Source: Samsung Electronics
addition to the update from the LED manu-
facturing perspective. The options include
the immersive half- and full-day workshops.
One that is sure to draw a crowd will focus
on human-centric lighting (HCL). LEDs offer
great potential to impact health and wellbe-
ing through a tunable spectrum.
Some scientists have questioned whether
we know enough about the non-visual recep-
tors in humans that can trigger relaxation or
alertness based on the spectral content of
light. We covered some of the unknowns in
a recent interview (http://bit.ly/1q7GM4G).
The message was that the lighting industry
needs to proceed carefully.
The speakers slated for the SIL workshop,
however, believe the industry should move
ahead now in developing HCL applications.
Stan Walerczyk, principal at consulting firm
Lighting Wizards, is one of the speakers.
Walerczyk has experience in using tunable
lighting capable of very high CCT levels in
places such as classrooms to boost alertness.
Walerczyk and another workshop speaker,
John Hwang, CEO of Planled, also worked
on a trial project with the Seattle Mariners
Major League Baseball (MLB) team to install
tunable lighting in the player locker room
(http://bit.ly/1CMAHW6). The players are
exposed to blue-rich light prior to a game to
increase alertness. The lighting is tuned to a
warm CCT after games to prepare the body
for a restful night.
The group of presenters can also speak
authoritatively on the subject of the blue
light hazard the potential that exposure
to blue-rich LED light could damage the
human retina. Walerczyk presented a recent
webcast for LEDs Magazine on the topic
(http://bit.ly/1DavLIs). Most of the research
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 11:20 AM
1502leds_53 53 2/9/15 11:20 AM
 preview | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT
that has documented the potential danger
did not replicate light level or exposure time
that is typical of indoor lighting.
Connected lighting
Throughout the workshops, Investor
Forum, and full conference, one topic that
will be at the forefront is connected light-
ing and networks. Indeed, some type of con-
trol is inherent in the aforementioned HCL
application. But increasingly every light in
a commercial building or every luminaire
in a city-wide street light system will be
networked (see our feature on the Danish
Outdoor Lighting Lab on p. 39). The connec-
tivity can enable programmatic dimming
for maximizing energy savings, automated
maintenance operations, and operation as a
signaling system in an emergency situation.
There will be a half-day SIL workshop
dedicated to networked outdoor lighting
control systems. The speakers include Dave
Cavalcanti from Philips Research North
America, Michael Poplawski from Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, and Mark
Wilbur from GE Lighting.
Cisco keynote
The trend toward connected lighting sys-
tems is drawing new participants into the
lighting industry. For example, data net-
working powerhouse Cisco has invested sig-
nificant resources in adapting or extending
its technology for SSL applications. The com-
pany is also very interested in the related
Internet of Things (IoT) concept in which
most everyday appliances are connected
to the Internet. Indeed, the plenary track
at SIL will feature a keynote speech by Tony
Shakib, vice president of IoT vertical solu-
tions at Cisco.
Shakib will discuss the benefits and vul-
nerabilities of network technology relative to
lighting applications. He believes that order
must come to the smart lighting industry
because today there are mostly proprietary
technologies being deployed, and from the
broad perspective the smart-lighting arena
is chaotic. Shakib will focus on the impor-
tance of carefully engineering networks for
lighting, and he will provide an outlook on
how SSL will fit into the Cisco vision of the
IoT in the next five years.
SIL 2015 will also feature a full track ded-
icated to smart lighting. Another speaker
54 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_54 54
Lambda Research has added features
such as a broader optical diffuser
catalog, including options such as
Bayer Makrolon material, while also
streamlining the user interface of the
latest version 7.6 TracePro optical
simulation software.
from Cisco, Justin Buchanan, senior man-
ager in product management, will pres-
ent How IoT is revolutionizing lighting.
Buchanan will dig deeper into network
design and security, and will also cover the
concept of using Power-over-Ethernet (PoE)
technology to supply DC power and Ethernet
connectivity to light fixtures.
Security will be a recurring topic in the
smart lighting track. Paul Jauregui, vice
president of marketing at Praetorian, will
focus on security risks in his presentation.
Philip Smallwood, SIL conference co-chair
and director of LED and lighting research at
Strategies Unlimited, recently interviewed
Jauregui on the topic and the key points of
the SIL talk (http://bit.ly/1yRmZzz).
Jauregui said Praetorian has built out a
laboratory with connected lighting prod-
ucts including retrofit lamps from compa-
nies such as Philips, GE Lighting, TCP, and
Belkin. About vulnerabilities, he said, The
most pressing issues we are finding start
with security basics, including encryption,
authentication, using clear-text protocols to
transmit sensitive information such as pass-
words, default passwords are being used in
customer environments, to name a few.
The onus for security will be on both man-
ufacturers of products and the customer
that buys and installs the products, accord-
ing to Jauregui. He said, Consumers need
to apply the same security hygiene to new
Internet-connected devices, such as smart
lighting systems, as they do to traditional
computer and web-based services.
The business of SSL
Beyond applying LED technology, SIL week
will afford many opportunities to con-
sider the business side of SSL. One of the
most lauded talks at SIL 2014 came from
Mark Rea, director of the Lighting Research
Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, focused on monetizing the benefits
of SSL (http://bit.ly/MXrc0s). For SIL 2015,
Rea will chair a panel to further discuss the
concept (http://bit.ly/1yNwZtJ). The panel
will include Jerry Duffy, general manager of
global product management at GE Lighting;
Lori Brock, director of research and innova-
tion at Osram Sylvania; Karl Geisler, ther-
mal engineer at Advanced Lighting Systems;
and Peter Kuehnel, business leader of office,
industry and healthcare at Philips Lighting.
Rea believes that the key to future pros-
perity for the SSL industry relies on the
development and adherence to a new set
of metrics that he calls benefit metrics. He
acknowledges that characteristics such as
efficacy and lumen rating are important.
But Rea argues that we need metrics tied to
benefits that lighting can deliver to humans.
He will assuredly again state the case
for a new approach to color metrics with
the message that the color rendering index
During SIL 2014, Mark Rea of the LRC
said the LED lighting industry must
deliver engineered benefits.
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 11:20 AM
 (CRI) does not accurately characterize good
color performance. According to Rea, the
SSL industry must engineer good color ren-
dering and, by doing so, increase profits and
margins. But we need accurate metrics to
measure the performance.
Rea is also going to steer the discussion to
the HCL concept and how lighting affects the
human circadian rhythm. But we have no
metrics at present to characterize the ben-
efits of light on our wellbeing. Development
of such metrics would help create a path
toward a healthy business for SSL manufac-
turers, according to Rea.
TE Connectivitys Nector M power-delivery system is designed to distribute power in
Exhibits multi-luminaire projects with a simplified installation process that ensures reliability.
Moving to the exhibition associated with The modular, keyed wiring system uses connectors that can only be plugged into the
SIL and The LED Show, attendees will get proper sockets.
the opportunity to examine a broad range
of enabling technologies and lighting prod- SIL will mark the first time that Cree ber 2014, promising double the lumen out-
ucts. There will be connected lighting tech- has displayed its new LED portfolio that is put of prior LEDs that in turn could reduce
nologies on display along with the most based on the SC5 (silicon carbide 5) tech- SSL system cost by 40% through a simplifi-
efficient components on the market. Lets nology and manufacturing platform. The cation of the driver, thermal, mechanical,
consider some examples. company announced SC5 back in Novem- and optical elements of an LED-based light-

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LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 55

1502leds_55 55 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 preview | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT
ing product (http://bit.ly/1xrxHf0).
Cree believes that a dominant focus for
LED technology innovation is efficient light
conversion getting more light out of an
LED even at higher operating temperatures.
The company said with high-power LEDs
that deliver better performance and a more
effective way to achieve low-cost systems,
manufacturers are no longer forced to use
lower-reliability mid-power LEDs to achieve
the lowest system cost.
Subsequent to the SC5 announcement
and what Cree calls its Extreme High Power
(XHP) family, the company announced the
XHP50 and XHP70 LEDs that will be on dis-
play at SIL. The products can deliver more
than 4000 lm from 55- or 77-mm packages.
And in early 2015 the company announced
the aforementioned MHD family of products
in SMD packages. Cree also said that visitors
can expect to see new milestones for LED
arrays and the LMH2 module family at SIL.
Broad LED portfolios
While Cree continues to focus on high-
power LEDs, other manufacturers includ-
ing Osram Opto Semiconductors are span-
ning the mid-power to chip-on-board (COB)
LED range. Osram will demonstrate that full
range at SIL, including the mid-power Duris
S 5 LEDs. The company has added LEDs in
the family with CRI as high as 90 and with
efficacy just above 100 lm/W for a 3000K-
CCT LED.
Osrams LED portfolio also targets appli-
cations far beyond general illumination. For
example, the company will exhibit the Ostar
Stage LED at SIL for entertainment applica-
tions. The Soleriq family of COB LEDs will
be on display. And the company will show
the Oslon high-power LED family. Finally,
Osram will demonstrate horticultural light-
ing technology for life science applications.
Also in the COB LED space, Flip Chip Opto
will demonstrate its P Series of components.
56 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_56 56
The LEDs use flip-chip components but are
uniformly covered with phosphor. An LED
with a 19-mm light-emitting surface (LES)
can operate at 122W. The company said that
it is pursuing maximum lumens per dollar
with the family.
Enabling technologies
The enabling technologies for SSL product
development that will be displayed at SIL
go far beyond packaged LEDs. The mix will
include design tools, interconnect technol-
ogies, and, of course, optical and thermal
products.
In the tools area, Lambda Research will
demonstrate the latest version 7.6 release
of its TracePro optical simulation software.
The company has added features such as a
broader optical diffuser catalog, including
options such as Bayer Makrolon material,
while also streamlining the user interface.
The enabling technologies for SSL product
development that will be displayed at SIL go
far beyond packaged LEDs.
Moreover, the simulation accuracy has been
enhanced. For example, the new package
provides optical path-length data for each
ray in a ray-tracing simulation.
In the area of interconnect, TE Connec-
tivity will demonstrate the Nector M power-
delivery system that consists of a modular,
keyed wiring system with connectors that
can only be plugged into the proper sockets.
The Nector system is designed to distribute
power in multi-luminaire projects in a man-
ner that that simplifies the installation pro-
cess and ensures reliability.
The company will also demonstrate poke-
in wiring connectors designed for lighting
products that are based on SMD technology.
Lumawise holders for COB LEDs will be fea-
Horner Lightings high- and low-bay
fixtures based on remote-phosphor
technology are engineered to replace
linear fluorescent or high-intensity
discharge lighting while delivering
improved energy efficiency and light
quality.
tured in the booth. And the company will
demonstrate a new ANSI-C136.41-compliant
dimming receptacle for outdoor SSL applica-
tions such as street lights.
ICs and MCUs
The broad semiconductor industry is also
becoming more involved with the light-
ing sector with the transition to SSL, and
IC-level products such as microcontrollers
(MCUs) will be among the critical enabling
technologies in the smart lighting products
discussed previously. MCUs will be inte-
grated with driver functionality or closely
coupled with LED driver ICs.
One SIL exhibitor that will focus on smart
lighting from the IC perspective is Micro-
chip. The company will have two featured
demonstrations. One will be IoT focused and
rely on the PoE technology mentioned earlier
to supply the constant current required by
LEDs and the Ethernet connectivity for the
MCUs integrated in luminaires for the dem-
onstration. Microchip will utilize the Cisco
EnergyWise protocol and provide examples
of centralized- and distributed-control sce-
narios. In addition to enabling control of the
example fixtures, the network allows the
fixtures to report data such as operational
status and power consumption.
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 11:20 AM
 preview | STRATEGIES IN LIGHT

Microchip will also team with Cree to showcase a new integrated

driver and LED modular light engine. The reference design utilizes
the Microchip CL800 Sequential Linear LED Driver and Cree XLamp
XB-G LEDs to produce 1000 lm. The module can operate directly
from an input as high as 230V, and the company said that it uses no
inductors or high-voltage capacitors.

SSL luminaires
SIL week, and specifically The LED Show, will also feature a broad
selection of general lighting products on display. Attendees can expect
to see the latest in retrofit lamps, street lights, and indoor luminaires.
One product that will stand out is the Horner Lighting high- or low-
bay fixtures based on remote-phosphor technology. The products are
designed to replace linear fluorescent or HID lighting while delivering
better energy efficiency and improved light quality.
The products integrate light engines that look somewhat like
fluorescent tubes, and indeed Horner uses the tube terminology,
although that may not be technically accurate. The company said
that the 160W two-tube fixture can replace 250400W fixtures based
on legacy lighting technologies.
Horner offers a number of features that can further benefit build-
ings that install the products. For example, 90-CRI options are avail-
able. Moreover, the company offers wireless controls and autono-
mous sensors. A choice of optical accessories can impact beam
control, allowing lighting designers/specifiers to customize the prod-
ucts for the application at hand.
There will, of course, be far more to see during Strategies in Light
and The LED Show. On Feb. 25, LEDs Magazine will recognize the
winners of our inaugural Sapphire Awards with categories rang-
ing from enabling technologies to lighting products. On Tuesday,
the Investor Forum will reprise the Dragons Lair that was a hit at
SIL 2014, pitting early-stage SSL companies against tough inquisi-
tors from the financial community. And the networking receptions
will afford all attendees the chance to connect with established col-
leagues and meet new ones.

COMING SOON

Packaged LED market update

With details from the Strategies Unlimited market research
presented at Strategies in Light, Maury Wright will break
down the latest packaged LED forecast data.

LEDs Magazine Sapphire Awards Winners

Well announce the Sapphire winners and have a full report
on the inaugural Sapphire Awards Gala, including who wins
the Illumineer of the Year honors.

Conference wrap-up: SSL applications and technologies

Our post-show wrap-up will explore the takeaways from the
conference sessions and keynotes, as well as applications,
technologies, and products that dominated the exhibition
buzz at Strategies in Light and The LED Show.

LEDsmagazine.

1502leds_57 57 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 MARCH 5-6, 2015
Sheraton NY Times Square Hotel

The Designers Lighting Forum of New York is proud to present Exhibit Hall Features Over
LEDucation 9 - one of the lighting industrys largest and longest 220+ Exhibitors
running programs on LED ad SSL Technologies!

Dynamic Lighting Presentations

2 Day Format!
with Continuing Education
Thursday, March 5th 10:00 am 8:00 pm Credits
Friday, March 6th 9:00 am 3:00 pm

Designer Docent Tours

Location!
Sheraton NY Times Square Hotel
Mission Control -
811 7th Ave & 52nd St , NY, NY
Hands-On Interactive Participation
Sponsored by:
Visit LEDucation.org for Registration and Event Details.

Presented by:

The Designers Lighting Forum of New York is committed to

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lighting in design. LEDucation provides a unique platform
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1502leds_58 58 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 manufacturing | MOCVD TOOLS

LED manufacturing tools evolve

in efficiency and flexibility
Despite double-digit growth rates and changes of focus in the LED industry, CAROLINE HAYES explains
that the metal organic chemical-vapor deposition tool market has enjoyed moderate growth while
the tools become more efficient and work with a variety of substrates.

W
hile the power LED component
market has increased its scope,
moving from use in mobile phone,
computer, and TV displays to general light-
ing, the increase in demand that this expan-
sion has caused has not greatly impacted the
companies that make metal organic chemical-
vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactors required
for epitaxial growth in LED manufacturing.
Sales growth has been moderate, although the
MOCVD makers have sought to minimize the
time required for wafer-level epitaxy and also
improve device uniformity. Moreover, the tool
makers are dealing with the need for reactors
to support varying wafer sizes and even sub-
strates beyond the legacy sapphire that has
been prevalent in the LED space.
Jamie Fox, principal analyst at IHS, The Veeco EPIK700 uses the IsoFlange center injection flow and TruHeat wafer coil
explained why demand has not fueled a rush for homogeneous laminar flow and uniform temperature profile.
of orders. If there is only a small increase in
LED demand, manufacturers can keep up, delivery from 4Q14. Companies like Aixtron Aixtrons latest financial results; it will be
using their existing machinery. Although in Germany and Veeco in the United States, included in the next quarterly report.
LED demand has increased a lot, most com- which command around 90% of the MOCVD Aixtron reported an increased loss in
panies have not added machinery but are market, typically achieve two sales per quar- 3Q14 (to September 2014) of 17.9 million
trying to improve production efficiency. ter, according to Fox. The large Aixtron order ($20.3M) from 10.6M ($12M) in 2Q14. The
The cost of new equipment and the low mar- will increase capacity for the leading wafer company reported increased customer inter-
gins for LEDs have kept LED manufacturers and die producer in China, and the substan- est for its non-LED technologies, i.e., power
in a cautious mood. Fox said even companies tial investment is a sign of confidence that management devices. Aixtron has observed
with MOCVD machines at near-100% capac- orders will follow. Other commentators view that its LED customers face competitive
ity often decide not to invest around $2 mil- it as part of Chinas bid to establish itself as industry dynamics.
lion in a machine and risk over-capacity if LED Valley, securing supply to companies
the market should suffer a downturn. in China that are manufacturing end prod- Substrate choices
One company that has taken a bold step ucts for companies in the West. The GaN LED market is a substantial one,
and invested in one of the largest MOCVD Four years ago, LEDs Magazine reported estimated to be worth $14.4 billion in 2013
machine orders recently is Sanan Optoelec- a potential glut in the LED market as com- and forecast to be worth $25.98B in 2018,
tronics. The Chinese powerhouse for gal- panies in China placed multimillion-dollar according to Strategies Unlimited (http://
lium-nitride (GaN)-based LEDs ordered orders for multiple MOCVD reactors (http:// bit.ly/10zl855). GaN MOCVD shipments are
50 Aixtron MOCVD showerhead tools, for bit.ly/1L4YXpS). That report was based on projected by IHS Fox to be 254 reactors in
research by analysts at Strategies Unlim- 2014, most of these in Asia.
CAROLINE HAYES is a contributing editor with ited. Since then, activity has waned. San- Most white power LEDs are GaN-based,
LEDs Magazine. ans order came too late to be included in with the majority of these produced on sap-

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 59

1502leds_59 59 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 The Aixtron phire substrates. There
AIX G5+ has is also GaN-on-SiC (sil-
obtained icon carbide) and GaN-
uniformity on on-Si (silicon). A fourth
200-mm (8- option is GaN-on-GaN,
in.) GaN-on-Si as used by Soraa, the LED
wafers. company that was co-
founded by Shuji Naka-
mura. Nakamura won the
Nobel Prize in Physics with professors Isamu
Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano for developing
the first blue LEDs, which, when combined
with phosphor, yield white light (http://bit.
ly/1DCMmDS).
Wafer or substrate sizes vary significantly.
GaN-on-Si upstarts are focused on 8-in. or
larger wafers, hoping to use mainstream
semiconductor fabs for the back-end of man-
ufacturing after epitaxial growth in MOCVD
reactors. Sapphire LED makers are moving
from 2-in. to 4-in. wafers and will ultimately
go larger. The epitaxial production processes
for all technologies are similar and use the
same deposition methods.
Tool maker impact
There has been some movement in the
amount of companies using the various sub-
strates, said Jim Jensen, senior vice president
of MOCVD technology and business at Veeco.
The company lists Osram, Epistar, Samsung,
LG, and Seoul Semiconductor among its cus-
tomer base. The majority of customers in
the LED space (more than 90%) use GaN-on-
sapphire, noted Jensen, but there has been a
slight shift in the last five to ten years. The
cost of GaN still means that GaN-on-GaN is
used by only one or two customers, in mean-
ingful amounts, he said, but for GaN-on-Si,
it has changed from a lot of R&D activity and
zero production years ago to less R&D and
more production; but GaN-on-Si is still con-
fined to two or three customers.
Silicon is a cost-effective option for many
manufacturers because, as mentioned pre-
viously, it allows the use of existing IC man-
ufacturing equipment and techniques. The
lattice mismatch between GaN and the sili-
con, however, requires a buffer layer to com-
pensate for the misalignment. This may add
complexity and some cost, but it is perceived
as being outweighed by the economies of
scale afforded by both the low initial cost of
silicon wafers and reuse of equipment.
At the moment, Cree stands alone, promot-
ing its GaN-on-SiC technology, while Soraa
promotes the GaN-on-GaN LED architec-
ture as having a near-perfect crystal struc-
ture. The homogenous wafer and growth
layers result in the ability of an LED chip to
support a higher power density and produce
more light from a smaller area.
GaN is interesting, said Jensen. It is
more efficient, produces higher yields and
ultimately brighter devices, but it is pro-
hibitively expensive. Without a dramatic
change in pricing, to overcome the x100
price tag compared with
sapphire, or the possibility
of reuse, he does not see its
use increasing.
GaN-on-Si prospects
Two years ago, Aixtron
addressed GaN-on-Si tech-
nology with the introduc-
tion of the AIX G5+, 5200-
mm hardware and process
capabilities for the AIX G5
planetary reactor. These
capabilities are now avail-
able as part of the compa-
nys AIX G5 family.
For the German com-
pany, GaN-on-Si is a focus
area. Rainer Beccard, vice
president of marketing for
Aixtron, said at the G5+
introduction that GaN-on-
Si is a very promising can-

60 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_60 60 2/9/15 11:20 AM


didate for future high performance and low cost high-brightness LED
(HB-LED) manufacturing. He went on to say that the transition to
200-mm (8-in.) standard silicon wafers with the G5+ is the next logical
step as it offers unique economies of scale, referring to wafer size and
material for cost-effective manufacturing processes. The larger wafers
translate into lower cost of ownership enabled by more die per wafer.
Yield is not the overriding issue for the MOCVD market. Unifor-
mity ranks high as it enables LEDs with matching flux and color
profiles. In turn, uniformity increases productivity and therefore
reduced manufacturing costs.
For the AIX G5+, initial customer feedback notes that the fully
rotationally symmetrical uniformity pattern on all five 200-mm
wafers, the use of standard-thickness silicon substrates, and the
controlled wafer box behavior is exactly what they require for a sil-
icon-style manufacturing. Being able to obtain uniformity pattern
on 200-mm GaN-on-Si wafers is seen as a mark of success in tech-
nological development.
Veeco tells the same story: Uniformity and capacity are para-
mount. Its TurboDisc EPIK700 GaN MOCVD system more than dou-
bles capacity of the earlier-generation machine. It is available in one-
and two-reactor formats and can accommodate 31 4-in. wafers on
each reactor, for a total of 61 wafers on the two-reactor model. It
accommodates six 8-in. wafers per chamber, or 12 wafers on the
two-reactor model, or 12 6-in. wafers/24 for the two-reactor ver-
sion. The company estimates that it can achieve a cost-per-wafer
savings of up to 20% compared to the previous generations by vir-
tue of improved wafer uniformity, reduced operating expenses, and
increased productivity.
General lighting market
The transition to LED use in general lighting applications has
also impacted the MOCVD tool makers. In general lighting LEDs,
A Veeco MOCVD engineer
sets the recipe for the
TurboDisc EPIK700 GaN
MOCVD system.
LEDsmagazine.com
1502leds_61 61
manufacturing | MOCVD TOOLS
advances have required efficient capital investment, cost of owner-
ship, and performance in terms of throughput and uniformity, said
Jensen. He summed it up as Efficiency of capital is [the calculation
of] wafer, per day, per dollar.
Customers always push suppliers on uniformity, added Jensen,
heightening the specs. This is not expressed in a single formula,
he noted. Some customers measure uniformity in percentages or in
terms of sigma measurement or wavelength uniformity depend-
ing on the process the customer uses. The EPIK700 uses both Iso-
Flange center injection flow technology to control the flow of gas
onto the substrate and the disk, and the TruHeat wafer coil to con-
trol temperature and provide a homogeneous laminar flow and uni-
form temperature across the entire wafer carrier.
Another relatively recent change is the vogue in wafer sizes. Five
years ago, explained Jensen, the majority was 2-in. wafers, with
4-in. wafers pushing through and some 6-in. [wafers]. Now there is
a few more 6-in. wafers, the majority is 4-in. wafers, perhaps 40%,
with less than 5% being 8-in. GaN-Si wafers and the balance being
2-in. wafers.
Wafer sizes may change, bringing some adjustments to MOCVD
equipment, but equipment companies are also introducing change
at the pace expected of a reasonably mature market. It is subject to
the end goals of customers who strive to maximize capital efficiency
while competing on price in a consumer-driven end market.
FEBRUARY 2015 61
2/9/15 11:20 AM
 Our esteemed judging panel is proud to announce these nalists

Packaged LEDs and OLED Panels
Philips Lighting, Lumiblade Brite FL300 OLED panel
Philips Lumileds, Luxeon COB LED with
CrispWhite technology
Cree, Cree Xlamp High-Density LEDs
Modular SSL Light Engines
Osram Sylvania, PrevaLED Cube AC LED module
LED Engin, LuxiTune generation 3.0 dimmable
light engine
Seoul Semiconductor, Acrich 2 AC-LED module
LED Drivers
Osram Sylvania, Optotronic linear programmable
drivers
eldoLED/Acuity, SOLOdrive 360 drivers
LumaStream, Trinity 12 DMX LED driver and
control system
ICs and Electronic Components
Inneon Technologies, ILD6150 step-down driver IC
Maxim Integrated Circuits, MAX16840 LED Driver IC
with MOSFET
Texas Instruments, AC-LED Floating Switch
Architecture/ TPS92411
SSL Enabling Technologies
Cambridge Nanotherm, Nanotherm LC LED substrate
Khatod Electronic, SIO3 silicone lens for
COB LEDs
Rubicon Technology, Large diameter patterned
sapphire substrates
SSL Tools and Test
Mentor Graphics, T3Ster, TeraLED, and FloEFD
simulation tools
United Power Research Technology, UPRtek advanced
MK350S meter
Chroma Systems Solutions, Chroma 5102 LED lamp
test system
SSL Lamp Design
Soraa, AR111 LED lamp with SNAP
Soraa, PAR30 LED lamp
Green Creative, BR30 Cloud LED lamp
Indoor SSL Luminaire Design
Eatons Cooper Lighting, Neo-Ray Index
pendant luminaire
Eatons Cooper Lighting, Metalux SkyBar
high-bay luminaire
Finelite, Series 11 LED Micro Prole cove
Litecontrol/Hubbell Lighting, Litecontrol Lightweave
Industrial SSL Luminaire Design
ALLED Lighting Systems, RAYdiant high-bay luminaire
Eatons Cooper Lighting, Metalux SkyBar
high-bay luminaire
Horner Lighting Group, 2-Tube Remote Phosphor
LED linear
Outdoor SSL Luminaire Design
Eatons Cooper Lighting, McGraw-Edison TopTier LED
parking garage luminaire
Kim Lighting/Hubbell Lighting, Lightvault 8 Bluetooth
in-grade luminaire
Sportsliter Solutions/Hubbell Lighting, ArenaLED
luminaire
Specialty SSL Luminaire Design
Once, AgriShift JLL
Shat-R-Shield, LED Vapor Tight LED luminaire
Tempo Industries, Tempo T-Bar House Lighting system
Smart SSL Technology
Cree, SmartCast technology
DimOnOff, Litenode Wireless Control system
Arborlight, LightWell 16 SSL daylight emulator
Philips Color Kinetics, SkyRibbon IntelliHue Linear
Direct Powercore

Illumineer of the Year

Eric Senders, Bob Zona, Rene Helbing, Mushfeque Manzur, and Catherine Othick; Philips Lumileds Luxeon COB LED with CrispWhite Technology
Michael Forbis, Jon Mapel, Rob Ellis, Max Shtein, and P.C. Ku; Arborlight LightWell 16 SSL Daylight Emulator
Bernard Tetu; DimOnOff Litenode Wireless Control System

Winners will be announced at:

Sapphire Awards Gala Dinner February 25, 2015 7:30pm - 11:00pm Sands Expo & Convention Center Las Vegas, NV

VISIT US TODAY! ledsmagazine.com/sapphire

SPONSORED BY:

1502leds_62 62 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 connectivity | SMART SSL

Integrating the Internet of Awareness

into our smart SSL systems
TOM GRIFFITHSprojects the role that interconnected LED-based lighting systems will play in hosting
sensors and adding awareness as the Internet of Things comes to our buildings.

T
he phrase Internet of Things (IoT) what e-coupons we actually use and where ID and location for the IoT to be of value to
is being used so often that it would we use them, with details that include the us. The things will need to know about the
be easy to write it off as simply the time of day, the day of the week, our loca- space and what is going inside it. An Inter-
latest buzzword for objects with Internet tion, and what other coupons weve used in net of Awareness will need to be created to
Protocol (IP) addresses. While the age of the proximity. This successful data-mining complement the Internet of Things. Those
ubiquitous Internet-connected toasters is might initially seem intrusive, but as the microspaces will need sensors.
not quite upon us, the next era of
device interconnectivity certainly Luminaires/lamps
is here now, and the coming growth Big data
LED
of connectedness is undeniable. - Analytics
In buildings, we are moving rapidly - Data aggregation
Wi-Fi/BLE/ZigBee - Services
toward a future where all physical LED manufacturers
systems including lighting, HVAC, Smart
security, and others will rely on Power AC-DC lighting
Internet-enabled components, sen- manager
sors, and subsystems. Such a reality, Wired
however, will require that we first CO Sensor fusion networking
resolve the need to create awareness CO2
Routers/PoE
in the subsystems an Internet of Temp. / Building
Awareness, if you will. LED-based Hum. IoT + Energy harvesting management
lighting is an ideal place to integrate systems
Fire Spectral
NAV
such awareness combined with the Smoke sensing
functionality required for smart
lighting systems. FIG. 1. The Internet of Things in a commercial building will include connectivity of diverse
To see the potential of connected- systems including lighting, security, HVAC, and more, ultimately with cloud-connected
ness, all we have to do is look into our building management systems in control.
pockets and see our smartphones.
Such devices, combined with apps and the app adapts to the individual users patterns, Age of awareness
cloud, are already cognizant of where we are more and more of the offers begin to actually Our built environments have some very com-
and already predicting what we might be fit our lifestyles, predicting when were in the mon ingredients, including walls, windows,
doing or more to the commercial point, shopping mode, and what we might actually furnishings, HVAC systems, and lighting.
what might be interesting to us. be shopping for. At that point, the connect- Due to the combination of its hardwired
The point of this connectedness is to cre- edness moves from simple advertising into electrical nature and its ubiquity across our
ate more interaction with the space around becoming a value service. microspaces, lighting is the natural sys-
us. As we drive by the local shopping center, In the same way, the spaces we occupy, tem to host many of the sensor systems that
apps such as RetailMeNot will push offers the so-called microspaces in our daily lives create the Internet of Awareness that will
and coupons at us. While initially some- most often our offices or homes are enable the IoT (Fig. 1).
what random, it doesnt take long for the poised to become the primary value deliv- While the concept of connected lighting
cloud-based servers to begin to correlate ery point for IoT value services. And while doesnt sound particularly earthshaking,
all those things in the IoT will be ready the reality is that very few of todays light-
TOM GRIFFITHS is marketing manager for and willing to respond to our preferences ing installations can really be called con-
sensor driven lighting at ams (http://ams.com). and needs, theyll need more than just our nected. A modern building management

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 63

1502leds_63 63 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 connectivity | SMART SSL
system may be able to command banks of
light on or off in a prescribed schedule, tally
the overall trend of occupancy sensor trig-
gers in a series of spaces, or may even be
able to infer the amount of energy usage/
savings that those events trigger. But in
regard to the benefits of connectivity,
things pretty much stop there.
In reality, prior to the start of the LED-
based solid-state lighting (SSL) revolution,
there really wasnt much to control beyond
on and off. Today, SSL systems enable pre-
cise dimming based on light and occupancy
sensing and even color tuning for produc-
tivity or preference, and a place to layer
other sensors.
Indeed, recent component advances are
enhancing both the capabilities and con-
nectedness of our lighting (Fig. 2). The light-
ing-centric sensing provides a preview of the
coming tsunami of sensor-driven aware-
ness that will include not only informa-
tion on lighting levels and energy usage, but
data that will encompass everything from
air quality and space utilization to the wear-
able-transmitted vital signs of the users of
those spaces.
Step 1: Sense it
Now lets discuss the hierarchy of embed-
ding awareness. The whole point of the
Internet of Awareness is sensing, so the
critical determiner of any architecture will
be what we intend to sense. The architec-
ture in Fig. 3 begins from integrated occu-
pancy and ambient light sensing as part of
a smart lighting manager IC, on top of which
AS7211
UART
Network
bridge Smart 0 -10V
lighting
I 2C PWM1
Sensors manager
0 -10V PWM2
Dimmer
Photopic
sensors PWM3
Occupancy
SPI
PROM
FIG. 2. Sensors integrated into luminaires enable optimal tuning of task lighting,
daylight harvesting, occupancy detection, and even color tuning in smart lighting
systems.
64 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_64 64
the system integrator can add such things
as temperature, humidity, CO/CO2, motion,
and presence sensing. Some of these sen-
sor additions, such as direction of travel
motion/presence, are useful information for
the lighting system, while others are pass-
through information that will be provided
in response to building management system
(BMS) queries for the data.
To facilitate sensor extensibility, industry-
The basic defnition of smart lighting implies,
at a minimum, luminaire-centric sensing and
control. Then functionality can evolve.
standard platforms should be considered. In
the previous example, the microprocessor
industry I 2C serial interface has been cho-
sen for core expansion. Simple UART-based
connectivity, such as RS-485, can also be
employed, with or without distributed intel-
ligence, the need for which would be driven
by the frequency and volume of the sensor
data being captured. Whether you look at
it as sensors, with intelligence at no extra
charge, or vice versa, the simplest approach
for widely distributed sensing will be a sin-
gle dedicated controller that includes one or
more integrated sensors.
Step 2: Control it
In terms of both performance and cost, there
are many different aspects of a next-gener-
ation luminaire that benefit from sensors
and local control. Once we know what were
Ballast
Fluorescent drive
dimming
ballast
LED
LED
drive
drivers
AS3834
Daylighting
control
going to sense, step 2 in the development of
the Internet of Awareness becomes control
of our lighting system. Welcome to smart
lighting.
Given the lighting industrys century-
long track record of simply needing to bring
the specified voltage (directly or through a
ballast) to a socket into which a bulb was
installed, the move to engineering, rather
than just mechanically integrating light
sources, is proving to be painful to many
of the lighting-industry players. A standard
approach is often to delegate the LED light
engine and power system designs to know-
ledgeable suppliers who can deliver an off-
the-shelf or semi-custom plug-and-play
solution.
As market requirements move forward,
however, more than a few of the thousands of
lighting manufacturers have been left won-
dering how they add California Title 24-com-
pliant daylight responsiveness into a subsys-
tem they didnt really engineer in the first
place. With the coming need to engineer our
lighting into the IoT, implementing a truly
extensible sensing and IoT-capable lighting
system can add an order of magnitude to the
challenge. Fortunately, challenge equates to
opportunity, and the semiconductor indus-
try is poised to ride in to the rescue.
New sensor-fused intelligent compo-
nent solutions that can simply be inserted
between the luminaires and their existing
control points, such as dimmers and occu-
pancy sensors, are arriving now. The exam-
ple in Fig. 4 illustrates one example of a sen-
sor-driven smart lighting manager that
illustrates basic control within the lumi-
naire. In this architecture, the smart light-
ing manager is placed between the 010V
dimmer control and the LED or fluorescent
luminaires 010V dimming input to the bal-
last. In this most basic intelligence-enabled
luminaire, sliding the dimmer opens the
control loop, directly varying the fixtures
lumen output, which changes the illumi-
nation level of the space. Once adjustment
is completed, the built-in daylighting sen-
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 11:20 AM
 connectivity | SMART SSL

Controls

0 -10V

Sensors I2C Smart

(presence,
lighting manager
daylight)

CO
CO2 IoT

Temp./
WSN
Hum.
Physical
LOC space

Fire
Smoke Wearables

FIG. 3. The wired lighting system makes the luminaire the

ideal place to integrate sensors, and lighting-management
functionality can be used to enable support for other
automated building systems via temperature, safety, location,
and other sensors.

sor reads the resulting lux (lumens per square meter) of the target
space, and enters a closed-loop control mode that will maintain
that new target lux.
As daylight enters the space, the luminaires output is seamlessly
adjusted to keep that constant lux on the target. Over the long term,
as the fluorescent lamps or LED emitters experience their normal
lumen depreciation, or even as the fixture gets dusty, the closed-loop
nature of the system will also adjust the luminaire output to sim-
ply maintain the lux in the target space regardless of the changing
nature of the emission source.

Step 3: Connect it
An extensible lighting manager added to the system will also pro-
vide a connection point to off-the-shelf networking options, mak-
ing the otherwise daunting task of connecting the individual lumi-
naires to the IoT a manageable challenge. Adding on to the example
from before, the smart lighting manager in Fig. 5 illustrates a serial
UART connection that provides a straightforward connection to
standard networking platforms.
Borrowing some ideas from the old dial-up Hayes modem
days, the manager responds through the UART to simple AT-type
(modem) text commands, creating a driverless command interface.
The network component provider will have done the heavy lifting
that implements the stacks and protocols for such popular wireless
connectivity approaches as Bluetooth (BLE/Smart), Wi-Fi, and Zig-
Bee, as well as wired versions including Ethernet.
Application-level embedded or reference code from the light-
ing manager supplier then bridges the gap between the network
controller and the lighting manager, as well providing any needed

FEBRUARY 2015

1502leds_65 65 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 connectivity | SMART SSL

AC fuorescent/LED current ballast hooks to a core set of additional controls or

protocols that can be expected to make use
of the UART connection, including DALI
0 -10V or (digital addressable lighting interface)
Dimming input or even good old RS-485. With reference
digital PWM
design approaches, a delivered integration
kit will include Bluetooth connectivity to
Temp. / an Android or iPhone or wired connectiv-
Humidity ity that implements text-based commands
Fluorescent or such as Set_Lux_Target, Read_Lux_Level,
LED luminaire
or Set_Luminaire_Output_Level (with GUI-
Vitals
based scrolls, selectors, or sliders, of course).

Air quality/ And then Evolve it

CO/CO2 With such baseline architecture to work
from, the lighting manufacturer can
evolve the functionality. The basic defini-
Presence Smart ZigBee tion of smart lighting implies, at a mini-
Occupancy
I2 C lighting Wi-Fi mum, luminaire-centric sensing and con-
sensing UART
manager AT
0 -10V (AS72xx) BLE trol. As we have seen in example after
Local commands
control example, from our entertainment devices
0 -10V Dimmer, OCC to our automobiles, once intelligence is
dimmer introduced and semiconductor technolo-
EEPROM gies can be turned loose on high-volume
systems, the costs scale down while the
value-added features and capabilities scale
FIG. 4. Once sensor support is integrated in lighting, a building management system up with only minor increments in cost. As
can control both the lighting and other building systems. the basic smart lighting architecture is put
in place in most luminaires and in every
space, the evolution of the smart lighting
sensor hub will move at a rapid pace. As
Wi-Fi Network AT cost-effective processing power increases,
BLE client commands items such as arrayed presence detection
BacNet
ZigBee KNX
AT will be enhanced to include detailed peo-
LON ple counting and direction of travel and
Controls AT command
interface Power AT dwell time information, all compiled and
commands summarized for the BMS to use in broader
0 -10V
UART space planning.
AT LUX
100% 500
CCT
6000

Sensors I2C Smart PWM Individualized data will also be incorpo-

(presence, lighting LED
daylight) driver rated into self-learning approaches, which
manager AT
2800

(AS72xx) Lamp
TARGET TARGET

will then optimize the space around us in

commands
a variety of ways. Our personal wearable
CO, CO2 IoT Remote management
AT Analytics technologies, whether the simple RFID in
Temp./ WSN Energy savings our employee badges or more complex data
Hum. communication from our bio-monitoring
Connecting smart watches, will be used to correlate our
LOC the physical to
the digital space
presence and status with our learned prefer-
Physical Digital
Fire Wearables space space ences to deliver everything from customized
Smoke lighting scenes to optimized temperature
and humidity levels. All of these capabilities
Environment (physical) Digital mobility will come without a significant added cost,
courtesy of the cognition available from our
FIG. 5. Standard wired and wireless networks will carry the relatively simple intelligent sensor-integrated smart lighting
commands and data passed between physical building systems and the building systems serving as sensor hubs for the com-
management devices. ing Internet of Awareness.

66 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_66 66 2/9/15 11:20 AM

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1502leds_68 68 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 developer forum | SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTION
Protect an LED driver against
output shorts to ground
Applications such as automotive LED lighting often locate LEDs remotely from the driver, creating a
need for added short-circuit protection, explains JOHN RICE.
T
he non-synchronous, boost, power-
conversion topology is often used in
LED drivers in instances where the
input voltage (VIN) is insufficient to forward
bias a series/parallel set of LED strings. This
inductive switching topology creates the
compliance voltage necessary to achieve LED
current regulation and is commonly used in
LCD backlighting applications. In applica-
tions where the LED matrix is remote from
the driver for example, automotive inte-
rior and exterior lighting the possibility of
an output short to ground is real and can be
catastrophic. A protection circuit that lim-
its current and acts as an electronic circuit
breaker can prevent catastrophic failures.
As illustrated in Fig. 1, the input of a boost
converter is physically connected to its out-
put through the boost inductor (L1) and
boost diode (D1). Consequently, a short con-
dition on the output can saturate the boost
inductor and cause a current spike suffi-
cient to damage the boost diode. Worse yet,
the short can also disrupt everything con-
nected to the input including the pulse-
width-modulation (PWM) controller. Clearly,
some form of circuit protection is necessary
in using this topology to power remote LEDs.
Lets consider a versatile and low-cost circuit
that can be optimized to protect the boost
converter and input from shorted load con-
ditions. Moreover, we will present a circuit
simulation that verifies the desired response.
Current limiter and electronic
circuit breaker
The current shunt monitor (CSM) is a pre-
cision, high-gain differential current-sense
JOHN RICE (ti_ johnrice@list.ti.com) is a power
systems engineer and senior member of the
Group Technical Staff at Texas Instruments.
LEDsmagazine.com
1502leds_69 69
Negative feedback loop
L1
+ D1
VIN
PWM controller
FIG. 1. An LED driver circuit based on the non-isolated boost topology.
amplifier often used to monitor input and
output current. Fig. 2 illustrates the typical
configuration. This particular device inte-
grates an open drain comparator that can
be programmed to trip, latch, and reset at a
preprogrammed line current.
The output of the comparator can be
used to control an external MOSFET switch
that can interrupt a load short within a few
microseconds. In addition to interrupting
input current under a fault condition on
the output, the analog output can be used
to address the so-called negative input
impedance of a switching regulator that
will cause input current to increase as the
input voltage decreases.
Clamping the input can be achieved by
connecting the input current with the out-
put current in a logical or configuration.
The goal is to create a composite feedback
signal that drives the PWM controller as
depicted in Fig. 3. The CSM then overrides
the output current feedback and forces the
LED current to decrease as the input voltage
drops below a preset level, thereby limiting
the input current.
Circuit operation
Fig. 4 illustrates the circuit implementation
of a boost converter LED driver with output
+
T1 Vc Cout
LED
-
short-circuit protection. The Osram Opto
Semiconductors Ostar LED shown in the cir-
cuit is a device targeting automotive head-
lamp applications and is actually a mono-
lithic, five-die LED on an insulated metal
substrate. The device has a surge current
rating of 2A for less than 10 s and a typi-
cal forward voltage of 18V at 1A. The DC/DC
boost converter senses the forward LED cur-
rent at the feedback pin and adjusts the out-
put voltage sufficiently to regulate the LED
current. The LED current is set by the sense
resistor (RSNS) and its value is proportional
to the internal bandgap reference of the
PWM converter (RSNS = VREF/ILED). Using
a boost converter with a low reference volt-
age facilitates higher converter efficiency
and reduces component thermal stress.
Although inherently capable of achieving
an operating life of over 50,000 hours, the
LED is sensitive to temperature and electri-
cal overstress and their dynamic impedance
characteristic often challenges switching
regulator component selection and con-
trol loop design. The challenges are docu-
mented in an application note (http://bit.
ly/1Cch4q5). As such, a simulation of the
circuit in Fig. 4 was developed to analyze
the complexities of the LED driver/protec-
tion circuit and anticipate circuit behavior
FEBRUARY 2015 69
2/9/15 11:20 AM
 developer forum | SHORT- CIRCUIT PROTECTION

under varied operating conditions. Rshunt lload:1

The PWM controller chosen for this analy- +
sis has a feedback reference voltage of 0.26V. Vin
ILOAD
So, at 1A of LED current, only 0.26W is dissi-
pated in the LED sense resistor. Because the U1 CSM
CSM has a gain of 50, a much smaller-value INA201
V+ VIN+ Rpull-up 10k
sense resistor is used for sensing the output OUT
+ VIN-
current. When the current through the CSM
VS R1 0.6V REF
shunt resistor exceeds a programmed limit CMP_out
set by the CSM sense resistor, CSM gain and CMP OUT
CMP IN
comparator threshold (R, R), the PMOS pass R2 GND RESET
transistor interrupts load current acting
as an electronic circuit breaker.
The latched output can be reset by toggling FIG. 2. A current shunt monitor component adds protection.
the RESET pin low. However, for the purpose
of this article, the RESET has been disabled to To PMW feedback pin
examine the speed of response. The response
speed and peak currents depend on many From input current RFB From output LED
variables. These include component selec- shunt monitor current sense resistor
tion, CSM bandwidth, noise filter, output D1 R1 R2 D2
capacitance, FET selection, and output boost
inductor. Collectively, these factors affect the OP1 OP2
converters output impedance. To accurately
assess behavior, we ran the simulation with a
maximum time step set at 50 ns, and the DC FIG. 3. The input current limiter relies on sensing input and output current.
relative tolerance set to 0.001%. The analysis
was done in TINA-TI, a free Berkeley SPICE 3f5 the CSM is placed on the output where it If placed on the input to the boost con-
compatible simulator (http://bit.ly/1JfpQUu). senses current through a 10-m shunt verter, a CSM with a lower CMR can be
The 5-ms simulation of the boost converter placed in series with the output PMOS pass selected. However, placing the CSM on
operating at 300 kHz runs start-up to steady element (T5). Depending on placement of the the output bypasses the boost inductor
state in just under 30 seconds. CSM, the circuit will protect against internal and facilitates a faster reaction time to a
and/or external short conditions. However, short condition. Regardless of where the
Where to place the CSM the CSM must be designed with sufficient CSM is placed, an RC filter should be used
The CSM can be placed on the input or out- common mode range (CMR) under all oper- to attenuate noise and resonance ringing
put of the boost converter. In this simulation, ating conditions. that may occur as a result of abrupt di/dt

VBATT
U1 TPS40211 C4 100n C8 13.3u
RT 249k
TPS40211 L1 33u
RC VIN C10 1u RSer 20m
SS BP Rshunt 10m
SD1 MBR360 T5 CSD25310Q2 VOUT
Cc 2.2n DIS DIS GDRV
COMP ISNS Lp 3n SW1
ISW Cboost 3.3u RTOP Z1 IOUT
Rc 20k FB GND 3.3k VG t
RF2 100 Cout LED
Cc2 47p Transient model R5 10
CT T1 SQ3426EEV 100n
RF1 100 RBOT 6.8k
220p ILED
Css 47n R13 49k
R8 1k Cf1 3.3n FB
C5 1n Rbsns 30m VCC
T2 2N7002
FB
R9 10k Rsns 250m
IIN Lflter 2.2u U2 INA201
VBATT VCC
Cf 100n V+ INA201
R14 4.7k Vout_CSM VIN+
VIN OUT
Cb 330u
T4 2N3904 VIN-
VCC
Z2 VCC Rt 8k 0.6V REF
R1 3.3k
Cr 100n CMP OUT
R15 10k Rb 2k CMP IN
VCC
GND RESET T3 2N7002
DIS

FIG. 4. The LED boost driver circuit with shorted load fault protection.

70 FEBRUARY 2015 LEDsmagazine.com

1502leds_70 70 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 developer forum | SHORT- CIRCUIT PROTECTION

events through the shunt resistor. A small than 250 ns. These devices are optimized
100 resistor and differential capacitor can for backplane hot card insertion but may
be placed with a time constant three times provide a higher-performance solution
larger than the estimated Lp/R time con- than what has been demonstrated here
stant of the shunt where Lp is the parasitic (http://bit.ly/1CgJtLx).
shunt inductance. Since the gain error and
bandwidth of the CSM is adversely affected Failure averted
by this noise filter, it is important to keep The circuit presented and simulated inter-
the filter value small. rupts and also limits the input/output cur-
rent of a boost-converter LED driver under
Simulation results varied load conditions. The circuit was
The simulation result is presented in Fig. optimized for use in an automotive LED
5. Vg is the control voltage to the PMOS headlamp driver. We showed that achiev-
FET and is set at 6V under normal con- ing optimal circuit response time necessi-
ditions. Optimization is necessary depend- tates careful analysis and component selec-
ing on the threshold voltage of the FET, tion. Integrating these sensitivities into a
gate charge, and saturation
characteristics. Minimizing 18.27
voltage on the gate can
Vout
improve reaction time, and
the pull-up resistor should 0.00
be selected to minimize the 1.07
interrupting period. Note ILED
that the input current and
gate voltage are shown with 0.00
5.40 Iin slow FET
a high gate charge (purple),
and low gate charge (blue) Iin
MOSFET.
-688.97mV
It is evident that the lower 0.00
gate charge device minimizes
current seen at the input. Vg
Selecting a MOSFET and gate Vgate slow FET
-7.69
drive circuit to achieve opti- 3.09
mal response are important
Vout_CSM
considerations, as is limit-
ing the di/dt and satisfy- 330.21mV
ing the MOSFET safe oper- 2.32ms 2.51ms 2.70ms
Time
ating requirements. These
are complex design consid- FIG. 5. The simulated circuit documents the behavior of
erations not easily analyzed; the protection circuit.
therefore, they are best simu-
lated and confirmed on the bench. comprehensive time-domain circuit simu-
Specialized test software is available on lation helps to comprehend circuit behav-
some oscilloscopes such as Tektronix prod- ior over operating conditions and compo-
ucts to calculate switch power loss against nent selection.
MOSFET safe operating curves (http://bit. Specialized hot swap controllers are
ly/15z9REj). Simulation suggests a response available with specialized features and
less than 2 s in duration, resulting in an optimized performance and should be con-
input current of less than 6A before the sidered. In either case, careful analysis is
current is interrupted. The selection of necessary when implementing a circuit to
the interrupting FET will impact the peak interrupt or limit power. Designing a robust
input and output current. High-perfor- protection circuit for an LED driver is com-
mance, hot-swap controllers driving high plex and software like TINA-TI, SPICE, and
side NMOS devices are another option and WEBENCH are helpful tools in accelerating
able to achieve interrupting times of less the analysis and design.

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2015 71

1502leds_71 71 2/9/15 11:20 AM

 last word
Incandescent bulb legislation
doesnt matter
Governments may or may not enforce inefficient bulb bans, but MIKE WATSON,
vice president of product strategy at Cree, writes that consumers are driving the
SSL revolution.
J
anuary 2015 marked the one-year anni-
versary of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) inefficient lamp phase-
out, commonly referred to as the incandes-
cent bulb ban. Enforcement of the phase-
out has recently been defunded as a result of
a new government-spending bill. Despite the
end of funding to enforce the incandescent
ban, this legislation doesnt actually matter.
To better understand why this is so, we
need to first remember its roots. In 2007, Con-
gress passed the Energy Independence and
Security act, which initiated the phase-out
of inefficient light bulbs. This law effectively
banned the importation and domestic man-
ufacture of the most commonly used house-
hold incandescent bulbs. For the purpose of
energy policy, the EPA believed that the Edi-
son-era incandescent bulbs were wasting sig-
nificant amounts of energy and needed to be
replaced with energy-efficient alternatives.
Fast-forward a month after enforcement
of the incandescent phase-out was defunded,
youll find the energy-efficient lighting mar-
ket is in full swing. Manufacturers are pro-
ducing bulbs with higher efficiency than ever
before, retailers are promoting energy-effi-
cient bulbs on their shelves, and consumer
LED bulb sales are steadily increasing. The
enthusiastic replacement of century-old
inefficient lighting with better LED lighting
is proof that consumer choice is the driving
force behind meaningful market transforma-
tion. Consumers deserve lighting alternatives
that arent just energy efficient but are better
and deliver more economical light.
According to Crees own consumer sur-
veys, the ability to reduce in-home energy
72 FEBRUARY 2015
1502leds_72 72
costs without compromising the lighting
experience is the most important factor for
consumers when theyre choosing a light
bulb. Weve also found that most consumers
are interested in LED bulbs because they last
longer than traditional incandescent bulbs,
and are environmentally friendly. In the
end, consumers are making educated, well
thought-out choices in light-
ing, with or without legisla-
tion or its enforcement.
Even as consumers continue
to evaluate and make lighting
choices in favor of energy-effi-
cient LED bulbs, many regu-
lators are still concerned that
the unenforced incandescent
ban could set the country back
in the execution of energy-effi-
cient policies. This would be
true and problematic if the industry and con-
sumers werent already headed in the direc-
tion of energy efficiency. The lighting indus-
try and consumers have been taking and
will continue to take energy efficiency and
choice in lighting technology into their own
hands. As a result, competition in the light-
ing industry is heating up. Ultimately, this is
to the benefit of consumers, the economy, and
our nations energy-efficiency aspirations.
Look at the consumer lighting market
today and youll see a wide range of energy-
efficient options that didnt exist a few years
ago. In the past two years alone, the quality
of light from LEDs has risen sharply and the
price has significantly dropped. For instance,
in 2013, we were the first to offer consumers
an LED bulb that actually looked and worked
like an incandescent bulb for under $10, while
delivering 25x the lifetime of typical incan-
descent bulbs and reducing energy consump-
tion by 84%. Other bulb brands are following
suit, and as a result, the number of cost-effec-
tive, quality LED options will only continue to
increase as more consumers become aware
of a light bulbs impact on their wallets. Fur-
ther, the smart home market
will evolve. This means adop-
tion of LED bulbs will grow, as
the market utilizes the inher-
ent advantages of LED tech-
nology to deliver even greater
value to consumers. Overall,
we see the outlook for LED
bulbs as very promising.
Legislation and enforce-
ment, well intended or not,
can only go so far. The irony
of the bulb ban is that it was never driven
by the LED industry it was driven by the
very incandescent lighting incumbents who
had already handpicked halogen as the heir
apparent. What our industry must learn
is that legislative priorities and advocacy,
as seen this past December, continue to
change. What doesnt change, however, is
consumer demand for better lighting alter-
natives that happen to be sustainable. In
2015, we continue to welcome competition
that is working toward one overarching goal:
giving consumers the best lighting experi-
ence possible. By striving to reach this goal,
we can all actively move closer to 100% per-
cent LED adoption, regardless of the status
of government enforcement. The legislation
and its enforcement are simply needless.
LEDsmagazine.com
2/9/15 11:21 AM
 60VIN 350W LED Driver
VIN

IVINP IVINN

VOUT

IVINMON
ISMON
SENSE +
FAULT
3000:1 ing SENSE
PWM
imm GND
PW D
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0 2 4 6 8 10 registered trademarks and True Color PWM is a trademark of Linear
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1502leds_C3 3 2/9/15 10:55 AM

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