Soil Treatment.

Base Layers
with Hydraulic Binders
Soil Treatment

Base Layers with

Hydraulic Binders
 Wirtgen GmbH
Reinhard-Wirtgen-Strasse 2 53578 Windhagen Germany

Phone: +49 (0) 26 45 / 131-0

Fax: +49 (0) 26 45 / 131-242

.
Introduction

Soil Treatment and Base Layers with Hydraulic Our special thanks go to Holcim (Sddeutschland)
Binders is a manual intended as a useful tool to GmbH who have kindly provided us with the
support design engineers, executing companies entire contents of the manual on Soil Treatment
and supervisors in their daily work. and Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders.

The manual presents the different standards, This manual has been translated from German
specications, directives, codes of practice and into English.
own knowledge in such a way that the contents
are made available, in readily understandable form,
in a single, application-based work.

The manual has been compiled based on the

German body of rules and regulations and on the
authors many years of experience. It makes no
claim to be complete or entirely free of errors.
Contents

1 Soil Treatment 11

1.1 Definition of terms 12

1.1.1 Definitions according to the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures
of trafficked surfaces (RStO 12) 12
1.1.2 Terms and body of rules and regulations for soil treatment 14
1.1.3 Correlating rules and regulations with the different layers 16
1.2 Definition of terms in soil treatment 18
1.2.1 Soil stabilization 18
1.2.2 Soil improvement 18
1.2.3 Qualified soil improvement 18
1.2.4 Base layers with hydraulic binders 18
1.3 Geotechnical investigations 19
1.3.1 General 19
1.3.2 Description of soil types according to DIN EN ISO 14688-1 (old: 4022, Part 1) 19
1.3.3 Soil classification according to DIN 18196 20
1.3.3.1 Soil groups 20
1.3.3.2 Principles of soil classification 21
1.3.3.3 Coarse-grained soils 22
1.3.3.4 Mixed-grained soils 22
1.3.3.5 Fine-grained soils 22
1.3.3.6 Organogenic and organic soils 22
1.3.3.7 Chart 23
1.3.3.8 Classifying soils according to their plastic properties 24
1.3.3.8.1 Determining consistency 24
1.3.3.8.2 Plasticity chart for classification of fine-grained soils 25
1.3.3.9 Classifying soils according to DIN 18196 26
1.4 Frost susceptibility of soils and rock of variable strength 30
1.4.1 Classifying soil groups in accordance with frost susceptibility 30
1.4.2 Frost susceptibility after soil improvement with binders 31
1.5 Application 32
1.5.1 Soil improvement 32
1.5.2 Qualified soil improvement 32
1.5.2.1 Reducing pavement thickness by means of qualified soil improvement 34
1.5.2.2 Requirements on qualified soil improvement at subgrade level 35
1.5.3 Soil stabilization 36
1.5.3.1 Soil stabilization not counting toward the pavement 36
1.5.3.2 Soil stabilization counting toward the pavement 37
1.5.3.3 Excerpt from the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
trafficked surfaces (RStO 12), Chart 1 38
1.5.3.4 Excerpt from the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
trafficked surfaces (RStO 12), Chart 2 40
1.6 Basic principles of earthworks 42
1.6.1 Compaction 42
1.6.2 Compaction requirements on subsoil and subgrade 42
1.6.3 Requirements on the subgrade 43
1.6.4 Deformation modulus on the subgrade (minimum 10 percentile) 44
1.6.5 Requirements on compaction characteristics 45
1.7 Quality assurance 46
1.7.1 Tests to be performed prior to construction 46
1.7.1.1 Tests to be performed by the client 46
1.7.1.2 Tests to be performed by the contractor 46
1.7.1.3 Testing specifications for mix designs 49
1.7.2 Tests to be performed during construction 50
1.7.2.1 Type and scope of tests to be performed in soil treatment operations 50
1.7.2.2 Testing methods and testing procedures 52
1.7.2.2.1 Testing methods for testing compaction characteristics 53
1.7.2.2.2 Testing procedures for determining compaction parameters 54
1.7.2.2.3 Testing deformation modulus, correct vertical and horizontal position
and evenness on the subgrade 57
1.8 Soils and mineral construction materials for soil treatment 58
1.8.1 Suitable soils (according to DIN 18196) 58
1.8.2 Soils (according to DIN 18196) and construction materials suitable to a limited extent 58
1.8.3 Non-suitable soils 58
1.8.4 Natural and artificial aggregates and recycled construction materials 59
1.8.5 Sulphate influence 59
1.9 Binders 60
1.9.1 General 60
Contents

1.9.2 Types of binder 60

1.9.3 Mode of binder action 60
1.9.3.1 Building limes 60
1.9.3.2 Cements 62
1.9.3.3 Mixed binders 62
1.9.4 Binders with special properties 63
1.9.4.1 Low-dust binders 63
1.9.4.2 Hydrophobic binders 63
1.9.5 Binder applications 64
1.9.6 Binder processing times 66
1.9.7 Binder reaction times 66
1.10 Water 68
1.11 Effects of weather 70
1.11.1 Precipitation 70
1.11.2 Wind 70
1.11.3 Temperature 71
1.12 Soil treatment Construction 72
1.12.1 Mixing procedures 72
1.12.2 Dust-free addition of binder 72
1.12.3 Mixed-in-place process 74
1.12.3.1 Principles of construction for the mixed-in-place process (all fields of soil treatment) 74
1.12.4 Requirements for soil treatment 80
1.12.4.1 Binder quantity 80
1.12.4.2 Compaction characteristics 80
1.12.4.3 Verification of binder quantity 82
1.12.4.4 Surface 82
1.12.4.5 Evenness 82
1.12.4.6 Paving thickness 82
1.13 Structural backfills 84
1.13.1 Terms 84
1.13.2 Construction materials 84
1.13.2.1 Drainage area 84
1.13.2.2 Backfill and cover fill areas 84
 1.13.3 Compaction 85
1.14 Refilling utility trenches 86
1.14.1 General 86
1.14.2 Working in the binder 86
1.14.3 Compaction 86

2 Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders 91

2.1 General 91
2.2 Terminology 92
2.3 Base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance with the Additional technical
conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB) and soil stabilization in accordance
with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in
road construction (ZTV E-StB) 93
2.4 Principles of production 94
2.4.1 General 94
2.5 Tests Definitions 95
2.5.1 Initial testing (mix design) 95
2.5.2 Factory production control 95
2.5.3 Internal control testing 97
2.5.4 Compliance testing 97
2.6 Construction materials 98
2.6.1 Soils and aggregates for soil stabilization 98
2.6.2 Aggregates and construction material mixtures for hydraulically bound base layers 99
2.6.3 Aggregates and construction material mixtures for concrete base layers 102
2.6.4 Hydraulic binders 103
2.6.5 Water 104
2.6.6 Concrete admixtures / Concrete additives 104
2.7 Requirements on base layers with hydraulic binders 105
2.7.1 Design 105
2.7.2 Pavement layers with binders 105
Contents

2.7.3 Minimum paving thicknesses 105

2.7.3.1 Stabilized layers 105
2.7.3.2 Hydraulically bound base layers 105
2.7.3.3 Concrete base layers 106
2.7.4 Edge design of base layers 106
2.7.4.1 Details of edge design 107
2.7.5 Drainage of base layers 108
2.7.6 Execution at low / high temperatures and frost 108
2.7.7 Correct vertical and horizontal position 108
2.7.8 Evenness 108
2.7.9 Tolerances of paving thickness 109
2.7.10 Grooves or joints 109
2.7.11 Curing 110
2.7.11.1 Table: Summary of requirements on base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance
with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction
of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB) 112
2.8 Producing stabilized layers 114
2.8.1 Requirements on paving mixes for stabilized layers 114
2.8.2 Production 114
2.8.3 Mixed-in-place process 114
2.8.4 Mixed-in-plant process 115
2.8.5 Placing and compaction 116
2.8.6 Requirements on the degree of compaction 116
2.9 Producing hydraulically bound base layers 117
2.9.1 Requirements on the paving mix 117
2.9.2 Production, transport and placing 117
2.9.3 Requirements on the finished layer 118
2.10 Type and scope of testing 119
2.10.1 Initial testing for stabilized layers 119
2.10.2 Initial testing for hydraulically bound base layers 121
2.10.3 Internal control and compliance testing for stabilized layers 122
 2.10.4 Internal control and compliance testing for hydraulically bound base layers 124
2.10.5 Internal control and compliance testing for concrete base layers 125
2.11 Using reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials
in base layers with hydraulic binders 126
2.11.1 General 126
2.11.2 Source materials Aggregates 126
2.11.3 Additives 126
2.11.4 Storing reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials 127
2.11.5 Construction material mixtures 127
2.11.6 Requirements 127
2.11.7 Initial testing 127

References 128

Body of technical rules and regulations 129

1. Soil Treatment
General
Soil treatment with binders (soil improvement and
soil stabilization) comprises a range of proven
construction methods which, from the mid-1950s,
gained increasing economic importance in earth-
works.
The investigations carried out then were the basis
for developing the current body of rules and
regulations and still form the basis of construction
today.
The continued development in earthworks entailing
very short construction times, higher loads (heavy-
vehicle trafc, rapid-transit railway systems etc.)
and the saving of resources whilst complying with
the provisions of the Closed Substance Cycle and
Waste Management Act has changed the bound-
ary conditions of earthwork operations.
The environmental responsibility to reduce CO2
emissions has an additional impact on framework
conditions in the construction industry.
These developments require building in poor
weather conditions using the native soils, or the
environmentally compatible use of soils, aggre-
gates and recycled construction materials.
Soil treatment offers just the right solutions and
ideal economic conditions to meet these chal-
lenges.
The soil-binder mixtures lead to a permanent
increase in bearing capacity (even in the event of
water ingress), signicantly improve shear strength
and considerably reduce settlement behaviour.
These properties enable them to be used in many
areas of earthworks and road construction.
10 l 11
1.1 Denition of terms

1.1.1 Denitions according to the Directives for the standardization of the

superstructures of trafcked surfaces (RStO 12)
Pavement Concrete surfacing
Surfacing plus one or several base layers. Single-layer or dual-layer concrete surfacing.

Fully bound pavement Stone paving

Asphalt pavement: asphalt surfacing and base
layer on subgrade.
Concrete pavement: concrete surfacing, bre mat
and base layer with hydraulic binder directly on
subgrade.
Asphalt surfacing
Asphalt binder course plus overlying asphalt
surface course or asphalt surface course only.
Paving blocks, paving bedding and jointing.
Slab paving
Slabs, slab bedding and jointing.
Combined base and surface course
Single-layer asphalt course which has the dual
function of surfacing and base layer.

Embankment Cut

Asphalt surfacing
Asphalt base layer or base layer
with hydraulic binder

Gravel or crushed-stone base

Frost blanket

Subsoil / subgrade (possibly stabilized)

Subgrade
Pavement
Shoulder

Subgrade q * 2.5% q * 4.0% Subsoil

after soil treatment at crown
q * 4.0%
for soils susceptible
to water
Base layer Subsoil
Base underlying the surfacing and, depending on Soil or rock lying immediately below the pavement
formulation, distinguished into: or subgrade.

> Base layer without binder Subgrade

- Frost blanket Articial earth structure between subsoil and
- Crushed-stone base pavement.
- Gravel base

> Base layer with binder

- Stabilized layer with hydraulic binders
- Hydraulically bound base
- Concrete base
- Asphalt base

> Base layer with special properties

- Roller-compacted concrete base
- Porous concrete base

12 l 13
1.1.2 Terms and body of rules and regulations for soil treatment

Area of application Subsoil / Subgrade

Generic term Soil treatment

Terms Soil improvement Qualified soil improvement

ZTV E-StB 1) ZTV E-StB 1)

Code of practice on soil Code of practice on soil
Correlation with improvement and soil stabiliza- improvement and soil stabiliza-
tion with binders (Merkblatt tion with binders (Merkblatt
rules and regulations ber Bodenverbesserungen ber Bodenverbesserungen
und Bodenverfestigungen mit und Bodenverfestigungen mit
Bindemitteln) Bindemitteln)

Increase of bearing capacity Increase of bearing capacity

of subgrade of subgrade

Application and
resulting reduction
Reduction of pavement
thickness by means of
qualified soil improvement
at subgrade level
F3 soil

1)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction
2)
Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces
3)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
 Attribution of terms Pavement

Base layers with

hydraulic binders

Hydraulically bound Stabilized layer with

Soil stabilization
base layers hydraulic binders

F1 soil F2 / F3 soil

RStO 2) RStO 2) ZTV E-StB 1) RStO 2)

ZTV Beton-StB 3) Code of practice on soil ZTV Beton-StB 3)
improvement and soil stabiliza-
tion with binders (Merkblatt
ber Bodenverbesserungen
und Bodenverfestigungen mit
Bindemitteln)

Increase of bearing Reduction of pavement

capacity of coarse-
grained soils; count-
ing toward pavement
Reduction of layer thickness
thickness by means of
of asphalt pavement
stabilizing the F2 / F3 soil

No reduction of pavement
thickness in case of fully
bound pavement

14 l 15
1.1.3 Correlating rules and regulations with the different layers

Surfacing (asphalt / concrete)

Asphalt base

and / or

Base layer with hydraulic binder

Gravel or crushed-stone base

and / or frost blanket or layer of
frost-resistant material

Subsoil / subgrade possibly stabilized

or qualified soil improvement
 1)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for
the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and
concrete pavements
2)
ZTV Beton-StB 1) Technical delivery terms for asphalt mix for the construction of
paved traffic areas
3)
Technical delivery terms for construction materials and
construction material mixtures for base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements
TL Asphalt-StB 2) 4)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives
TL Beton-StB 3) for the construction of unbound granular layers in road
construction
5)
Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction
6)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for
earthworks in road construction
7)
Technical delivery terms for soils and construction materials in
earthworks for road construction
8)
Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
ZTV Beton-StB 1) trafficked surfaces

TL Beton-StB 3)

RStO 8)

ZTV SoB-StB 4)

TL Gestein-StB 5)

ZTV E-StB 6)

TL BuB E-StB 7)

16 l 17
1.2 Denition of terms in soil treatment

Soil treatment is a generic term for processes in properties. It is distinguished into soil stabilization
which soils are modied to meet certain specied and soil improvement.

1.2.1 Soil stabilization

Soil stabilization comprises a range of processes trafc loading and climate, thus creating perma-
in which binders are added to the existing soil to nent bearing capacity and frost resistance.
increase its resistance to stresses caused by

1.2.2 Soil improvement

Soil improvement comprises a range of processes compactability of existing soils and facilitate the
which improve both the suitability for placing and execution of construction work.

1.2.3 Qualied soil improvement

Qualied soil improvement comprises a range of stringent requirements in terms of, for example,
soil improvement processes complying with more frost resistance and bearing capacity.

1.2.4 Base layers with hydraulic binders

Base layers with hydraulic binders comprise They count toward the overall pavement thickness.
hydraulically bound base layers produced in-plant
for use in the pavement, as well as stabilized base
The most important design parameter for base lay-
layers (hydraulically stabilized base) produced either
ers is layer thickness. It is determined based on:
in-place or in-plant for use in the pavement or on
the subgrade in earthworks. Hydraulic base layers
transfer the static and dynamic loads acting on the > the trafc volume;
surfacing into the subsoil or subgrade respectively. > the bearing capacity of the subgrade; and
> the requirements placed on frost resistance.
1.3 Geotechnical investigations
1.3.1 General
The soil must be investigated and tested well in
advance with regard to
> its properties;
> its suitability as subsoil or construction mate-
rial;
> any lls; and
> any contamination with harmful substances
so that the ndings can be considered
> in the planning process;
> for design-related conclusions; and
> in the concept of construction and construction
sequence.
1.3.2 Description of soil types according to DIN EN ISO 14688-1 (old: 4022, Part 1)
Inorganic soils are classied and designated
according to the standards specied in the follow-
ing table.
Soils composed of several particle size ranges are
also designated in accordance with this table.
Composite soils are designated by means of
> a noun for the major fraction; and
> one or several adjectives for the minor frac-
tions.
The following basic rules apply:
Major fraction is dened as
> the largest mass fraction; or
> the fraction determining the properties of the
soil.
Soils reclaimable from excavations, side cuts and
borrow pits require testing for their possible use.
This enables other investigations and tests re-
quired during construction to be determined well
in advance.
Geotechnical investigations required for invitations
to tender have to be performed by the client.
If the construction project is executed on the basis
of an alternative tender, feasibility and tness for
purpose have to be veried in supplementary
investigations to be performed by the contractor.
Minor fractions are those fractions which do not
determine but may nevertheless inuence the
properties of the soil.
For coarse-grained and mixed-grained soils, minor
fractions having
> minor inuence are characterized by the prex
slightly; and
> major inuence are characterized by the prex
highly.
If two major determining fractions of approximately
equal proportions are present in coarse-grained
soils, both are designated using the conjunction
and.
18 l 19
 Letter symbol Letter symbol
Range / Designation Particle size range [mm]
DIN EN 14688 DIN 4022

Blocks Bo Y > 200 mm

Stones Co X from > 63 mm to ) 200 mm

Gravel Gr (Gravel) G from > 2 mm to ) 63 mm

Coarse Coarse gravel CGr gG from > 20.0 mm to ) 63.0 mm
aggregate Medium gravel MGr mG from > 6.3 mm to ) 20.0 mm
range Fine gravel FGr fG from > 2.0 mm to ) 6.3 mm

Sand Sa (Sand) S from > 0.06 mm to ) 2 mm

Coarse sand CSa gS from > 0.6 mm to ) 2.0 mm
Medium sand MSa mS from > 0.2 mm to ) 0.6 mm
Fine sand FSa fS from > 0.06 mm to ) 0.2 mm

Silt Si (Silt) U from > 0.002 mm to ) 0.06 mm

Coarse silt CSi gU from > 0.02 mm to ) 0.06 mm
Fine Medium silt MSi mU from > 0.006 mm to ) 0.02 mm
aggregate Fine silt FSi fU from > 0.002 mm to ) 0.006 mm
range
Clay
Cl (Clay) T < 0.002 mm
(ultra-nes)

1.3.3 Soil classication according to DIN 18196

1.3.3.1 Soil groups

For the purpose of describing the civil engineering main groups and into groups with approximately
properties and suitability according to DIN 18196, the same material composition and similar proper-
the different types of soil are classied into ties.
1.3.3.2 Principles of soil classication

For civil engineering purposes, soil is classied ac- Grading is designated as follows:
cording to its material composition based on: W = wide grading
> particle size range; E = narrow grading
> plastic properties; and I = gap grading
> organic constituents.
The plastic properties are designated as follows:
The different types of soil are designated by letter L = low plasticity
symbols, the rst letter signifying the major con- M = medium plasticity
stituent and the second letter signifying the minor A = high plasticity
constituent, where
G = gravel O = organic matter
S = sand H = peat, humus
U = silt F = digested sludge
T = clay K = lime
Z = degraded peat
N = marginally degraded peat

20 l 21
1.3.3.3 Coarse-grained soils

Gravels and sands with a maximum content of

nes < 0.06 mm of 5% by mass constitute coarse-
grained soils.

1.3.3.4 Mixed-grained soils

Mixtures of gravel, sand, silt and clay with a con- mass and 40% by mass constitute mixed-grained
tent of nes < 0.06 mm ranging between 5% by soils.

1.3.3.5 Fine-grained soils

Fine-grained soils are classied according to their It is assessed based on the water content at the
plastic properties. liquid limit wL and plasticity index Ip.
Plasticity is the relevant criterion.

1.3.3.6 Organogenic and organic soils

Silts and clays: organogenic soils and soils con- Coarse-grained and mixed-grained soils: they are
taining organic matter are classied according to distinguished based on the type of matter con-
the plasticity chart. They are below the A-line. tained (humic, calcareous, siliceous).
1.3.3.7 Chart

Coarse-grained soils Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils Organic soils

Soil classification based Soil classification based on grading Soil classification based on plas-
on grading and plastic properties tic properties only (consistency
limits according to DIN 18122)

non-cohesive slightly cohesive cohesive highly cohesive cohesive-loose

Grain-to-grain contact Grain-to-grain contact No grain-to-grain Parallel Honeycomb Lump Fibrous structure
Fines < 0.063 mm: Fines < 0.063 mm: contact structure structure structure
< 5% by mass 5% to 15% by mass Coarse grain floats in Highly frost-susceptible
Frost-proof Slightly frost-susceptible fine-grained matrix
Low compressibility Low compressibility Fines < 0.063 mm:
15% to 40% by mass
Highly frost-susceptible
Properties of fine grain
are dominant Micropore

Macropore

Large pore spaces Large pore spaces Small pore spaces Small pore spaces Small pore spaces
High or relatively high High water permeability, Low water permeability, Very low water permeability, Very low water perme-
water permeability, low low water-binding medium water-binding high to very high water-binding ability and very high
water-binding capacity capacity capacity capacity water-binding capacity

Gravels and sands Clayey-silty gravels and sands Silts and clays Peat, humus,
digested sludge

Fines < 0.063 mm: Fines < 0.063 mm:

Fines < 0.063 mm: < 5% by mass
< 5% by mass > 40% by mass

Particle size fraction < 15% by mass > 15% by mass

< 2 mm
IP ) 4% or IP * 7% or
> 40% by < 40% by Particle size fraction < 2 mm below the above the
mass mass A-line A-line
> 40% by mass < 40% by mass
GE SE
GU SU UL TL
GW SW GT ST
UM TM
GU* SU*
GI SI UA TA
GT* ST*

22 l 23
1.3.3.8 Classifying soils according to their plastic properties

1.3.3.8.1 Determining consistency

Consistency limits and consistency ranges

Consistency range Consistency range

liquid
Liquid Liquid limit wL
IC = 0 limit wL Water content at the point
of transition from liquid to
plastic state
Soil creeps out between the fingers when

Plasticity range with plasticity index Ip

pressing together by making a fist
mushy

IC = 0.50

Soil is easy to knead soft

IC = 0.75

Soil is difficult to knead but can be rolled into

3 mm thick rolls by hand without tearing or stiff
crumbling

Plastic Plastic limit wP

IC = 1.00 limit wP Water content at the point of
transition from plastic
Soil crumbles when trying to roll into 3 mm to semi-firm state
thick rolls but is moist enough for moulding semi-firm
into a lump

Shrinkage
IC = ws limit wS Shrinkage limit wS
Water content at the point
of transition from semi-firm
Soil can no longer be kneaded but can to firm state
only be crushed
firm

At the point of transition from the semi-firm to firm state,

the soil is in the optimum water content range, i.e., it is ideal
for placing and compacting.
1.3.3.8.2 Plasticity chart for classication of ne-grained soils

(according to DIN 18196, 10.88 edition)

50

40

Sand-silt Clays of high

mixtures SU plasticity TA
Plasticity index IP in %

30 0)
-2
L
(w
73
0.
=

Clays of medium
IP
e

plasticity TM
lin
A-

20

Clays of low Clays containing organic matter,

plasticity TL organogenic clays OT and silts of
high compressibility UA

10 Sand-clay
mixtures ST Silts contain-
ing organic
7 matter and
Intermediate range 1) organogenic
4 silts OU and
Sand-silt silts of medium
mixtures SU plasticity UM

0 10 20 30 35 40 50 60 70 80
Liquid limit wL in %

1)
Tests performed to determine the plasticity index of soils having a low liquid limit give inaccurate results. Soils in the intermediate range
must therefore be classified into the clay and silt ranges by means of other processes, for example, in accordance with DIN 4022,
Part 1, 09.87, section 8.5 to section 8.9.

24 l 25
1.3.3.9 Classifying soils according to DIN 18196

Soils are classied in accordance with their suitability for civil engineering purposes using DIN 18196.

Definition and designation

Particle size fraction Plasticity

Group symbol
Letter symbol
Main groups

index and Frost-

in % by mass
position susceptibility
Line

relative to class )
Particle size A-line
(see chart)
) 0.06 mm ) 2 mm

1 Narrow-graded gravels GE
Coarse-grained soils

2 ) 60% Wide-graded gravel-sand mixtures GW

3 Gap-graded gravel-sand mixtures GI

< 5% F1
4 Narrow-graded sands SE

5 > 60% Wide-graded sand-gravel mixtures SW

6 Gap-graded sand-gravel mixtures SI

7 Gravel-silt mixtures GU
) 60%
8 Gravel-clay mixtures GT
5% to 15%
5 - 15% F2 *)
by mass ) 0.06 mm
Mixed-grained soils

9 Sand-silt mixtures SU
> 60%
10 Sand-clay mixtures ST

11 Gravel-silt mixtures GU*

) 60%
12 Gravel-clay mixtures GT*
15% to 40%
15 - 40% F3
by mass ) 0.06 mm
13 Sand-silt mixtures SU*
> 60%
14 Sand-clay mixtures ST*

15 Silts of low plasticity wL < 35% UL

IP ) 4% or
Fine-grained soils

16 below the Silts of medium plasticity 35% ) wL ) 50% UM

A-line
17 Silts of high plasticity wL > 50% UA F3
> 40%
18 Clays of low plasticity wL < 35% TL
IP * 7% and
19 above the Clays of medium plasticity 35% ) wL ) 50% TM
A-line
20 Clays of high plasticity wL > 50% TA F2
1)
In accordance with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB)
*) To be classied as F1 if, where U * 15.0, the nes content (d < 0.063 mm) is ) 5.0% by mass or, where U ) 6.0, the nes content
(d < 0.063 mm) is ) 15.0% by mass. Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm permissible for classifying as
F1 may be interpolated linearly (see chart).
 Distinguishing characteristics
(including lines 16 to 21)
Examples

Response to Plasticity in
Dry strength
vibration testing kneading test

Steep grading curve due to prevalence of one particle size range

River gravel and beach gravel
Terrace gravel
Continuous grading curve extending over several particle size ranges
Mostly staggered grading curve due to lack of one Volcanic slag
or several particle size ranges
Dune sand and drifting sand, quicksand, Berlin
Steep grading curve due to prevalence of one particle size range
sand, basin sand, tertiary sand
Steep grading curve due to prevalence of one particle size range
Moraine sand, terrace sand, granitic sand
Steep grading curve due to prevalence of one particle size range

silty

clayey Moraine gravel

Weathered gravel
Talus deposits
silty
Fines content is

Boulder clay

Wide-graded clayey
or gap-graded
grading curve silty Tertiary sand

clayey Alluvial loam, sandy loess

silty Tertiary sand, creeping sand

clayey Boulder clay, glacial till

low quick none to low Loess, alluvial loam

low to medium slow low to medium Lacustrine clay, basin silt

high none to slow medium to high Volcanic soils, pumice soils

medium to high none to slow none to low Glacial till, varved clay
Loess loam, basin clay, saliferous clay,
high none none to low
lacustrine clay
very high none none to low Trass, Lauenburg clay, basin clay

26 l 27
1.3.3.9 Classifying soils according to DIN 18196

Soils are classied in accordance with their suitability for civil engineering purposes using DIN 18196.

Definition and designation

Group symbol
Letter symbol
Particle size fraction Plasticity
Main groups

Frost-
in % by mass index and susceptibility
Line

position class )
relative to
Particle size A-line
(see chart)
) 0.06 mm ) 2 mm

Silts containing organic

21 matter and organogenic 35% ) wL ) 50% OU F3
IP * 7% silts
Organogenic soils and soils
containing organic matter

> 40% and below

the A-line Clays containing
or smoulderable
not flammable

22 organic matter and wL > 50% OT

organogenic clays

)

Coarse-grained to
23 mixed-grained soils OH F2
containing humic matter
< 40%
Coarse-grained to
mixed-grained soils
24 OK
containing calcareous,
siliceous formations

Non-degraded to mod-
25 erately degraded peats HN
(humus)
or smoulderable
Organic soils

26 Degraded peats HZ
flammable

Muds as a collec-
tive term for digested
27 F
sludge, organic silt,
gyttja, dy, sapropel

) In accordance with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB)
) Soils formed as a result of microorganism action
*) To be classied as F1 if, where U * 15.0, the nes content (d < 0.063 mm) is ) 5.0% by mass or, where U ) 6.0, the nes content
(d < 0.063 mm) is ) 15.0% by mass. Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm permissible for classifying as F1 may be
interpolated linearly (see chart).
 Distinguishing characteristics
(including lines 16 to 21)
Examples

Response to Plasticity in
Dry strength
vibration testing kneading test

Lacustrine marl
medium slow to very quick medium Diatomaceous earth
Topsoil

Alluvial mud
high none high Tidal mud
Tertiary carboniferous clays

Contains organic matter, mostly dark in colour, musty smell, Topsoil

loss on ignition of up to approx. 20% by mass Palaeosol

Calcareous sand
Contains non-organic matter, mostly light in colour,
Tuffaceous sand
low weight, high porosity
Bog lime

Degree of degradation 1 to 5, fibrous,

rich in wood, light brown to brown in colour
Fen peat
Native humus
Raised bog peat
formations
Fen-wood peat
Degree of degradation 6 to 10, blackish-brown
to black

Underwater (sedimentary) muds consisting of organic matter, faeces

and microorganisms, frequently interspersed with sand, clay and lime, Organic silt
blue-black or greenish to yellow-brown, occasionally dark grey-brown to Digested sludge
blue-black, springy, soft-spongy

28 l 29
1.4 Frost susceptibility of soils and rock
of variable strength

In terms of frost susceptibility, the soil groups are The susceptibility to frost of the weathered prod-
distinguished in accordance with the classication uct is the relevant criterion for rock of variable
specied in the table below. strength.

1.4.1 Classifying soil groups in accordance with frost susceptibility

Frost Soil groups

susceptibility (DIN 18196)
ST*, GT*
SU*, GU*
TL, TM
not susceptible GW, GI, GE UL, UM, UA
F1 OU
Percentage d ) 0.063 mm (% by mass)

to frost SW, SI, SE

15

TA ST, GT
low to medium SU, GU
OT, OH, OK
F2 susceptibility to F2 TA
frost
ST, GT 1)
SU, GU } 10
ST, GT
SU, GU
OT, OH
OK

F1
TL, TM
UL, UM, UA 5
highly susceptible
F3 OU
to frost
ST*, GT*
GW, GI, GE
SU*, GU* F1
SW, SI, SE

0
1) To be classied as F1 if, where U * 15.0, the nes content 1 5 10 15
(d < 0.063 mm) is ) 5.0% by mass or, where U ) 6.0, the nes d60
content (d < 0.063 mm) is ) 15.0% by mass. Coefficient of uniformity U =
d10
Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm
permissible for classifying as F1 may be interpolated linearly
(see chart).
1.4.2 Frost susceptibility after soil improvement with binders

Soil groups TL, TM, UL, UM, UA, ST*, SU*, GU*
Re-classication leads to a reduction in design
are classied into frost-susceptibility class F2 if the
strength according to the Directives for the
requirements specied for qualied soil improve-
standardization of the superstructures of traf-
ment are complied with (see section 1.5 Applica-
cked surfaces (RStO 12).
tion 1.5.2 Qualied soil improvement).
This is tantamount to substantial reductions in
the pavement cost.

30 l 31
1.5 Application

1.5.1 Soil improvement

In the construction of roads and trafc surfaces,
soil improvement is used in earthworks at sub-
grade or subsoil level.
Examples: construction of embankments, em-
bankment shoulders, backlls, rells, site transport
roads or similar.
Soil improvement with binders enables wet, insuf-
ciently compactable soils:
> to be turned into a condition suitable for plac-
ing and compacting;
> to be given a higher bearing capacity; and
> to be given improved weather resistance.

When used on subgrades, embankment shoulders

and other surfaces, soil improvement with binders
offers improved protection from exposure to ero-
sion and weather.

1.5.2 Qualied soil improvement

In the construction of roads and trafc surfaces,

qualied soil improvement can be used in earth-
works at subgrade or subsoil level.
Examples: construction of embankments, em-
bankment shoulders, backlls, subgrade area.
Qualied soil improvement
Re-classication leads to a reduction in design
strength according to the Directives for the
standardization of the superstructures of traf-
cked surfaces (RStO 12).
This is tantamount to substantial reductions in
the pavement cost.

> improves bearing capacity;

> minimizes settlements and deformations;
> improves shear strength; and
> has a positive inuence on the soils
susceptibility to frost.

Qualied soil improvement allows certain soils of

frost-susceptibility class F3 to achieve the proper-
ties required of soils of frost-susceptibility class
F2.
Road embankment with raised bridge abutment, contents.
backlled with improved soil and graded binder

Qualified soil impro-

vement, for example
by adding 3% by Qualified soil
mass of mixed improvement, for
binder example by adding
4% by mass of
mixed binder
Qualified soil improvement, for example
by adding 5% by mass of mixed binder

Stepped subsoil
Qualified soil improvement, for example
by adding 5% by mass of mixed binder

32 l 33
Soils suitable for qualied soil improvement
Soils in the group TL, TM, UL, UM, UA, ST*, SU*,
GU* are classied in frost-susceptibility class F2,
if the requirements for qualied soil improvement
are met.
1.5.2.1 Reducing pavement thickness by means of qualied soil improvement
Qualied soil improvement carried out at a
minimum layer thickness of 25 cm enables the
subsoil or subgrade to be classied into frost-
susceptibility class F2.
The parameters specied for soils of frost-
susceptibility class F2 (see the Directives for
Directives for the standardization of the
superstructures of trafficked surfaces
(RStO 12), Table 6
Baseline values for determining the minimum
thickness of a frost-resistant pavement
Frost-susceptibility class
Bk100 to Bk10
F2
F3
Reclassication leads to a reduction in design
strength according to the Directives for the
standardization of the superstructures of traf-
cked surfaces (RStO 12). This, in turn, greatly
reduces the pavement costs.
the standardization of the superstructures of
trafcked surfaces [RStO 12], Table 6) may be
used as baseline values for designing the mini-
mum thickness of a frost-resistant pavement if
a deformation modulus of Ev2 * 70 MN / m has
been veried on the subgrade.
Thickness in cm for load class
Bk3,2 to Bk1,0 Bk0,3
55 50 40
65 60 50
Example: Reducing the thickness of a frost-resistant pavement by 10 cm in accordance with Table
6 of the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafcked surfaces (RStO 12),
Construction class III IV, by means of qualied soil improvement

Baseline values for determining the thickness of a frost-resistant pavement of load class BK 3.2 to BK 1.0
(Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafcked surfaces [RStO 12], Table 6)

Pavement thickness Pavement thickness Pavement thickness

50 cm 60 cm 50 cm
on F2 soils on F3 soils on F2* soils

10 cm
EV2 > 70 MN / m2 reduction in
pavement
EV2 > 45 MN / m2 EV2 > 45 MN / m2
Subgrade F2* soil EV2 thickness
> 45 MN / m2 and reduc-
tion in dispo-
F2 soil F3 soil sal of soil
F3 soil

1.5.2.2 Requirements on qualied soil improvement

Qualied soil improvement of the subgrade
When selecting the binder quantity, the following
requirements should be met:
Deformation modulus Ev2 * 70 MN/m2
Compressive strength in accordance with
Technical testing regulations for soil and rock
in road construction (TB BF-StB) Part B 11.3
* 0.5 N/mm2, samples stored for 28 days.
The loss in strength after soaking in water for
24 hours may not exceed 50%
Alternatively: CBR in accordance with Tech-
nical testing regulations for soil and rock in
road construction (TB BF-StB) Part B 7.1 *
40%, samples stored for 28 days. The loss in
strength after soaking in water for 24 hours
may not exceed 50%
The test may also be performed after 7 days
and/or at other testing times
Binder quantity * 3% by mass
Qualied soil improvement for other
applications
Determination of the binder quantity in ac-
cordance with the structural soil analysis.

34 l 35
1.5.3 Soil stabilization
Soil stabilization is performed in the upper part
of the subgrade or subsoil of roads and trafc
surfaces. Soil stabilization improves the bearing
capacity and therefore trafckability of the pave-
ment, increasing its frost resistance.
1.5.3.1 Soil stabilization not counting toward the pavement
F2 and F3 soils
The layer thicknesses shown in Tables 1 to 4 are
based on a subgrade with a deformation modulus
of Ev2 * 45 MPa.
In the case of structures with fully bound pave-
ment, soil stabilization with a minimum thickness
Examples of trafc surfaces: rural roads, bicycle
paths and footpaths, airelds, container storage
areas, industrial sites.
of 15 cm should be performed on the subsoil or
subgrade for soils in frost-susceptibility class
F3. In the case of critical water conditions, these
measures should also be performed for soils in
frost-susceptibility class F2. This does not count
towards the overall thickness of the pavement.
1.5.3.2 Soil stabilization counting toward the pavement

F2 and F3 soils:
The thickness of the frost-resistant pavement may Choice of pavement in accordance
be reduced by 20 cm if: with RStO 2) as from top edge of
stabilized layer in:
> the upper zone of the subsoil or subgrade is Chart 1, lines 2.2 and 2.3
stabilized in accordance with the Additional Chart 2, lines 1.2 and 1.3
technical conditions of contract and directives
for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E- Stabilized layer in accordance with
StB). ZTV Beton-StB 1)
Thickness in accordance with
RStO 2), Chart 1 or Chart 2:
F1 soils: 15 to 25 cm
If the subsoil or subgrade immediately underlying
the pavement is an F1 soil (e.g. narrow-graded
sands) of limited bearing capacity or trafckability,
then:
> the frost blanket may be omitted if soil stabi- Subsoil / Subgrade
lization is performed in accordance with the F1 soil of sufficient thickness
Additional technical conditions of contract and
directives for the construction of base layers
with hydraulic binders and concrete pave-
ments (ZTV Beton-StB).

The F1 soil must have a minimum thickness in this This type of stabilized layer forms part of the pave-
design corresponding to that of the frost blanket ment of trafc areas and is dealt with in the Additional
overlying an F2 or F3 soil. technical conditions of contract and directives for the
construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and
Directives for the standardization of the super- concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB).
structures of trafcked surfaces (RStO),
Figure 5: Construction methods on F1 soil
stabilized in accordance with the Additional
technical conditions of contract and direc-
tives for the construction of base layers with
hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
(ZTV Beton-StB):

1)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
2)
Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces

36 l 37
1.5.3.3 Excerpt from the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
trafcked surfaces (RStO 12), Chart 1
Base layers with hydraulic binders underlying an Load class Bk100
asphalt surfacing

Line
B [Mio.] > 32
(Thickness in cm; Thickness of frost-resistant
55 65 75 85
Ev2 minimum values in MN / m2) pavement 1)

Asphalt base and base with hydraulic

Chart 1: Asphalt surfacing design for pave- Asphalt surfacing 12

ments on F2 and F3 subsoil / subgrade
Asphalt base
14
Hydraulically bound base
2.1
15
120
Frost blanket
-41
45

Thickness of frost blanket 34 2) 44

Asphalt surfacing
12

Asphalt base
18
Stabilized layer
2.2 Layer of frost-resistant material (F1)
15
- wide-graded or gap-graded in
accordance with DIN 18196 - -45
45

Thickness of layer of
frost-resistant material 10 4) 20 4) 30 40

Asphalt surfacing 12

Asphalt base
18
Stabilized layer

1)
2.3 Layer of frost-resistant material (F1)
If values deviate, the layer thicknesses of the frost blanket or frost-
- narrow-graded in accordance with 20
resistant material respectively have to be determined by taking the
difference. DIN 18196 -
2)
Applicable with round aggregates only if proven locally. 45 -50
3)
Applicable only with crushed aggregates and if proven locally. Thickness of layer of
4)
To be executed only if the frost-resistant material and material to be frost-resistant material 5 4) 15 4) 25 35
stabilized can be placed as a single layer.
 Bk32 Bk10 Bk3,2 Bk1,8 Bk1,0 Bk0,3

> 10 32 > 3,2 10 > 1,8 3,2 > 1,0 1,8 > 0,3 1,0 ) 0,3

55 65 75 85 55 65 75 85 45 55 65 75 45 55 65 75 45 55 65 75 35 45 55 65

binder on top of frost blanket or layer of frost-resistant material

12 12

10 8

15 15
120
120

-37 -35
45 45

28 3) 38 48 30 2) 40 50

4 4 4
12 12 10
12 10 10
10 10
14
15 15 15
15 15
15

-35 -31 -29 -29

-41 -37
45 45 45 45 45 45

14 4) 24 34 44 18 4) 28 38 48 10 4) 20 30 40 14 4) 24 34 44 16 4) 26 36 46 6 4) 16 4) 26 36

4 4 4
12 12 10
12 10 10
10 10
14
15 15 15

20 20
20
-31 -29 -29
-42 -40
-46
45 45 45 45 45 45

9 4) 19 4) 29 39 13 4) 23 33 43 5 4) 15 4) 25 35 14 4) 24 34 44 16 4) 26 36 46 6 4) 16 4) 26 36

38 l 39
1.5.3.4 Excerpt from the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
trafcked surfaces (RStO 12), Chart 2
Base layers with hydraulic binders underlying a Load class Bk100
concrete surfacing

Line
B [Mio.] > 32
(Thickness in cm; Thickness of frost-resistant
55 65 75 85
Ev2 minimum values in MN / m2) pavement 1)

Base with hydraulic binder on top of

Chart 2: Concrete surfacing design for pave-

Concrete surfacing
ments on F2 and F3 subsoil / subgrade
27
8)
Fibre mat
1.1
1)
Hydraulically bound base 15
If values deviate, the layer thicknesses of the frost blanket or frost-
120
resistant material respectively have to be determined by taking the
difference. -42
2)
Applicable with round aggregates only if proven locally. Frost blanket
45
3)
Applicable only with crushed aggregates and if proven locally.
4)
To be executed only if the frost-resistant material and material to be
stabilized can be placed as a single layer. Thickness of frost blanket 33 2) 43

Concrete surfacing
The additional conditions of contract for the 27
German States (Bundeslnder) have to be Fibre mat 8)
complied with.
1.2 Stabilized layer
Layer of frost-resistant 20
material (F1)
- wide-graded or gap-graded in
accordance with DIN 18196 - -47
45
Thickness of layer of
frost-resistant material 8 4) 184) 28 38

Soil treatment can be used as a safeguarding Concrete surfacing

measure for soils of paving class 2. 27

Reference is made to the Code of practice on

Fibre mat 8)
the treatment of soils and construction materi-
1.3
als with binders to reduce the leachability of Stabilized layer
25
environmentally relevant substances (Merkblatt Layer of frost-resistant material (F1)
- narrow-graded in accordance with
ber die Behandlung von Bden und Baustoffen DIN 18196 - 45 -52
mit Bindemitteln zur Reduzierung der Eluier-
Thickness of layer of
barkeit umweltrelevanter Inhaltsstoffe). frost-resistant material 3 4) 13 4) 23 33
 Bk32 Bk10 Bk3,2 Bk1,8 Bk1,0 Bk0,3

> 10 32 > 3,2 10 > 1,8 3,2 > 1,0 1,8 > 0,3 1,0 ) 0,3

55 65 75 85 55 65 75 85 45 55 65 75 45 55 65 75 45 55 65 75 35 45 55 65

frost blanket or layer of frost-resistant material

26 25 24 23

15 15
15 15
120 120 120
120

-41 -40 -39 -38

45 45 45 45

24 3) 34 44 25 3) 35 45 26 3) 36 273) 37

26 25 24 23

15 15
15 15

-41 -40 -39 -38

45 45 45 45

14 4) 24 34 44 15 4) 25 35 45 6 4) 16 26 36 273) 37

26 25 24 23 20 20

15 15
20 20
20 20

-46 -45 -44 -43 -35 -35

45 45 45 45 45 45

9 4) 19 29 39 104) 20 30 40 1 4) 11 4) 21 31 24) 124) 22 32 104) 20 30 40 104) 20 30

40 l 41
1.6 Basic principles of earthworks

1.6.1 Compaction

At the start of compaction, the contractor has to
complete a trial eld to verify that the compaction
requirements will be met.
The maximum bulk thickness (or maximum thick-
ness of the improved layer respectively) must be
such that the specied degree of compaction is
achieved over the entire layer thickness.
Special conditions for compaction or construction
apply to embankment shoulders. This may inu-
ence the bulk width of an embankment in case of
soil stabilization or stabilization of the pavement.
When placing weather-sensitive construction
materials, the bulk surfaces have to be built with a
cross slope of no less than 6%.

1.6.2 Compaction requirements on subsoil and subgrade

The subsoil or subgrade of roads and paths has the degree of compaction DPr or the maximum
to be compacted so as to meet the following 10 percentile for the air voids ratio na respectively.
requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for

na in % by
Area Soil groups DPr in %
volume
Subgrade to a depth of 1.00 m for GW, GI, GE
embankments SW, SI, SE 100
Subgrade to a depth of 0.50 m for cuts GU, GT, SU, ST
GW, GI, GE
1.00 m below grade to embankment base SW, SI, SE 98
GU, GT, SU, ST
Subgrade to embankment base GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*
97 122)
Subgrade to a depth of 0.50 m for cuts U, T, OU1), OT1)
1) These requirements apply to soils of groups OU and OT only if their 2) If the soils are not improved by means of soil stabilization or quali-
suitability and placing conditions have been investigated separately ed soil improvement, a requirement on the maximum
and determined in consultation with the client. 10 percentile for the air voids ratio is recommended as follows:
8% by volume when placing water-sensitive mixed-grained or
ne-grained soils; and
6% by volume when placing rock of variable strength.
This has to be indicated in the specication of works.
1.6.3 Requirements on the subgrade

The subgrade must comply with specications in

terms of correct vertical and horizontal position,
evenness and bearing capacity.
Requirements on the correct vertical and horizon-
tal position:
Deviation: 3 cm from design level
2 cm if the subgrade is to be
overlaid with a bound base layer
The subgrade must have the following cross slope:
> * 4.0% for water-sensitive soils and construc-
tion materials
> * 2.5% after soil treatment with binders
Reducing the cross slope after soil
treatment results in huge potential savings in
pavement material.
Example: qPavement = 2.5%
qSubgrade = 4.0%
Width of subgrade = 6.00 m
Savings: approx. 0.30 m3 / m
At the raised edge of the carriageway, the sub-
grade has to be designed with a reverse gradient.

Shoulder Traffic lane Traffic lane Shoulder

* 2.5 % 6%
12 %

1.5
1:

When performing soil improvement operations at

subgrade level, the edge design of embankment
structures may require excess proling due to the
production methods and equipment used.

42 l 43
1.6.4 Deformation modulus on the subgrade (minimum 10 percentile)

Being the foundation for the roads pavement, The static and dynamic deformation moduli can be
the subgrade must exhibit adequate bearing and inferred from the following table.
deformation behaviours.

Load class
Load class Bk0,3
Frost-resistant subsoil or subgrade Bk100 Bk1,0
Ev2 * 100 MN/m2
(F1 soil) Ev2 * 120 MN/m2
Evd * 50 MN/m2
Evd * 65 MN/m2

Frost-susceptible subsoil or subgrade Load class Bk100 Bk0,3

(F2 and F3 soils) Ev2 * 45 MN/m2

Frost-susceptible subsoil or subgrade

(F2 and F3 soils) after qualied soil Ev2 * 70 MN / m2
improvement

If the specied deformation modulus on the sub-

grade cannot be achieved by compacting, one of
the following measures has to be taken:
> improve or stabilize the subsoil or subgrade; or
> increase the layer thickness of the granular
base.
1.6.5 Requirements on compaction characteristics

Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the degree of compaction DPr or maximum
10 percentile for the air voids ratio na when improving or stabilizing the subgrade

Cut
Requirements on Ev2
Subgrade 0.00 m see separate table
Stabilized DPr * 98 % 2)
subsoil immediately after completion of compaction
0.50 m

Improved DPr * 100 % for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
subsoil 1) DPr * 97 % and na ) 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)

Embankment
Requirements on Ev2
Subgrade 0.00 m see separate table
0.50 m

Stabilized DPr * 98 % 2)
subgrade immediately after completion of compaction
1.00 m

DPr * 100 % for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
DPr * 97 % and na ) 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)
Improved
subgrade 1)
DPr * 98 % for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
DPr * 97 % and na ) 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)

Requirements according to structural Requirements according to structural

Improved subgrade*
soil analysis soil analysis

1) Including qualied soil improvement. 3) These requirements apply to soils of groups OU and OT only if their
2) Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the degree of suitability and placing conditions have been investigated separately
compaction of the soil-binder mixture immediately after compac- and determined in consultation with the client.
tion has been completed. na air voids ratio

Higher requirements on compaction may be dened The edge design of embankments may require
in the specication of works for earth structures ex- excess proling when performing soil improvement
posed to especially high levels of loading (including operations at subgrade level.
partial sections, such as structural backlls).

44 l 45
1.7 Quality assurance
1.7.1 Tests to be performed prior to construction
Soil treatment operations require mix designs.
1.7.1.1 Tests to be performed by the client
For a reliable assessment of the construction work
to be tendered, the soil or construction material
has to be tested to determine its bearing capacity,
re-usability as embankment ll and suitability for
soil treatment with binders.
1.7.1.2 Tests to be performed by the contractor
Mix designs have to be performed within the
parameters of construction.
The contractor is required to commission a test-
ing laboratory experienced in and certied for
soil treatment, for example, a testing laboratory
approved in accordance with the Directives for
accreditation of test centres for building materials
and building material mixtures in road construc-
tion (RAP Stra), with performing the mix design.
The amount of binder determined in the mix
design is specied by the contractor as it is his
responsibility to ensure that the construction work
is completed free of any defects.
Mix designs, internal control testing and compli-
ance testing are performed in accordance with the
pertinent technical regulations in effect at the time.
These tests have to be arranged for by the client
as part of soil investigation and within the para-
meters of the preconstruction phase.
The following estimated periods of time are
required for the mix design:
> soil stabilization approx. 5 weeks
> qualied soil
improvement approx. 2 to 5 weeks
This period may be shorter if an assessment
based on 7-day strengths is also possible.
> soil improvement approx. 1 to 2 weeks
This period may be longer if additional testing is
required. These tests may include:
> frost-resistance testing (freeze-thaw test / frost
heaving test); and
> proof of compatibility with water-management
requirements.
The mix designs provide information on the type The values given in the following table can be used
and amount of binder and water to be added, the to determine the amount of binder to be added in
amount of any additives to be used and the tness the mix design.
for use of the soils and soil-binder mixtures.

46 l 47
Table: Soil-specic empirical values for binder quantities in soil stabilization, soil improvement
and qualied soil improvement (Code of practice as amended in 2004)

Binder content in % by mass

Soil group Fine lime Hydrated lime Cement Hydraulic soil Mixed
according to according to according to and road binder binders
DIN EN 459-1 DIN EN 459-1 DIN EN 197-1 according to
DIN-1164-10 DIN 18506

Coarse-grained soils
(GE, GW, GI, SE, 3-7 3-7 3-7
SW, SI)

Mixed-grained soils
(GU, GT, SU, ST, 4-6+* 4-8* 4-12 4-12 4-12
Soil stabilization

GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*)

Fine-grained soils
(UL, TL, UM, UA, 4-6 4-8 7-16 7-16 4-16
TM, TA)

Artificial aggregates 5-12 5-12 5-12

Recycled construc-
4-10 4-10 4-10
tion materials

Coarse-grained soils
(GE, GW, GI, SE, 3-6 3-6 3-6
Soil improvement**

SW, SI)

Mixed-grained soils
(GU, GT, SU, ST, 2 (3)-4 2 (3)-5 3-6 3-6 2 (3)-6
GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*)

Fine-grained soils
(UL, TL, UM, UA, 2 (3)-4 2 (3)-5 3-6 3-6 2 (3)-6
TM, TA)

* Only in case of sufciently large fractions of reactive substances in the soil

** Values in parentheses relate to qualied soil improvement
1.7.1.3 Testing specications for mix designs

Use of hydraulic binders Reaction times

> For soil stabilization, the mix design is per- The reaction times between mixing and com-
formed in accordance with the Technical paction are determined in the Technical testing
testing regulations for soil and rock in road regulations for soil and rock in road construction
construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.1. (TP BF-StB) as a function of the binder used.
> For soil improvement and qualied soil Typical values are:
improvement, the mix design is performed in for hydraulic binders: 1 to 2 hours
accordance with the Technical testing regula- for mixed binders: 4 hours
tions for soil and rock in road construction for building limes: * 6 hours
(TP BF-StB), Part B 11.3. (Code of practice as
amended in 2004)

Use of building limes

> For soil stabilization, soil improvement or
qualied soil improvement, the mix design is
performed in accordance with the Technical
testing regulations for soil and rock in road
construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.3.

Use of mixed binders

> For soil stabilization, the mix design is per-
formed in accordance with the Technical
testing regulations for soil and rock in road
construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.1 or Part
B 11.3 depending on the composition of the
various constituents.
> For soil improvement and qualied soil
improvement, the mix design is performed in
accordance with the Technical testing regula-
tions for soil and rock in road construction (TP
BF-StB), Part B 11.3.

48 l 49
1.7.2 Tests to be performed during construction

1.7.2.1 Type and scope of tests to be performed in soil treatment operations

The tests are performed for quality assurance purposes, taking into account the testing procedures and testing
methods according to the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construc-
tion (ZTV E-StB) and the pertinent Technical testing regulations for soil and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB).

Soil stabilization
Parameter Internal control testing Compliance testing

Binders
Conformity of binder supplied with binder type each delivery random checks
and grade agreed (delivery note)

Soil
Grading every 250 m or 3,000 m
State variables as required
Organic constituents every 250 m or 3,000 m random checks
Water content as required
Proctor density and related water content

Soils intended for stabilization *

Degree of compaction 3 times every 20 m
Correct vertical and horizontal position every 250 m or 3,000 m random checks

Stabilized layer
Degree of compaction every 250 m or 3,000 m every 250 m or 3,000 m
at least once per day
Binder quantity as required every 1,000 m
Correct vertical and horizontal position 3 times every 20 m every 50 m
Evenness as required as required

Layer thickness
Layer thickness as required every 1,000 m2

Deformation modulus
on the subgrade
Deformation modulus Ev2
Deformation modulus Evd according to testing method M1 or M2

* The scope of testing depends on the testing method chosen (method M1, M2 or M3).
Type, scope and frequency of internal control and compliance testing for soil treatment operations:

Qualied soil improvement Soil improvement

Internal control testing Compliance testing Internal control testing Compliance testing

each delivery random checks each delivery random checks

(delivery note) (delivery note)

every 250 m or 3,000 m

as required
every 250 m or 3,000 m random checks
as required
-

every 250 m or 3,000 m every 250 m or 3,000 m

at least once per day
as required every 1,000 m
3 times every 20 m every 50 m
as required as required

according to testing method M1 or M2 according to testing method M1 or M2

50 l 51
Internal control tests and compliance tests for the
stabilized layer are performed jointly by the con-
tractor and the client immediately after compac-
tion.
Internal control tests performed in the presence of
an agent appointed by the client may be acknowl-
edged as compliance tests.
As the processing times of hydraulic binders are
extremely short, internal control tests and compli-
ance tests should be performed jointly by the con-
tractor and the client immediately after completion
of a soil treatment operation.
Binder content, degree of compaction and bearing
capacity cannot be tested at a later date.
Performing these tests at a later date allows any
necessary adjustment of the operation or correc-
tion of the layer thickness, evenness or correct
vertical and horizontal position to be effected to a
limited extent only.
1.7.2.2 Testing methods and testing procedures
When performing the tests, a distinction is made
between testing methods and testing procedures.
Testing method: refers to the systematic ap-
proach used to verify the intended quality in
accordance with the specied requirements on
compaction characteristics.
Determining the unconned compressive strength
on core samples or plate samples taken from the
completed layer does not allow any conclusions
to be drawn on compliance with the requirements
of the Additional technical conditions of contract
and directives for earthworks in road construction
(ZTV E-StB).
Compressive strength testing of the completed
stabilized layer has therefore not been specied.
Due to the relatively low strength, it is only rarely
possible to drill out suitable cores. In addition, the
shearing surfaces forming during compressive
strength testing are affected by hairline cracks
beginning to form and by larger single grains
embedded in the layer.
Compressive strength testing is performed as part
of the mix design only to determine the appropri-
ate binder quantity.
Testing procedure: denes and determines the
test criteria. The testing procedures include spe-
cic work instructions to determine the compac-
tion characteristics.
1.7.2.2.1 Testing methods for testing compaction characteristics
Method M1: approach in accordance with sta-
tistical testing schedule
This method proceeds in accordance with Part E 1
of the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock
in road construction (TP BF-StB).
Method M1 determines the statistical distribution
of the test criterion within an inspection lot on the
basis of random checking. Based on the sampling
results, the decision is then made whether to accept
or to reject the inspection lot (refer to the Code of
practice for the compaction of subsoil and subgrade
in road construction (Merkblatt fr die Verdichtung
des Untergrundes und Unterbaues im Straenbau).
Method M1 can be used for all types of soil.
Method M1 is recommended in particular:
> for large inspection lots;
> for inspection lots tested to assess the uniform-
ity of compaction; and
> for inspection lots tested using quick testing
procedures the results of which are available
immediately.
Method M2: approach when applying
continuous dynamic measuring procedures
This method proceeds in accordance with Part E 2
of the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock
in road construction (TP BF-StB).
Method M2 uses a measuring device installed at the
roller to continuously determine a dynamic measur-
ing value resulting from the interaction between roller
and soil and correlated with the soils stiffness and
degree of compaction. This method performs a full
inspection of the compacted layer (= inspection
surface) by means of an indirect testing procedure
(= dynamic measuring value) based on which a deci-
sion is then made whether to accept or reject the
inspection surface (= inspection lot).
Further information can be obtained from the Code
of practice on continuous dynamic procedures for
testing compaction in earthworks (Merkblatt ber
chendeckende dynamische Verfahren zur Prfung
der Verdichtung im Erdbau) and Code of practice
for the compaction of subsoil and subgrade in road
construction (Merkblatt fr die Verdichtung des
Untergrundes und des Unterbaues im Straenbau).
Method M2 is recommended in particular:
> for construction projects with high daily output
rates and soils of largely uniform composition;
> for inspection surfaces tested to assess the
uniformity of compaction; and
> where compaction is to be assessed as an inte-
gral part of the operation.
Method M3: approach for monitoring the
working procedure
This method proceeds in accordance with Part E 3
of the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock
in road construction (TP BF-StB).
Method M3 typically uses trial compaction to prove
the suitability of the compaction procedure used.
A work instruction for compaction is then set up
based on the results of the trial compaction. Com-
paction of the earth structure tendered is carried out
in accordance with the work instruction. Adherence
to the work instruction must be documented.
Further information can be obtained from the
Code of practice for the compaction of subsoil and
subgrade in road construction (Merkblatt fr die
Verdichtung des Untergrundes und des Unterbaues
im Straenbau).
Method M3 is recommended, for example, for
smaller construction projects and restricted space
conditions.
52 l 53
1.7.2.2.2 Testing procedures for determining compaction parameters

Sampling and testing are carried out in accord-

ance with the Technical testing regulations for soil
and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB).

1. Degree of compaction DPr

The degree of compaction DPr indicates the per-
centage of dry density ld in the Proctor density lPr
(= 100%) of the soil sample to be tested.

ld
D = l x 100 [%]
hat. Pr
Pr

ld
The Proctor density has to be determined for each Voids ratio n = 1- ls [-]
soil sample from the eld.
For soils and construction materials of uniform
composition, it is also possible to use the Proctor
ld = particle density of the native soil
density determined in the mix design or during trial
compaction.
3. Air voids ratio na
The air voids ratio is calculated from the results of
2. Dry density ld and voids ratio n
the density measurement and determination of the
The dry density ld and voids ratio n may be de-
water content.
ned as substitute parameters for materials which
The air voids ratio may be dened as an additional
do not allow a reliable determination of the Proc-
characteristic for compaction.
tor density (e.g. rock of variable strength, stony
ground, recycled construction materials, certain
industrial by-products etc.).

The specication values have to be agreed be-

tween the client and contractor based on:
Air voids ratio na =
> local experience; or ld
> investigations performed previously. 1 - w x ld - ls [-]
4. Indirect testing procedures for the degree of
compaction
For coarse-grained soils (GE, GW, GI, SE, SW,
SI) and mixed-grained soils with a nes content
< 15% by mass (GU, GT, SU, ST), the following
substitute procedures may be used to determine
the degree of compaction:
> static plate bearing test according to DIN
18134; and
> dynamic plate bearing test in accordance with
Part B 8.3 of the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction (TP BF-
StB).
Calibration tests must be performed to determine
the correlation between the indirect testing method
chosen and the degree of compaction.
54 l 55
For coarse-grained soils, the following correlation applies according to the Additional technical condi-
tions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB):

Guideline values for correlating the static deformation modulus Ev2 and the ratio Ev2 / Ev1 with the
degree of compaction DPr in coarse-grained soils:

Soil group Static deformation Ratio Degree of compaction

modulus Ev2 / Ev1 DPr in %
Ev2 in MN / m2

GW, GI * 100 ) 2.3 * 100

* 80 ) 2.5 * 98

GE, SE, SW, SI * 80 ) 2.3 * 100

* 70 ) 2.5 * 98

An even higher Ev2 / Ev1 ratio is permissible if Ev1 reaches 60% of the Ev2 value specied.

Guideline values for correlating the dynamic deformation modulus Evd with the degree of
compaction DPr in coarse-grained soils:

Soil group Dynamic deformation Degree of compaction

modulus DPr in %
Evd in MN / m2

GW, GI, GE * 50 * 100

SW, SI, SE * 40 * 98
1.7.2.2.3 Testing deformation modulus, correct vertical and horizontal position and
evenness on the subgrade
On the subgrade, the bearing and deformation
behaviour must be veried by means of the defor-
mation modulus Ev2 or the dynamic deformation
modulus Evd.

The following methods and procedures must be

used:
> Testing method M1 (statistical testing schedule)
Testing is conducted by means of:
- the static plate bearing test according to
DIN 18134; and
- the dynamic plate bearing test according to
the Technical testing regulations for soil and
rock in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part
B 8.3.

> Testing method M2 (continuous dynamic meas-

uring procedure) to the extent that it is suitable
for use in terms of soil mechanics
The test results have to be calibrated to the
deformation modulus Ev2 or Evd respectively
(see Technical testing regulations for soil and
rock in road construction [TP BF-StB], Part
E 4).

> Testing method M3 (monitoring the working pro-

cedure by means of single testing) according to
DIN 18134 or the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction
(TP BF-StB), Part B 8.3.

56 l 57
1.8 Soils and mineral construction materials for
soil treatment
The suitability of soils for soil treatment (depend-
ing on the binder used) must be veried within the
scope of a mix design.
1.8.1 Suitable soils (according to DIN 18196)
> Coarse-grained soils with a maximum particle
size of 63 mm
GE, GW, GI, SE, SW, SI
1.8.2 Soils (according to DIN 18196) and construction materials suitable to
a limited extent
> Clays of high plasticity to the extent that they
are of soft to stiff consistency and can be
sufciently crushed
TA
> Mixed-grained soils containing stones larger
than 63 mm to the extent that these can be
removed or crushed if in weathered state
> Soils containing organic matter and organo-
genic soils
1.8.3 Non-suitable soils
Non-suitable soils include soils which cannot
be substantially improved (suitability for placing,
compactability) or sufciently stabilized (bearing
capacity, frost resistance) by adding high binder
contents and using standard equipment.
The soils to be treated should be available in a
largely homogeneous quality. (Code of practice as
amended in 2004/Additional technical conditions
of contract and directives for earthworks in road
construction (ZTVE) as amended in 2009)
> Fine-grained and mixed-grained soils
SU, ST, GU, GT, SU*, ST*, GU*, GT*, UL, UM,
UA, TL, TM
> Soils of varying composition or nature
> Recycled and manufactured aggregates
> Rocks of variable strength (siltstones and clay
stones) if they can be sufciently crushed and
have a sufciently high water content to allow
compaction (reduction of air voids ratio)
> Clays of high plasticity and semi-rm to rm
consistency TA
> Rocks of variable strength (siltstones and clay
stones) if they cannot be sufciently crushed
> Organic soils
1.8.4 Natural and articial aggregates and recycled construction materials
Natural aggregates are classied based on grading
in accordance with DIN 18196.
Articial aggregates and recycled construction
materials must comply with both environmentally
relevant and water-management requirements.
These requirements are stipulated, for example,
in the Directives for the environmentally compat-
1.8.5 Sulphate inuence
Heaving may destroy the structure as a result of
chemical reactions of the sulphates and sulphides
(pyrite) with the free calcium contained in the
lime or cement (or both substances when using a
mixed binder).
In the process, volumetric strains ranging from
10% to 30% develop at swelling pressures of
up to 5 MPa caused by ettringite or thaumasite
growth.
Caution should generally be exercised with all
sulphate-bearing soils or waters, pyrite, gypsum
and anhydrite in combination with free calcium at a
pH value > 10.5.
Criteria for assessing native soils
> No risk: electrical conductivity of soil saturation
extract < 200 S / cm
> Low risk: sulphate content between 3,000 ppm
and 5,000 ppm
> Medium to high risk: sulphate content between
5,000 ppm and 8,000 ppm
> Soil not suitable for soil treatment: sulphate
content > 8,000 ppm
ible use of industrial by-products and recycled
construction materials in road construction
(RuA-StB), Directives for the environmentally
compatible use of reclaimed materials contain-
ing tar-bound matter and for the use of reclaimed
asphalt in road construction (RuVA-StB) and
Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road
construction (TL Gestein-StB).
A mineralogical analysis of the soil should always
be performed on critical soil types in order to avoid
exposure of the structure to any risk.
Ettringite or thaumasite reaction is, among other
things, additionally inuenced by the following
factors:
> temperature (reaction requires temperatures
< 15C);
> dry-wet cycles;
> pore size of soil mixture (compaction);
> sulphate type and solubility; and
> clay content of soil (clay content < 10%
unproblematic).
Recycled construction materials intended for
use in soil treatment must always be tested for
sulphates!
58 l 59
1.9 Binders
1.9.1 General
The purpose of construction and goal of soil
treatment should be dened prior to selecting the
binder to be used.
This requires an investigation of the native soil
and its properties and of the requirements on the
structure in terms of soil analysis.
In the next step, tests have to be performed in
order to determine the means (soil improvement,
qualied soil improvement) by which and degree
to which the properties and soil characteristics can
be improved.
1.9.2 Types of binder
The following binders may be used for soil treat-
ment without requiring further agreement provided
they comply with the pertinent standards:
> Cements according to DIN 197-1 and DIN 197-4
> Cements according to DIN 1164-10
> Building limes according to DIN EN 459-1
In addition, these must comply with supplementa-
ry requirements in terms of reactivity and grading
according to the Additional technical conditions
1.9.3 Mode of binder action
1.9.3.1 Building limes
A distinction in the mode of action of ne limes is
made between instantaneous and long-term reac-
tion.
The instantaneous reaction commences within min-
utes after mixing and is complete after some days.
The mechanical properties of the treated soil
should be dened and determined to allow selec-
tion of the binder and mixing procedure to be
used.
The criteria to be determined include shear
strength, stiffness, swelling or shrinkage proper-
ties and durability in order to obtain a sustainable
structure.
The type, method and formula to be used for soil
treatment can be determined by means of mineral-
ogical and soil-mechanical investigations.
of contract and directives for earthworks in road
construction (ZTV E-StB).
> Hydraulic soil and road binders according
to DIN 18506
> Mixed binders produced from standard hydrau-
lic binders or their major hydraulic constituents
Other binders may be used provided that their
suitability has been veried and their use has been
agreed upon between the client and contractor.
The long-term reaction commences after some
days and may continue for a period of several
years.
Overall, there is only a moderate development of
strength.
Instantaneous reaction: Result:
> Quick reduction of water content in the soil- > Improved compactability
binder mixture resulting from > Improved plastic properties and thus decreas-
- aeration during the mixing process ing susceptibility to water
- the chemical bond of water > Proctor curve shifts to the wet side resulting in
- vaporization as a result of the heat generated a decrease of the dry density and simultaneous
during quicklime hydration increase of the optimum water content
> Crumbling caused by incipient chemical reac- > This results in an increase of the bearing
tions in the clay minerals and at their contact capacity
surfaces
> Aggregation of ne-grained soils
> Increase of plastic limit
> This leads to an increase of consistency index
Ic and a reduction of plasticity index Ip.

1.85

1.80
Clayey soil (TM)
untreated
1.75
Dry density [ t / m3]

97 % DPr
treated with 2%
1.70 of binder
97 % DPr

1.65 treated with

4% of binder

1.60
treated with
wPr wPr 6% of binder

1.55
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Water content w [%]

60 l 61
Long-term reaction: Result:
> Pozzolanic hardening (chemical conversion of > Volume stability, long-term increase in strength,
the clay minerals) permanent bearing capacity and frost resist-
> Cation exchange ance build up over a period of some months to
> Bridging several years.
> Carbonation (with CO2)

Soil types ideal for treatment with lime:

clays of medium to high plasticity

1.9.3.2 Cements

Cement action is based on the binding effects of

Soil types ideal for treatment with cement:
the hardened cement paste.
coarse-grained soils with a very low silt content
The aggregate is coated and cured, and the reac-
tion takes place with the pore water.

Strength development is high caused by the for-

mation of the hardened cement paste.

1.9.3.3 Mixed binders

Mixed binder (lime-cement products) action is

Soil types ideal for treatment with mixed
based on the synergistic effects of ne lime and
binders:
cement, using all of the positive properties offered
clays of low to medium plasticity, mixed-
by both products.
grained soils (of low to medium plasticity),
waterlogged coarse-grained soils
As a result, mixed binders can be used for nearly
all types of soil if applied at the appropriate mixing
ratio.
1.9.4 Binders with special properties
1.9.4.1 Low-dust binders
Low-dust binders are used on projects requiring
lower dust levels than is normal for such applica-
tions. This is the case in particular in the vicinity of
residential areas, infrastructure facilities, light metal
facades, glazed surfaces or similar sensitive areas.
1.9.4.2 Hydrophobic binders
Hydrophobic binders are used on projects where
the binders cannot be mixed in right after spread-
ing or if a soil treatment operation is scheduled in
a season where rainfall tends to be higher.
The binder is treated by means of a special,
patented process which results in a signicant
reduction of dust development during spreading
and milling.
Examples of products: all DOROSOL mixtures,
DOROPORT TB N
The binders hydrophobic action is neutralized
by the milling operation, which extends the time
frame available for processing.
62 l 63
1.9.5 Binder applications

During geotechnical investigations, the main crite- The areas of application of the different types of
ria for selecting the binder to be used are typically binders are shown in the grading chart.
grading or the plasticity and water content of the
soil.

a) In soil improvement operations, mixed binders

Fine aggregate range
work most effectively in mixed-grained soils and 100
in soils of low to medium plasticity. Ultra- Silt
The natural water content of soils suitable for fines fine medium
this type of treatment is reduced and the bear- 90
ing capacity improved in a single operation.
Mass fraction of grains < d in % of the total quantity

Based on the grading curve, the most suitable Non-suitable,

not crushable
binder can be selected in accordance with the 80
grading chart.

b) The strength of mixed-grained soils and soils 70

of low plasticity (TL, GU*) is determined by the
hydraulic proportion of the binder while the
60
overall binder content remains unchanged. The Fin
highest strengths are achieved using a mixed el
im
binder with a high content of cement or a road e
50
binder (cement).
Mixed binders produce the highest strengths
in clays of medium plasticity (TM). With clays 40 Type of soil: TA
in the transition zone from medium to high
plasticity and with clays of high plasticity (TA),
the highest strengths are achieved when using 30
mixed binders with a high lime proportion or
lime respectively.
20
c) Coarse-grained soils are treated using either
Type of soil: TM, TL, UM
mixed binders with a high content of cement or
road binders (cement). 10

d) Mixed binders with a higher content of lime are

used for soils with a high water content in order 0
to reduce the water content and obtain a soil- 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.01 0.02
binder mixture of ideal consistency for placing.
 Coarse aggregate range
Sand Gravel
coarse fine medium coarse fine medium coarse Stones

Type of soil:
GU*, SU*

Type of soil: GU, SU

Mi
xe Type of soil: GW, GI
db
ind
er
s
Ro
ad
bin
de
rs

Non-suitable,
too coarse

0.06 0.1 0.2 0.6 1 2 6 10 20 60 100

Particle diameter d [mm]

64 l 65
1.9.6 Binder processing times

The processing time of a binder is the period of > Use of mixed binder: measured from com-
time passing between spreading of the binder mencement of spreading or addition of the
and compaction of the soil (with the exception of binder until completion of compaction
hydrophobic binders). - maximum 4.0 hours at temperatures of up to
20C
- maximum 3.0 hours at temperatures above
The following time intervals are permitted for pro-
20C
cessing the soil-binder mixture:
> Use of cement or road binder: measured from These times are based on the different reaction
commencement of spreading or addition of the behaviours of the binders.
binder until completion of compaction
> Cement and road binders react upon contact
- maximum 2.0 hours at temperatures of up
with the moist soil and have fairly short process-
to 20C
ing times.
- maximum 1.5 hours at temperatures above
> Hydrophobic cement and hydrophobic road
20C
binders react only when mixed into the soil.
> Mixed binders react upon contact with the moist
> Use of hydrophobic cement or hydropho-
soil and have longer processing times than ce-
bic road binder: measured from mixing of the
ment.
binder and soil until completion of compaction
- maximum 2.0 hours at temperatures of up to
20C
- maximum 1.5 hours at temperatures above
20C

1.9.7 Binder reaction times

The reaction time of a binder is the period of time
passing between mixing-in of the binder and com-
paction of the soil.
Modication of the reaction time has a strong inu-
ence on Proctor density and strength.
For all binders, extending the reaction time
results in:
> an increase of the optimum water content;
> a reduction of the Proctor density; and
> a reduction in strength of the soil-binder mix-
ture.
Signicant reductions in strength occur when ex-
tending the reaction time of cement. The reaction
time of one hour specied for soil stabilization in
the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock
in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.1,
should also be complied with for soil improve-
ment. This approach results in the highest bearing
capacity and lowest sensitivity to water immersion
of the soil-binder mixture.
Longer reaction times are required for white ne
lime. The requirements specied in the Techni-
Cement
Binder - Mixed binder
CEM I
Reaction time h 1
The reaction times of mixed binders depend on
their hydraulic proportion and have to be set to
between 3 and 5 hours.
cal testing regulations for soil and rock in road
construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.3, stipulat-
ing a reaction time of six hours produce the most
signicant change in the Proctor curve. Factoring
in the development of strength, shorter reaction
times can be chosen also with a view to a way of
working that is more in line with practical require-
ments.
The following time periods between working in the
binder and compaction should be adhered to:
Fine lime
CL90Q
3-5 >6
Where appropriate, the reaction time of mixed
binders can be adjusted in accordance with their
main binder components.
66 l 67
1.10 Water

The water content of the soil to be treated should The water must not contain any substances
be equivalent to the optimum water content for and / or impurities that would have a detrimental
placing and compacting. effect on the soil treatment process.

If the water content of a mixed-grained or ne-

If the water content of coarse-grained or mixed-
grained soil intended for soil treatment is signi-
grained soils intended for soil treatment is too low,
cantly higher than the optimum water content, it
water should be added with ne-grained soils:
must be reduced by appropriate measures.
early enough for the moisture to have penetrated
the soil completely and uniformly when the binder
Appropriate measures include, for example, the
is mixed in.
use of mixed binders. The ne lime contained in
mixed binders reduces the water content, resulting
As an option, the water to be added can also be in optimum conditions for placing and compacting.
injected into the milling and mixing chamber dur-
ing the milling operation. The natural water content of the soil has an inu-
ence on the quantity of binder to be added, as has
the Proctor density to be achieved.
Example:

97% DPr
Water content (% by weight)

100% DPr

Optimum
water content
Binder quantity

Binder quantity
at 100% DPr
at 97% DPr

1 2 3 4 5
Addition of binder (% by weight)
= Wnat > Wopt
= Wnat = Wopt
= Wnat < Wopt

Rule of thumb for reduction of the water content:

Cement:
water reduction by approx. 0.3% per 1% of binder

DOROSOL C 30 (example):
water reduction by approx. 0.5 1.0% per 1% of binder

DOROSOL C 50 (example):
water reduction by approx. 1.0 1.5% per 1% of binder

Fine lime:
water reduction by approx. 2.0 2.5% per 1% of binder

68 l 69
1.11 Effects of weather
1.11.1 Precipitation
An effective drainage system must be in place
during construction to prevent any damage from
being caused by standing or running water.
In case of light precipitation, a dry binder must be
milled in sufciently fast after spreading to avoid
penetration of moisture and, as a result, caking of
the binder. Should any lumps have formed none-
theless, they must be adequately crushed during
milling.
1.11.2 Wind
Special binders (such as DOROSOL PRO C) can
be used to reduce binder drifts. These binders
signicantly reduce the development of dust.
Hydrophobic cements or road binders are usually
not prone to lump formation.
If the water content specied as a requirement for
adequate compaction of the soil is exceeded as a
result of precipitation, meaning that the soil-binder
mixture cannot be sufciently compacted, the
operation has to be interrupted until the soil has
dried to a sufcient degree.
Spreading of the dry binder must be discontinued,
however, if strong winds cause excessive binder
quantities to be blown away so that an unaccep-
table pollution of the environment occurs or the
safety of road users is put at risk.
1.11.3 Temperature
Soil stabilization and qualied soil improvement
operations should preferably not be carried out at
ground and air temperatures below +5C.
If soil treatment operations are scheduled at
temperatures below +5C, the required protective
measures must be included in the specication of
works. Consideration also needs to be given to the
fact that, in the rst three days and for the longest
possible period of time thereafter, the temperature
of the soil-binder mixture should not fall below
+5C. Where appropriate, the next layer can be
placed as a protection for the previously treated
layer.
It is not permissible to perform soil treatment
operations on frozen ground.
If frost is to be expected, the drainage system
must be sufciently effective to prevent the sta-
bilized layer from freezing in the water-saturated
state.
At air temperatures above 25C or in case of
exposure to intense sunlight, the water content
has to be adjusted to ensure that the construction
material mixture retains the optimum water content
for compaction.
70 l 71
1.12 Soil treatment Construction
1.12.1 Mixing procedures
A general distinction is made between two differ-
ent procedures which can be used to produce a
soil-binder mixture.
> Mixed-in-plant process
Where the mixed-in-place process cannot be
used for technical reasons (due to, for exam-
ple, existing manholes, gullies, road widenings,
structures, trenches etc.) or is uneconomical,
soil-binder mixtures produced using the mixed-
in-plant process can be placed instead.
In soil treatment operations, it is usually not
economically feasible to produce soil-binder
mixtures using the mixed-in-plant process.
> Mixed-in-place process
The mixed-in-place process is the standard
construction method used in soil treatment
operations.
1.12.2 Dust-free addition of binder
The S-Pack (Spreader-Pack), which can be
integrated into the WR 240, WR 240i or WR 250 as
an optional feature, is the ideal candidate for the
dustless addition of binding agents in cold recyc-
ling or soil stabilization. Lime or cement is spread
right in front of the milling and mixing rotor in a
microprocessor-controlled operation. S-Pack is
synonymous with the reliable and dustless proces-
sing of binders especially on motorways, in indust-
rial estates specifying strict emission requirements,
residential areas or nature reserves.
The mixer travels on the layer prepared for treat-
ment, working in the previously spread binder
and, where appropriate, the required quantity of
water.
Variations in the sequence of the individual
operational steps are possible depending on the
location of the excavation and paving sites.
> Special process
Where the paving site does not allow for a mixer
to be used (in case of road widenings, relling of
utility trenches or structural backlls, or in areas
or locations where binder drifts must be avoided
etc.), the binder can be spread and mixed in at
the excavation site. The soil-binder mixture is
then transported to the paving site, placed and
compacted.
The S-Pack spreader is loaded to capacity in
less than ve minutes. A standard 27-tonne silo
transporter is emptied within two hours. The
spreading process is controlled and monitored
intuitively via the integrated control screen. Paired
with the outstanding all-terrain mobility of the WR
model range, the S-Pack allows binders to be
spread reliably and precisely even in those places
which are not suitable for the use of heavily loa-
ded, self-propelled binder spreaders.
72 l 73
1.12.3 Mixed-in-place process

1.12.3.1 Principles of construction for the mixed-in-place process

(all elds of soil treatment)

Qualified
Soil stabilization Soil improvement
soil improvement
Preparatory measures

Remove topsoil and organic matter. Soil improvement measures

Scarify and crush densely packed or semi-rm ne-grained or have to be performed so as to
mixed-grained soils as required. ensure that adequate compac-
Remove stones with a diameter > 63 mm. Prole and thickness tion and the correct vertical
of the stabilized layer have to be maintained. and horizontal position of the
Fine lime can be added to neutralize excessively acidic soils. completed layer are achieved.
A sufcient reaction time of several days has to be determined by The layer to be improved must
means of an extended mix design. be of uniform thickness, requir-
For mixed-grained or ne-grained soils of groups GU*, GT*, SU*, ing the soil to be levelled off
ST*, U, T, OU and OT, the water content has to be adjusted so prior to spreading the binder.
as not to exceed the maximum value (maximum 10 percentile) of
12% by volume for the air voids ratio of the compacted soil-binder
mixture (refer to the Additional technical conditions of contract
and directives for earthworks in road construction [ZTV E-StB]).
Prior to spreading the binding agent, the soil must be levelled off
and compacted in accordance with the Additional technical con-
ditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construc-
tion (ZTV E-StB).
The level of the pre-compacted subgrade has to be adjusted so
that, taking into account the degree of compaction in the stabi-
lized layer, the actual levels and layer thickness neither exceed nor
fall below the design levels and layer thickness.
The material-specic properties must be taken into account when
using articial aggregates and recycled construction materials.
The codes of practice applicable in each case have to be com-
plied with.
 Qualified soil
Soil stabilization Soil improvement
improvement
Preparatory measures

The binder must be spread evenly using appro- In soil improvement operations, dust develop-
priate machinery. ment caused by wind can be reduced by scari-
Even distribution of the binder is not guaranteed fying the surface prior to spreading the binder. In
when using fertilizer spreaders or blowing the addition, binders are available which cause less
binder from a silo transporter. dust during processing.
The latter is generally ruled out because of the Spreading of the binder and mixing should gen-
risk of accidents and pollution of the environ- erally be carried out in quick succession. Hydro-
ment associated with this method. The pertinent phobic cements enable longer processing times
EC safety data sheet has to be complied with because of their water-repellent properties; their
when working with hydraulic binder and building reaction time does not commence until they are
lime. mixed with the soil.
The quantity of binder applied must be veried
by means of test sheets placed on the ground
(see the Technical testing regulations for soil
and rock in road construction [TP BF-StB], Part
B 11.2). For the mixed-in-place process, the
amount of binder is specied in kg / m; for the
mixed-in-plant process, it is specied in % by
mass relative to the dry density of the soil.
In areas where access is difcult, it is advisable
to place a soil-binder mixture produced off the
paving site.
Adequate protection against binder drifts must
be ensured during construction. The spread-
ers should be tted with appropriate protective
equipment (such as low guards).

74 l 75
 Qualified
Soil stabilization Soil improvement
soil improvement
Mixing

For soil stabilization, only high-performance machines (such as Cultivators, disc harrows and
soil stabilizers) may be used which enable proper homogenization bulldozers with suitable ancil-
of the soil-binder mixture. Mixing needs to continue until a uniform lary equipment have proven to
colouring, uniform water content and ne, crumbly soil structure be effective in stony soils. In
have been achieved over the entire specied layer thickness. this rst machine pass, the soil
is loosened, and larger stones
(boulders) are removed.
Thorough mixing cannot be
achieved through the exclusive
use of graders, bulldozers with
rippers and excavators.
Mixing result after one milling Mixing result after two milling Mixing result after three milling
pass passes passes

76 l 77
 Qualified
Soil stabilization Soil improvement
soil improvement
Grading and compacting
Different degrees of pre-compaction of the The specied degree of compaction has to be
milled soil and the wheel tracks caused by the ensured over the entire layer thickness and
weight of the soil stabilizer have to be removed across the entire cross-section including the
prior to grading and compacting. peripheral areas. The contractor has to perform
Stabilized soil should be graded in exceptional a trial compaction at the start of compaction to
cases and in selective areas only prior to com- verify that the specied requirements are met by
paction as otherwise continuous layer thick- the working procedures selected.
nesses cannot be guaranteed.
The following details for the working procedure
Information on compaction and the equipment have to be stipulated in a work instruction:
to be used can be obtained from the Code - the compaction equipment selected;
of practice for the compaction of subsoil and - the placing method;
subgrade in road construction (Merkblatt fr - the number of roller passes required; and
die Verdichtung des Untergrundes und des - the maximum bulk height of the individual lay-
Unterbaues im Straenbau). The equipment ers to be placed.
used must be tailored to the type of soil, layer
thickness and number of passes.
 Qualified
Soil stabilization Soil improvement
soil improvement
Curing
Curing is meant to prevent premature drying of If site vehicles are to drive on the stabilized soil,
soil stabilized with hydraulic binders. the emulsion has to be protected by spreading
Stabilized layers need to be kept moist for a pe- chippings (e.g. of grade 1 / 3 mm or 2 / 5 mm)
riod of at least 3 days, for example, by spraying immediately after spraying.
a ne mist of water. Reference values for the spreading quantity are
As an option, a bitumen emulsion (U 60 K) can approx. 0.7 kg / m for ne-grained soils and ap-
be sprayed on the fully compacted, moist layer prox. 1.1 kg / m for coarse-grained soils.
until a thin, continuous lm has formed. The Curing can be omitted if an additional layer is
quantity to be sprayed needs to be determined placed on top of the still fresh, compacted layer.
in preliminary tests on a case-by-case basis. Care must be taken, however, that the subsoil or
subgrade is neither disturbed nor squeezed.
Curing is generally not required when carrying
out soil treatment operations using building lime
or soil improvement operations using mixed
binders.

78 l 79
1.12.4 Requirements for soil treatment

Requirements on:
Soil stabilization
Coarse-grained soils:
1.12.4.1 Binder quantity The Additional technical conditions of contract and di-
rectives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic
Hydraulic binders and mixed binders binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB) apply.
Fine-grained or mixed-grained soils:
The binder quantity has to be selected to meet the
1)
following requirements:
The compressive strength is based on a specimen diameter of
10 cm. Soil groups Frost resist- Compressive
In special cases, the 7-day strength can be tested taking into ance (heaving strength) (af-
account the development of strength of the binder. Hydraulic of specimen) ter 28 days)
binders resulting in a slow development of strength in the soil-binder
mixture may require the compressive strength to be veried after a GU, GT, SU, ST2) 6I
) 1 6.0 N / mm2
period exceeding 28 days. I
2)
Compressive strength only is tested if the soil is classied into GU*, SU*, UL, UM 6I
) 1
frost-susceptibility class F1. Both tests are performed if the soil is GT*, ST*, TL, TM, TA I
classied into frost-susceptibility class F2.
Recycled and manu- 6I
) 1 6.0 N / mm2
factured aggregates I

Fine lime and hydrated lime according to the Technical testing regulations for soil
and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.5
Compressive cylinder strength after exposure to frost
> 0.2 N / mm, binder quantity > 4% by mass

1.12.4.2 Compaction characteristics Requirement on the layer to be stabilized

(mixed-in-place process only)

Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the

degree of compaction DPr or maximum 10 percentile
for the air voids ratio na
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE DPr > 100%
GU, GT, SU, ST
GU*, GT*, SU*, ST* DPr > 97%
U, T, OU1), OT1) and na < 12%

Requirements on the degree of compaction of the

stabilized layer immediately after completion of
compaction
1)
These requirements apply to soils of groups OU and OT only if their
suitability and placing conditions have been investigated separately DPr > 98% of the Proctor density of
and determined in consultation with the client. the soil-binder mixture
Qualied soil improvement Soil improvement
Binder content * 3% by mass

Qualied soil improvement of subgrade

The binder quantity has to be selected to meet the follow-
ing requirements:
Unconned compressive strength after 28 days and test-
ing in accordance with the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB),
Part B 11.3, * 0.5 N / mm
The loss in strength after soaking in water for 24 hours
must not exceed 50%.
Alternatively: CBR after 28 days and testing in accordance
with the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock in
road construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 7.1, * 40%
The loss in strength after soaking in water for 24 hours
must not exceed 50%.
The test may also be performed after 7 days and / or at
other testing times.

Qualied soil improvement for other applications

Determination of the binder quantity in accordance with
the structural soil analysis.

Requirements on compaction Requirements on compaction

Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the
degree of compaction DPr or maximum 10 percentile for degree of compaction DPr or maximum 10 percentile
the air voids ratio na for the air voids ratio na
Area Soil groups DPr na Area Soil groups DPr na
in % in % in % in %
Subgrade to a depth of GW, GI, GE Subgrade to a depth of GW, GI, GE
1.00 m for embankments SW, SI, SE > 100 1.00 m for embankments SW, SI, SE > 100
Subgrade to a depth of GU, GT, SU, ST Subgrade to a depth of GU, GT, SU, ST
0.50 m for cuts 0.50 m for cuts

1.00 m below grade to GW, GI, GE 1.00 m below grade to GW, GI, GE
embankment base SW, SI, SE > 98 embankment base SW, SI, SE > 98
GU, GT, SU, ST GU, GT, SU, ST
Subgrade to embankment GU*, GT*, SU*, ST* Subgrade to embankment GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*
base U, T, OU1), OT1) > 97 < 12 base U, T, OU1), OT1) > 97 < 12
Subgrade to a depth of Subgrade to a depth of
0.50 m for cuts 0.50 m for cuts

80 l 81
Requirements on:
1.12.4.3 Verication of binder quantity
Soil stabilization
Based on the results of the mix design, the con-
tractor species the binder quantity:
- in kg / m for the mixed-in-place process
- in % by mass for the mixed-in-plant process

The quantity of binder delivered for the construc-

tion lot must not:
- fall below the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 5%
- exceed the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 8%

Binder quantities determined individually (in ac-

cordance with the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction
[TP BF-StB], Part 11.2) must not:
- fall below the design value determined in the
mix design by more than 10%
- exceed the design value determined in the mix
design by more than 15%

1.12.4.4 Surface Max. deviation of the surface from the design

level: 2 cm

1.12.4.5 Evenness ) 2.0 cm over a measured length of 4 m if the

stabilized layer is the base immediately under-
lying the pavement

1.12.4.6 Paving thickness Max. deviation of the paving thickness from the
design value: 10%
Qualied soil improvement Soil improvement

Based on the results of the mix design, the con-

tractor species the binder quantity:
- in kg / m for the mixed-in-place process
- in % by mass for the mixed-in-plant process

The quantity of binder delivered for the construc-

tion lot must not:
- fall below the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 5%
- exceed the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 8%

Binder quantities determined individually (in ac-

cordance with the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction [TP BF-StB],
Part 11.2) must not:
- fall below the design value determined in the
mix design by more than 10%
- exceed the design value determined in the mix
design by more than 15%

Requirements determined by position within the Requirements determined by position within the
structure structure

Requirements determined by position within the Requirements determined by position within the
structure structure

Requirements determined by position within the Requirements determined by position within the
structure structure

82 l 83
1.13 Structural backlls

1.13.1 Terms

Backll area Cover ll area

Drainage area (the drainage area is part of the
backll area)

1.13.2 Construction materials

The materials used must be resistant to weather- The addition of binders enables the bearing ca-
ing and must not contain any substances capable pacity of the backll to be improved and the
of swelling, sensitive to disintegration or aggres- inherent settlement to be reduced.
sive to the pavement.

1.13.2.1 Drainage area

The drainage area has to be produced from

coarse-grained soil (DIN 18196).

1.13.2.2 Backll and cover ll areas

> Coarse-grained soils (SW, SI, SE, GW, GI, GE)
> Mixed-grained soils (SU, ST, GU, GT)
> Mixed-grained soils (SU*, ST*, GU*, GT*) and
ne-grained soils (TL, TM, UM, UL) combined
with qualied soil improvement
> Manufactured aggregates and recycled con-
struction materials
> Coal y ash, coal host rock and recycled con-
struction materials containing asphalt may be
used outside the drainage area only.
In addition, a soil-binder mixture can be placed
> in backll areas where access is difcult; and
> below the horizon underneath of which the
backll cannot be drained due to a lack of run-
off capability and nearly impermeable subsoil
in order to ensure proper compaction and / or
prevent any accumulation of water.
If mixed-grained soils are used, the structures
require a 1.0 m thick drainage layer.
1.13.3 Compaction

The requirement on the minimum 10 percentile for In the backll and cover ll areas, the construc-
the degree of compaction of tion material must be placed and compacted in
uniform layers of approx. 30 cm in thickness.
Construction of the embankment cones at the
DPr = 100% wings of the structure must proceed parallel to the
backlling or cover-lling operation.
applies to the The backll area must be tied-in with an embank-
ment or cutting slope in a stepped, interlocking
> backll area;
pattern.
> cover ll area; and
> embankment shoulders at the wings of the
structure.

84 l 85
1.14 Relling utility trenches

1.14.1 General

Previously excavated soil has to be used for rell-
ing as required and as appropriate.
Appropriate measures have to be taken to main-
tain the stockpiled soil in a condition suitable for
placing.
Excavated, excessively wet soil can be treated
with binders to turn it into a condition suitable for
placing.

1.14.2 Working in the binder

The binder is worked in either next to the trench Binder drifts must be avoided when working in the
using a mixing shovel or on a stockyard using a immediate neighbourhood of residential areas.
soil stabilizer. Low-dust binders have to be used where appropri-
ate.

1.14.3 Compaction

The soil used to rell utility trenches in the body of 10 percentile for the degree of compaction DPr or
the road has to be compacted so as to meet the the maximum 10 percentile for the air voids ratio na
following requirements on the minimum respectively.

na in % by
Area Soil groups DPr in %
volume
Subgrade to a depth of 1.00 m for
GW, GI, GE, SW, SI,
embankments 100
SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
Subgrade to a depth of 0.50 m for cuts
GW, GI, GE, SW, SI,
1.00 m below grade to embankment base 98
SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
Subgrade to embankment base GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*
97 122)
Subgrade to a depth of 0.50 m for cuts U, T, OU1), OT1)

1) These requirements apply to soils of groups OU and OT only if their
suitability and placing conditions have been investigated separately
and determined in consultation with the client.
2) If the soils are not improved by means of soil stabilization or
qualied soil improvement, a requirement on the maximum
10 percentile for the air voids ratio is recommended as follows:
8% by volume when placing water-sensitive mixed-grained or
ne-grained soils; and
6% by volume when placing rock of variable strength.
A requirement on the minimum 10 percentile for embedment of utility trenches in and outside of the
the degree of compaction of 97% applies for the road body.

86 l 87
Introduction
Today, base layers with hydraulic binders comprise
stabilized layers, hydraulically bound base layers
or concrete base layers.
Base layers form the lower part of the roads pave-
ment. The static and dynamic loads acting on the
pavement are transferred through the base and
into the subsoil or subgrade.
This manual addresses soil stabilization with
hydraulic binders and hydraulically bound base
layers.
Other types of base layers are cited for the pur-
pose of completeness only.
The Romans were the rst to successfully use
hydraulic binders in road construction.
Base layers consisting of lean concrete built at
the turn of the century can be found under some
of Munichs city-centre streets even today.
Hydraulic binders were used in the construction
of motorways and airport runways even prior to
World War II.
In the 1960s, there was a growing recognition in
Germany to manufacture cement-bound construc-
tion material mixtures for base layers in accord-
ance with the principles of soil mechanics.
Technical and economic reasons have led to base
layers with hydraulic binders being used to an
ever-increasing extent.
In addition to the benets of slab action, which
reduces the loads exerted on the subsoil or
subgrade, and their insusceptibility to temperature
uctuations, base layers with hydraulic binders
offer the following additional advantages:
> low susceptibility to long-term load action; no
creeping;
> no permanent deformation under load at high
temperatures;
> suitable recycled construction materials and
industrial by-products can be used; and
> high durability (service life) of the base layer.
88 l 89
2. Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders

2.1 General
According to the Directives for the standardiza-
tion of the superstructures of trafcked surfaces
(RStO), a distinction is made between:
> base layers without binders;
> base layers with hydraulic binders; and
> base layers with special properties.
Paving mixes are construction material mixtures
with binder and water.
The leaching behaviour of harmful substances
must be determined when using construction ma-
terial mixtures containing recycled material.

Construction material mixtures are mixtures

consisting of aggregates with a dened grading
without binder and water.

90 l 91
2.2 Terminology
Depending on the technology, source material and
mixing process used, base layers with hydraulic
binders are distinguished into:
> Stabilized layers with hydraulic binders
Soil stabilization comprises a range of construc-
tion processes aiming at increasing the resist-
ance of granular base layers to stresses caused
by trafc loading and climate.
The construction material mixture is compacted
after completion of the stabilizing operation.
In the process, hydraulic binders and water are
added to the soils and / or construction material
mixtures using the mixed-in-place or mixed-in-
plant process.
- Mixed-in-place process
The mixer travels on the layer prepared for
soil stabilization, scarifying it and mixing in
the specied hydraulic binder and required
quantity of water.
- Mixed-in-plant process
The soil or aggregate mixture is mixed with
the specied binder and required quantity
of water (mixing water) in stationary mixing
plants, transported to the construction site
and placed.
> Hydraulically bound base layers
(produced using the mixed-in-plant process
only)
Hydraulically bound base layers consist of un-
crushed and / or crushed construction material
mixtures and hydraulic binders.
Grading of the construction material mixture
must be within specied grading ranges. The
paving mix must be produced in mixing plants.
> Concrete base layers
Concrete base layers are base layers of con-
crete in accordance with DIN EN 206-1 and
DIN 1045-2.
2.3 Base layers with hydraulic binders in
accordance with ZTV Beton-StB 1) and soil
stabilization in accordance with ZTV E-StB 2)

Position of the stabilized layer

Position of the base layer with hydraulic binders according
in the subsoil or subgrade
to ZTV Beton-StB 1)
according to ZTV E-StB 2)

Asphalt surfacing Asphalt surfacing

Concrete surfacing Stone paving Concrete pavement Concrete surfacing
Asphalt base Asphalt base

Frost-proof design

Frost-proof design

Frost-proof material Base layers with Stabilization of Subsoil Deformation modulus Degree of compaction
[frost blanket] hydraulic binders subsoil or subgrade (F2 / F3 soils) on subgrade of stabilized layer
(paved or native) Ev2 * 45 MN / mm DPr * 98 %

1)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
2)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction

92 l 93
2.4 Principles of production

2.4.1 General

Stabilized layers and hydraulically bound base lay-
ers are produced in line with the principles of soil
mechanics, meaning that:
> the Proctor density and corresponding opti-
mum water content are determined from the
soil-binder mixture or construction material-
binder mixture by means of the Proctor test;
> the required binder content is determined from
the Proctor specimen by means of compressive
testing and frost testing; and
> the degree of compaction is determined from
the Proctor density and eld density.
Concrete used for concrete base layers is pro-
duced in accordance with DIN EN 206-1 and
DIN 1045-2.
Compressive strength and frost resistance are
tested on cubes.
2.5 Tests Denitions

2.5.1 Initial testing (mix design)

Initial tests are tests that have to be performed by
the contractor. They have to be performed prior to
rst use in accordance with the Technical delivery
terms for construction materials and construction
material mixtures for base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements (TL Beton-StB)
and Technical testing regulations for base layers
with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
(TP Beton-StB).
rial mixtures and paving mixes for the intended
paving conditions and intended use in accordance
with the requirements stipulated in the building
contract.
Verication has to be provided by submitting test
certicates issued by a testing laboratory certied
for the respective construction materials and con-
struction material mixtures.

Initial tests are performed to verify the suitability of

the construction materials, construction mate-

2.5.2 Factory production control

Factory production control is required for If the soils or the construction material mixtures
> soils; and paving mixes are supplied or manufactured by
> construction material mixtures; and the paving companies, factory production control
> paving mixes is an integral part of internal control.
delivered by third-party suppliers.
The supplier is obliged to present the results of
factory production controls.

94 l 95
Initial testing and factory production control on stabilized layers and hydraulically bound base
layers:

Type of base layer Initial testing Factory production control

Binders

stabilized layer and hy- comparison of delivery

Binder type and grade
draulically bound base notes for each delivery

Soil or construction material mixture

stabilized layer and for every 2,500 tonnes or
Grading hydraulically bound in each instance part thereof of quantity deliv-
base ered, at least once per day
Fines content stabilized layer in each instance as required
as required, at least once
Water content stabilized layer in each instance
per day

Proctor density and

stabilized layer in each instance
optimum water content

hydraulically bound
Condition of aggregates in each instance visual inspection
base

Paving mix

stabilized layer and as required, at least once

Binder content in each instance
hydraulically bound base per day

stabilized layer and

Proctor density in each instance
hydraulically bound base

stabilized layer and

Water content in each instance at least twice per day
hydraulically bound base

Compressive strength stabilized layer and

in each instance as required
tested on specimen hydraulically bound base

on soils or construc-
tion material mixtures
stabilized layer and
Frost resistance with a fines content
hydraulically bound base
) 0.063 mm between
5% and 15% by mass
Condition of aggregates hydraulically bound base visual inspection
2.5.3 Internal control testing
Internal control tests are tests that have to be
performed by the contractor.
2.5.4 Compliance testing
Compliance tests are tests that have to be per-
formed by the client.
These tests are performed to check whether the
properties of
> the construction materials;
> the construction material mixtures and paving
mixes; and
> the nished work
comply with the contractual requirements.
Acceptance is based on the results of these tests.
These tests are performed to check whether the
properties of
> the construction materials;
> the paving mixes; and
> the nished work
comply with the contractual requirements.
An arbitration investigation is the repetition of a
compliance test in the proper execution of which
the client or contractor have reasonable doubts.
At the request of one of the contractual parties,
it has to be performed by a testing laboratory
approved by the contractor and client which has
not performed the compliance test. The result of
the arbitration investigation replaces the original
test result. The costs are borne by the party to
whose disadvantage the result turns out to be.
96 l 97
2.6 Construction materials

2.6.1 Soils and aggregates for soil stabilization

The following soils and aggregates can be used for The quality of soils intended for soil stabilization
soil stabilization: is controlled in accordance with the Technical
> coarse-grained soils according to DIN 18196 delivery terms for construction material mixtures
> mixed-grained soils of groups GU, SU, GT and soils for the production of unbound granular
and ST if they comply with the requirements of layers in road construction, Part: Quality control
frost-susceptibility class F1 (TL G SoB-StB).
> aggregates complying with the requirements
of Annex G of the Technical delivery terms for The use of reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed tar-
aggregates in road construction (TL Gestein- bound road construction materials is governed
StB). in Annex G of the Technical delivery terms for
construction materials and construction material
mixtures for base layers with hydraulic binders and
concrete pavements (TL Beton-StB).
In addition, compliance with the Directives for
the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed
materials containing tar-bound matter and for the
ST*, GT* use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction
SU*, GU* (RuVA-StB) is of particular importance.
TL, TM
UL, UM, UA
OU
Percentage d ) 0.063 mm (% by mass)

15

ST, GT
SU, GU
F2 TA
ST, GT OT, OH
10 OK
SU, GU

F1

GW, GI, GE
F1
SW, SI, SE

0
1 5 10 15 If the nes content < 0.063 mm ranges between 5% by mass and
15% by mass, adequate frost resistance of the hardened paving mix
d60 must be veried by means of frost testing as part of the mix design
Coefficient of uniformity U =
d10 (initial testing).
2.6.2 Aggregates and construction material mixtures for hydraulically
bound base layers
The following soils and aggregates can be used for
hydraulically bound base layers:
> natural, crushed and uncrushed aggregates;
aggregates and construction material mixtures
for base layers with hydraulic binders must
comply with the requirements of the Tech-
nical delivery terms for aggregates in road
construction (TL Gestein-StB). Their quality is
controlled in accordance with the Technical
delivery terms for construction material mix-
tures and soils for the production of unbound
granular layers in road construction, Part: Qual-
ity control (TL G SoB-StB).
> articial aggregates (coal y ash, blast-furnace
slag, granulated blast-furnace slag, steel slag,
copper slag, foundry / cupola furnace slag,
wet-bottom boiler slag and volcanic slag) and
coal y ash as an additive or addition to the
construction material mixture. The areas of ap-
plication specied in the table on page 98 have
to be complied with when using manufactured
or recycled aggregates and volcanic slags.
> recycled aggregates in accordance with the
Code of practice for the reuse of concrete
from pavements (Merkblatt zur Wiederver-
wendung von Beton aus Fahrbahndecken)
without requiring additional verication pro-
vided they are reclaimed from and placed on
the same site.
The use of reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed tar-
bound road construction materials is governed
in Annex G of the Technical delivery terms for
construction materials and construction material
mixtures for base layers with hydraulic binders and
concrete pavements (TL Beton-StB).
In addition, compliance with the Directives for
the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed
materials containing tar-bound matter and for the
use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction
(RuVA-StB) is of particular importance.
98 l 99
Requirements on aggregates in base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance with the
Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction (TL Gestein-StB):
Property
Material designation
Fines content in aggregate
fractions 0 / 2 and 0 / 5
Fines content in aggregate
fractions 2 / 4 and 32 / 63
Particle shape of
coarse-grained aggregates
Aggregate fractions /
aggregate product size
Aggregate fractions /
aggregate product size
Combined aggregate fractions
Grading tolerances
Apparent density
Absorption of water
Resistance to frost
Sunburn of basalt
Organic impurities
Decay of dicalcium silicate in blast-fur-
nace slag or foundry / cupola-furnace slag
Decay of iron in blast-furnace slag or
foundry / cupola-furnace slag
Volume stability of steel slag
Alkali-silica reaction
Substances disturbing the setting and
hardening process
Environmentally relevant attributes
Hydraulically bound
Stabilized layer Concrete base
base
determination of petrographic attributes according to DIN EN 932-3
has to be specified; permissible fines f3
contents in the construction material
mixture must not be exceeded f1
SI50 (FI50)
Grading
GF80 for 0 / 5 GF85
GC80 / 20 for 5 / 11, 11 / 22, 22 / 32, 32 / 45 and 45 / 56
GC85 / 20 for 2 / 4, 4 / 8, 8 / 16, 16 / 32 and 32 / 64
GC90 / 15 for 5 / 8, 8 / 11, 11 / 16 and 16 / 22
if D / d < 4: GTC20 / 15; if D / d * 4: GTC20 / 17.5;
for aggregates according to DIN EN 13242: GTNR
tolerances according to Table 4,
lines 1 + 2 of the Technical delivery
GTANR
terms for aggregates in road
construction (TL Gestein-StB)
to be specified
Wcm 0.5
F4
SBSZ (SBLA)
mLPC NR
none
none
V5 steel slag not suitable for use
compliance with the alkali guideline
issued by the German Committee for specify alkali-sensitivity classes
Reinforced Concrete (DAfStB)
have to be verified
The requirements on environmentally relevant attributes have to be
complied with when using manufactured aggregates and recycled
construction materials.
Areas of application for manufactured or recycled aggregates:

Blast-furnace slag,
granulated blast-
furnace slag, copper Recycled Domestic
Construction
Coal fly ash slag, foundry / cu- Steel slag construction waste incinera-
materials
pola-furnace slag, materials 1) tion ash
wet-bottom boiler
slag, volcanic slag

Construction class SV, I to VI SV, I to VI SV, I to VI SV, I to VI IV to VI

as an addition to to a limited
Stabilized layers as aggregate as aggregate as aggregate
the aggregate extent 2)

Hydraulically bound as an addition to 3)

as aggregate as aggregate as aggregate
base layers the aggregate

Concrete base 3) 3)
as additive as aggregate as aggregate
layers

1)
Recycled aggregates in accordance with the Code of practice for
the reuse of concrete from pavements (Merkblatt zur Wiederver-
wendung von Beton aus Fahrbahndecken) can be used for base
layers with hydraulic binders without requiring additional verication
provided they are reclaimed from and placed on the same site.
2)
In accordance with the Code of practice on the use of domestic
waste incineration ash in road construction (Merkblatt ber die Ver-
wertung von Hausmllverbrennungsasche im Straenbau - M HMV-A).
3)
Not applicable.

100 l 101
2.6.3 Aggregates and construction material mixtures for concrete base layers

Aggregates as described in section 2.6.2, as an addition to the aggregates but as an additive

Aggregates and construction material mixtures for only. The grading curves to be complied with are
hydraulically bound base layers, the only restric- based on the requirements of DIN EN 206-1 and
tion being that suitable coal y ash cannot be used DIN 1045-2.
2.6.4 Hydraulic binders

Cements in accordance with DIN EN 197 or with DIN 18506 (strength classes 12.5 and 32.5)
DIN 1164-10 as shown in the table below or are used as binders.
hydraulic soil and road binders in accordance

Main types of cement Designation of cement types Main constituents

CEM I Portland cement

Portland blast-furnace slag cement A/B S Granulated blast-furnace slag

Portland silica fume cement A D Silica fume

Portland pozzolanic cement A/B P/Q Pozzolans

CEM II
Portland fly ash cement A V Fly ash

Portland burnt shale cement A/B T Shale

Portland limestone cement A LL Limestone

S-D, S-T, S-LL

S-P, S-V

D-T, D-LL, D-P

A D-V

T-LL
CEM II-M Portland composite cement
P-V, P-T, P-LL

V-T, V-LL

S-D, S-T, S-P

B D-T, D-P

P-T

A S
CEM III Blast-furnace slag cement
B S

CEM IV Pozzolanic cement B P 1)

A
CEM V Composite cement S-P 2)
B
1)
Applies only to trass according to DIN 51043 as the main constituent of up to max. 40% by mass
2)
Applies only to trass according to DIN 51043 as the main constituent

102 l 103
2.6.5 Water
Any naturally occurring water complying with the
requirements of DIN EN 1008 is suitable for use as
mixing water. For base layers with hydraulic
2.6.6 Concrete admixtures / Concrete additives
Concrete admixtures must comply with the re-
quirements of DIN EN 934-2 or must be approved
for use by the supervising authority. DIN V 20000-
100 has to be complied with when using concrete
admixtures in accordance with DIN EN 934-2.
Concrete additives must comply with the require-
ments of DIN EN 450 and DIN EN 12620 for llers
binders, residual water may be used in accordance
with the provisions specied in DIN EN 206-1, DIN
EN 1008 and DIN 1045-2.
or must be approved for use by the supervising
authority. The provisions specied in DIN EN 206-1
and DIN 10545-2 have to be complied with.
Soils can be improved in terms of grading by add-
ing coal y ash in accordance with the require-
ments of DIN EN 450-1.
2.7 Requirements on base layers with
hydraulic binders
2.7.1 Design

The type and thickness of base layers with hy-
draulic binders which either underlie a concrete
or asphalt surfacing or are part of a fully bound
pavement depend on the construction class and
type of base layer to be built.
According to the Directives for the standardiza-
tion of the superstructures of trafcked surfaces
(RStO 12), when building a base layer with hydrau-
lic binders, the asphalt base in load classes BK100
to BK10 is 8-6 cm thinner than an asphalt base
constructed on top of a frost blanket.

2.7.2 Pavement layers with binders

The minimum paving thicknesses of base lay- directives for the construction of base layers with
ers with hydraulic binders are governed in the hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (ZTV
Additional technical conditions of contract and Beton-StB).

2.7.3 Minimum paving thicknesses

2.7.3.1 Stabilized layers

With stabilized layers, the minimum paving thick- Depending on the maximum particle size, sta-
nesses depend on the mixing process used and bilized layers must have the following minimum
the maximum particle size of the paving mix. paving thicknesses:
Stabilized layers must have the following minimum > > 12 cm with paving mixes of
paving thicknesses: particle size 0 / 32 mm
> > 12 cm when using the mixed-in-plant > > 15 cm with paving mixes of
process particle size 0 / 45 mm
> > 15 cm when using the mixed-in-place > > 20 cm with paving mixes of
process particle size > 0 / 45 mm.

2.7.3.2 Hydraulically bound base layers

Each layer of a hydraulically bound base must > > 12 cm with paving mixes of particle size
have the following minimum layer thickness after 0 / 32 mm
compaction: > > 15 cm with paving mixes of particle size
0 / 45 mm

104 l 105
2.7.3.3 Concrete base layers

Each layer of a concrete base must have a mini-

mum thickness of 12 cm, or 15 cm when com-
pacted by means of internal vibrators.

2.7.4 Edge design of base layers

If built without edging, base layers have to be
wider (by at least 50 cm) than the surfacing and
must be sloped at the edges.
Widening of the base layer improves the structural
behaviour of the pavement in the peripheral area,
creating a stable base for formwork or for the
contact surface of a slipform paver. If the contact
surface of the slipform paver is wider than 40 cm,
the excess width of the base layer must be at least
as wide as the contact surface plus 10 cm.
Base layers with hydraulic binders require the
lateral excess width at the raised edge of the car-
riageway to be built with a reverse outside gradient
in order to prevent the ingress of water into the
road structure from the side.
2.7.4.1 Details of edge design

Edge design of concrete surfacing on top of base layer with hydraulic binders:
20 * 50 100

Concrete surfacing
*4%
Fibre mat

1.5 Base layer with hydraulic binder

Subgrade 1:
20

Frost blanket

q*4% q * 2.5 %

Edge design of asphalt surfacing on top of base layer with hydraulic binders (hydraulically bound base):

Asphalt surface course

20 10 100

Asphalt binder course (where appropriate)

:1
)2

*4% Asphalt base

Base layer with hydraulic binder
1.5 (hydraulically bound base)
Subgrade 1:
Frost blanket
20

q*4% q * 2.5 %

Edge design of asphalt pavement on top of stabilized layer:

20 10 100 Asphalt surface course

Asphalt binder course (where appropriate)

:1
)2

*4% Asphalt base

.5 Base layer with hydraulic binder
Subgrade 1 :1
(stabilized layer)
20

Frost blanket
q*4% q * 2.5 %

106 l 107
2.7.5 Drainage of base layers
The reverse gradient must be designed so as to
extend under the road pavement by up to 1.0 m
measured from the edge of the pavement. Other-
wise, special measures must be taken. In addition,
2.7.6 Execution at low / high temperatures and frost
It is not permissible to build a base layer on frozen
subsoil or subgrade or to place frozen construction
material mixtures and paving mixes.
Paving mixes for base layers with hydraulic binders
may only be processed at temperatures of > 5C. If
frost is to be expected within the rst 7 days after
production of the base layer, the base layer must be
protected to ensure that no damage is caused.
Paving mixes for concrete base layers may only be
2.7.7 Correct vertical and horizontal position
The surface of base layers with hydraulic binders
must not deviate from the design level by more
than 1.5 cm.
2.7.8 Evenness
The surface irregularities of stabilized layers and
hydraulically bound base layers must not exceed
1.5 cm over a measured length of 4 m.
effective draining facilities must be in place which
have to be adjusted and protected and the func-
tion of which has to be maintained in accordance
with the progress of construction.
paved if the fresh concrete temperature is higher
than 5C and lower than 30C. If the air temperatures
to be expected during the concreting operation are
lower than 5C or higher than 30C, special meas-
ures have to be taken in accordance with the Addi-
tional technical conditions of contract and directives
for the construction of base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB).
The surface of base layers with hydraulic binders
underlying a concrete road pavement must not
deviate from the design level by more than
+ 0.5 cm or -1.5 cm.
The surface irregularities of concrete base layers
must not exceed 1.0 cm over a measured length
of 4 m.
2.7.9 Tolerances of paving thickness

The paving mass (in kg / m2) for

> a stabilized layer;
> a hydraulically bound base layer; and
> a concrete base layer
may be lower than the specied paving mass by
max. 10%.

Determination of the paving mass for each layer is

typically based on the paving mass for the entire
construction lot or, as a minimum, the output of
one working day.

The paving thickness (in cm) must not be lower

than the specied thickness by more than
> 3.0 cm for a stabilized layer or hydraulic base
layer; and
> 2.5 cm for a concrete base layer.
Paving thickness is considered to be the arithmetic
mean of all single values for the respective layer
over the entire construction lot.

2.7.10 Grooves or joints

All base layers with binders must be separated
from permanent xtures by means of an expansion
joint.
Base layers with hydraulic binders underlying an
asphalt surfacing must be grooved or divided into
sections by means of contraction joints.
The grooves or contraction joints are typically
spaced at maximum intervals of 5 m.
A bre mat has to be laid between a base layer
with hydraulic binders and the concrete surfac-
ing (standard construction method) in order to
prevent reection cracking in the surfacing as well
as erosion of the base layer. Alternatively, it is also
possible to place an asphalt base.
In special cases where no bre mat is laid and the
concrete surfacing is placed right on top of the
base layer, the joints and grooves to be cut into
the base are determined by the longitudinal com-
pression joints and transverse contraction joints of
the concrete surfacing.

108 l 109
The grooves must have a minimum depth of 35%
of the specied paving thickness according to the
Additional technical conditions of contract and
directives for the construction of base layers with
hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (ZTV
Beton-StB). In base layers underlying a concrete
surfacing, the grooves must be cut in accordance
with the joint pattern of the concrete surfacing.

Work sections and daily sections have to be

vertical in design over the entire paving thickness.
Working joints have to be designed as compres-
sion joints. Expansion joints have to be created Longitudinal and transverse joints prior to being over-
adjacent to structures or around xtures. laid with an asphalt surfacing

Special regulations may be required for aircraft

movement areas due to the increased thickness of
the concrete surfacing.

2.7.11 Curing

The stabilized layer must be cured for a minimum
period of 3 days unless the base is overlaid with
an additional layer immediately after placing.
Curing options:
> wet curing;
> spraying a bitumen emulsion; or
> applying a water-retaining cover.
Wet curing requires the stabilized layer to be kept
slightly moist by spraying water for a period of
3 days after placing and compaction.
When using a C60B1-S bitumen emulsion, the
solvent-free emulsion has to be sprayed evenly on
the compacted base layer as soon as the layer has
gone beyond the slightly moist state.
The emulsion is sprayed at a quantity of approx.
0.5 kg / m. A thin, continuous lm should be cre-
ated. Before the bitumen emulsion breaks, the
layer must have been gritted with chippings of
grain size 2 / 5 mm which have to be pressed down
gently by means of rollers.
If the base layer is to be trafcked at an early
stage, there is the risk of winding or unwinding of
the continuous lm.
When applying a water-retaining cover, the com-
pacted, slightly damp, hydraulically bound base
layer has to be covered with a burlap or polyethyl-
ene lm.
Concrete curing compounds are not suitable for
curing hydraulic base layers.
Curing can be omitted if an asphalt mix is placed
on top of the still fresh, compacted layer. Care
must be taken, however, that the structure of the
base layer with hydraulic binders is not disturbed
in the process.
Wet curing of a nished hydraulic base layer
In addition, the hot mix has a positive effect on
the development of strength in the base layer. A
base layer with hydraulic binders overlaid with an
asphalt base having a minimum thickness of 8 cm
can be opened to trafc immediately.
110 l 111
2.7.11.1 Table: Summary of requirements on base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance
with ZTV Beton-StBa)
1)
Proctor density
2)
Standard requirement
3)
Higher requirement when underlying a concrete pavement
4)
When underlying an asphalt pavement
5)
No requirements when underlying a concrete pavement
6)
Paving thickness is considered to be the arithmetic mean of all Degree of compaction of the layer to be stabilized
single values of the paving thickness for the respective layer over the
entire construction lot. Degree of compaction of the stabilized layer
7)
Typically the mean value over the entire construction lot; however,
mean values may also be formed for partial sections which, as a
Deviation of surface from the design level
minimum, must equal the output of one working day.
8)
(correct vertical and horizontal position)
Tested on Proctor specimens with a height of 125 mm and diameter
of 150 mm; when testing on specimens with a height of 120 mm
and diameter of 100 mm, the compressive strength values deter- Evenness
mined have to be multiplied by 1.25 to be comparable with the
values indicated in the table. Permissible deviation of paving thickness 6) /
9)
Mean value from three related specimens the single values of which paving weight 7)
do not deviate from the mean value by more than 2.0 N / mm.
10)
Single value
Compressive strength within the parameters
11)
Mean value
of initial testing
12)
Binder quantity is considered to be the arithmetic mean of all single
values of the binder quantity in the stabilized layer over the entire
Compressive strength within the parameters
construction lot; excess quantities not exceeding the design value
of compliance testing
by more than 15% only may be taken into account for determina-
tion of the mean value.
13)
* 15 cm if compacted by internal vibrators Strength class
14)
The nes content < 0.063 mm determined during initial testing and
increased by the binder content must not be exceeded by more Frost resistance at a fines content < 0.063 mm
than 2.0% by mass. of between 5% and 15% by mass
Minimum binder quantity

Binder quantity within the parameters

of compliance testing 12)

Minimum thickness of each layer

Requirements on grading

Permissible deviation from grading determined in the

mix design (% by mass)

a)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
b)
Compressive strength
c)
Mean compressive strength
d)
Single compressive strength test results
 Stabilized layer
Hydraulically bound base Concrete base
Mixed-in-place process Mixed-in-plant process

* 100% 1)

* 98% 1)

) 1.5 cm 2)
) + 0.5 cm or ) -1.5 cm 3)

) 1.5 cm / 4 m

single values ) 3.0 cm single values ) 2.5 cm

mean ) 10% mean ) 10%

7.0 N / mm2 4) 8) 9)
fck b)
* 15.0 N / mm2 3) 8) 9)

* 3.5 N / mm2 4) 10)

n = 1 * 6.0 N / mm2 3) 8) 10) fci d) * fck b) - 4 N / mm2
n * 8 * 8.0 N / mm2 3) 8) 11) fcm c) * fck b) + 4 N / mm2
n * 9 * 10.0 N / mm2 3) 8) 11)

C 12 / 15 to C 20 / 25

change of length ) 1

> 3.0 M.-%

mean -5 to +8% rel.

single values -10 to
+15% rel. 4) 5)

12 cm () 0 / 32)
15 cm () 0 / 45) 12 cm (0 / 32)
15 cm (0 / 45) 12 cm 13)
20 cm (> 0 / 45) 15 cm (0 / 45)
20 cm (> 0 / 45)

< 0.063 mm ) 15% by mass, according to

> 2 mm between 55% and 84% by mass, DIN 1045 or

coarsest fraction * 10% by mass, DIN EN 206
oversize ) 10% by mass respectively

for 2 mm, 8 mm and 16 mm

8 < 0.063 mm 14)

112 l 113
2.8 Producing stabilized layers
2.8.1 Requirements on paving mixes for stabilized layers
The paving mix formula has to be determined by
means of initial testing.
2.8.2 Production
In soil stabilization, each layer must be produced
so as to be of consistent quality and comply with
the specied requirements.
Work sections and daily sections have to be verti-
cal in design over the entire paving thickness. Any
loose material has to be removed prior to placing a
layer immediately adjacent to a previously placed,
already hardened stabilized layer.
2.8.3 Mixed-in-place process
In a rst step, the layer intended for stabilization
has to be levelled off to the cross-section to be
produced. At the same time, the layer has to be
compacted until the specied degree of compac-
tion and required evenness have been achieved.
In the process, care needs to be taken that the
optimum water content for the stabilized layer is
not exceeded and the degree of compaction is not
lower than specied.
In the mixed-in-place process, the compacted
soil or construction material mixture intended
for stabilization is mixed with the required binder
quantity in-situ using a milling machine. A spreader
with metering unit spreads the binder quantity
determined during initial testing.
Additional layers may be applied on top of the
freshly placed stabilized layer provided that the
stabilized layer is not squeezed excessively and is
not deprived of the water required for hardening.
Stabilized layers can be produced using the
mixed-in-place or mixed-in-plant process.
In the next work step, the binder is mixed into
the soil using suitable high-performance milling
machines. Any additional water must be added no
earlier than after the rst mixing pass or during the
mixing pass when using a single-pass stabilizer.
The water is added via sprinkler trucks or a spray
bar installed in the milling rotor housing.
Mixing of the soil intended for stabilization and the
specied binder quantity must be organized and
coordinated in such a way that the stabilized layer
is produced rapidly in the time frame available for
processing the paving mix over the entire cross-
section (processing time from adding standard ce-
ment to completion of compaction is max. 2 hours
at temperatures of up to 20C and max. 1.5 hours
if temperatures are higher).
Stabilized layers produced in single, adjacent cuts
have to be placed fresh-in-fresh. Each nished
cut has to be milled and compacted together with
2.8.4 Mixed-in-plant process
In the mixed-in-plant process, a compulsory mixer
is used to mix the soil or construction material
mixture with the specied binder quantity and mix-
ing water. It is not permitted to use gravity mixers.
The source material is metered either by weight or
by volume. The mixing plants must have sufcient
capacity to enable rapid placing and compaction.
Mixing of the binder, water and soil or construc-
tion material mixture needs to continue until a
the new, adjacent cut at a minimum overlap width
of 20 cm.
homogeneous paving mix of uniform colour has
been produced.
The nished paving mix has to be protected from
the effects of weather and transported to the con-
struction site where it is typically placed by road
pavers. Prior to placing, the subsoil or subgrade
must be levelled off to the specied level and
generally requires moistening in order to prevent
dehydration of the paving mix to be placed.
114 l 115
The paving mix has to be placed evenly in order to
prevent segregation and ensure that the specied
2.8.5 Placing and compaction
If the mixed-in-place process is used, the fresh,
compactable paving mix is produced in-situ on the
paving site. The paving mixes produced in-plant
are transported to the paving site in trucks. In case
of adverse weather or longer transport distances,
the mix needs to be covered with tarpaulins. The
paving mix can be placed using road pavers, grad-
ers or bulldozers.
Depending on the maximum particle size and type
of paving mix, the minimum paving thickness for
each layer after compaction must be
> 12 cm for paving mixes of particle size
0 / 32 mm;
> 15 cm for paving mixes of particle size
0 / 45 mm; and
> 20 cm for paving mixes of particle sizes
> 0 / 45 mm.
> Concrete base layers must have a minimum
thickness of 12 cm.
2.8.6 Requirements on the degree of compaction
Layers intended for stabilization using the mixed-
in-place process must have a minimum degree of
compaction DPr of 100% of the Proctor density of
the soil or construction material mixture.
layer thickness, surface evenness and degree of
compaction are achieved.
Fresh-in-fresh paving is the method of choice
to achieve a perfect bond between layers. A
compacted, yet still fresh base layer with hydraulic
binders has to be roughened prior to applying the
next layer.
Removing or, even more importantly, applying
fresh paving mixes to produce a surface of correct
vertical and horizontal position should be avoided.
The following compaction equipment (optional
or in combination) is used for compaction of the
paving mixes:
> pneumatic-tyred rollers, weight between
15 t and 32 t
> single-drum compactors, weight between
12 t and 25 t
> large surface vibrators
The compacted, not yet hardened layer must have
a minimum degree of compaction DPr of 98% of
the Proctor density of the paving mix.
2.9 Producing hydraulically bound base layers

2.9.1 Requirements on the paving mix

The optimal paving mix formula has to be deter-
mined within the parameters of initial testing.
When placing the paving mix, the optimum water
content must not be exceeded and the degree of
compaction must not be lower than specied.
Compared with initial testing, the aggregate frac-
tions in the paving mix larger than 2 mm, 8 mm
and 16 mm may be higher or lower by no more
than 8% by mass relative to the dry construction
material mixture. The nes content < 0.063 mm of
the dry construction material mixture must not be
exceeded by more than 2.0% by mass.

2.9.2 Production, transport and placing

The paving mix for hydraulically bound base lay-
ers is produced in-plant in accordance with initial
testing.
The paving mix is transported to the paving site in
trucks. In the event of adverse weather or longer
transport distances, it needs to be covered with
tarpaulins.
The paving mix has to be conveyed and placed in
such a way that no segregation occurs.
The following compaction equipment (optional
or in combination) is used for compaction of the
paving mixes:
> pneumatic-tyred rollers, weight between
12 t and 25 t
> single-drum compactors, weight between
12 t and 18 t
> large surface vibrators

The paving mix is typically placed by road pavers.

If new cuts are produced adjacent to the existing
cuts of a hydraulically bound base layer, vertical
joints have to be created, and any loose material
having accumulated along the edges of the hard-
ened base layer has to be removed.
Additional layers may be applied on top of the
base layer provided that the paving process
does not cause any excessive squeezing in the
hardening base layer and that the base layer is not
deprived of the water required for hardening.

116 l 117
2.9.3 Requirements on the nished layer
A compacted hydraulically bound base layer that
has not yet hardened must have a degree of com-
paction of no less than 98%.
When underlying a concrete surfacing, the com-
pressive strength of a hydraulically bound base
layer must not be lower than
> 6.0 N / mm for each single value; and
> 8.0 N / mm in the mean calculated from less
than 9 related single values; or
> 10.0 N / mm in the mean calculated from more
than 8 related single value
determined after 28 days within the parameters of
compliance testing using specimens with a height
of 125 mm and diameter of 150 mm.
When underlying an asphalt surfacing, the com-
pressive strength of a hydraulically bound base
layer must not be lower than
> 3.5 N / mm for each single value; and
> 8.0 N / mm in the mean calculated from less
than 9 related single values; or
> 10.0 N / mm in the mean calculated from more
than 8 related single values
determined after 28 days within the parameters of
compliance testing using specimens with a height
of 125 mm and diameter of 150 mm.
2.10 Type and scope of testing

2.10.1 Initial testing for stabilized layers

Soils and construction material mixtures with a
maximum particle size of up to 63 mm are suitable
for use in stabilized layers. The nes content
< 0.063 mm must not exceed 15% by mass.
If the nes content < 0.063 mm ranges between
5% by mass and 15% by mass, adequate frost
resistance of the hardened paving mix must be
veried as part of initial testing. Adequate frost re-
sistance has been achieved if the change of length
of the hardened paving mix during frost resistance
testing does not exceed 1.
The binder quantity has to be selected to ensure
that, during initial testing, the mean compressive
strengths of three related test specimens (diameter
= 150 mm, height = 125 mm) are
> 7.0 N / mm when underlying an asphalt
surfacing; and
> * 15.0 N / mm when underlying a concrete
surfacing.
The following requirements must be complied with
during initial testing:
> The minimum binder quantity is 3.0% by mass of
the dry soil or construction material mixture.
> For a stabilized layer underlying an asphalt layer,
the mean compressive strength of three related
test specimens must be 7 N / mm. If the com-
pressive strength of 7 N / mm is exceeded at the
minimum binder quantity of 3.0% by mass, the
minimum binder content is applicable.
> For a stabilized layer underlying a concrete sur-
facing, the mean compressive strength of three
related test specimens must not be lower than
15 N / mm.
> The single compressive strength values for each
binder quantity selected must not be higher or
lower than the related mean value by more than
2.0 N / mm.
> The change of length determined during frost re-
sistance testing must not exceed 1. If a higher
binder quantity is determined as a result of frost
resistance testing, the higher binder quantity is
applicable.

Criteria for determining the binder quantity during initial testing of paving mixes for
stabilized layers:
Type of soils and / or Frost resistance Compressive strength
construction material Change of length after 28 days
mixtures
under asphalt layers under concrete surfacings
[]
[N / mm2] [N / mm2]
Fines contents in soils
and / or construction

material mixtures
) 5% by mass
Fines contents in soils 7 * 15.0
and / or construction
material mixtures 6l ) 1.0
> 5% by mass and ) 15%
by mass
The requirements on compressive strength relate to a test specimen with a height A of 125 mm and diameter
D of 150 mm.

118 l 119
Flow chart for determining the minimum
binder quantity:

Soils or construction
Soils or construction
material mixtures
material mixtures
Fines content < 0.063 mm
Fines content < 0.063 mm
) 5% by mass
> 5% by mass and ) 15% by mass

Compressive strength after 28 days Compressive strength after 28 days

Asphalt design Concrete design Asphalt design Concrete design

7 N / mm * 15 N / mm2 7 N / mm * 15 N / mm2

Frost testing
6l ) 1

Binder content from initial testing

* 3% by mass ) 3% by mass
(standard case) (special case)

Minimum binder
quantity
3.0% by mass

Binder content for construction

2.10.2 Initial testing for hydraulically bound base layers
Construction material mixtures with a maximum
particle size of up to 31.5 mm or 45 mm are suitable
for use in hydraulically bound base layers. The ag-
gregate fraction larger than the maximum particle
size must not exceed 10% by mass, and the nes
content ) 0.063 mm must not exceed 15% by mass.
In addition, the aggregate fraction ) 2 mm must be
between 16% by mass and 45% by mass, and the
aggregate fraction passing the next smaller sieve
than the maximum particle size (22.4 mm or
31.5 mm respectively) must be lower than 90% by
mass. The binder quantity must not be lower than
3.0% by mass relative to the dry construction mate-
rial mixture.
The binder quantity has to be determined by means
of interpolation. If the nes content ) 0.063 mm
ranges between 5% by mass and 15% by mass,
adequate frost resistance of the hardened paving
mix must be veried as part of initial testing.
The binder quantity has to be selected to ensure
that, during initial testing, the mean compressive
strengths of three related test specimens
(diameter = 150 mm, height = 125 mm) are
> 7.0 N / mm when underlying an asphalt
surfacing; and
> * 15.0 N / mm when underlying a concrete
surfacing.
The following requirements must be complied with
during initial testing:
> The minimum binder quantity is 3.0% by mass
of the dry construction material mixture.
> For a hydraulically bound base layer underly-
ing an asphalt layer, the mean compressive
strength of three related specimens must be 7
N / mm.
If the compressive strength of 7 N / mm is
exceeded at the minimum binder quantity of
3.0% by mass, the minimum binder content is
applicable.
> For a hydraulically bound base layer underlying
a concrete surfacing, the mean compressive
strength of three related test specimens must
not be lower than 15 N / mm.
> The single compressive strength values for
each binder quantity selected must not be
higher or lower than the related mean value by
more than 2.0 N / mm.
> The change of length determined during frost
resistance testing must not exceed 1. If a
higher binder quantity is determined as a result
of frost resistance testing, the higher binder
quantity is applicable.
120 l 121
Criteria for determining the binder quantity during initial testing for hydraulically bound base layers:

Type of soils and / or Frost resistance Frost resistance

construction material Change of length Change of length
mixtures

under asphalt layers under concrete

[] [N / mm] surfacings [N / mm2]

Fines contents in soils

and / or construction
material mixtures
) 5% by mass
Fines contents in soils 7 * 15.0
and / or construction
material mixtures
6l ) 1.0
> 5% by mass and
) 15% by mass

The requirements on compressive strength relate to a test specimen with a height A of 125 mm and diameter
D of 150 mm.

2.10.3 Internal control and compliance testing for stabilized layers

The process of paving base layers with hydraulic Type and scope of the tests to be performed can
binders has to be monitored by means of internal be inferred from the following table.
control and compliance testing.
 1. Stabilized layer
Internal control testing Compliance testing
Paving mix

comparison of delivery notes

a) Conformity with initial testing or visual inspection for each
delivery

at least every 500 m or part

b) Compressive strength or
thereof, or every 6,000 m of
binder content
base layer

When overlaid with an asphalt

at least every 100 m or part
layer, the binder content may be
thereof, or every 1,000 m,
tested instead of compressive
but at least once per day
strength.

On the layer prepared for soil stabilization by means of the mixed-in-place method
every 250 m or part thereof, or
a) Degree of compaction
every 3,000 m or part thereof
b) Correct vertical and horizontal
as required
position

c) Binder quantity as required

On the stabilized layer

(immediately after compaction regardless of the construction method
used and type of overlying layer)

at least every 100 m or part

a) Layer thickness as required
thereof, or every 1,000 m
b) Correct vertical and horizontal
as required at intervals not exceeding 50 m
position and evenness

at least every 500 m or part

at least every 250 m or part
c) Degree of compaction thereof, or every 6,000 m, but at
thereof, or every 3,000 m
least once per day

122 l 123
2.10.4 Internal control and compliance testing for hydraulically bound base layers

The process of paving base layers with hydraulic Type and scope of the tests to be performed can
binders has to be monitored by means of internal be inferred from the following table.
control and compliance testing.

2. Hydraulically bound base

Internal control testing Compliance testing
On the paving mix or on the finished work

comparison of delivery notes or

a) Conformity with initial testing
visual inspection for each delivery

as required, at least every 6,000 m

b) Grading
of base layer or part thereof

c) Proctor density at least twice per day

d) Compressive strength tested on

as required, at least every 6,000 m
specimen (diameter D = 150 mm,
of base layer or part thereof
height H = 125 mm)

e) Condition of aggregate visual inspection

every 3,000 m or part thereof,

f) Water content
but at least twice per day

On the finished work

every 250 m or part thereof, at least every 100 m or part thereof,

a) Paving thickness / Paving weight
or every 3,000 m or part thereof or every 1,000 m

b) Correct vertical and horizontal

as required at intervals not exceeding 50 m
position and evenness

at intervals of less than 500 m, but

c) Degree of compaction as required, at least every 6,000 m
at least every 6,000 m
(of the not yet hardened layer) of base layer or part thereof
or part thereof
2.10.5 Internal control and compliance testing for concrete base layers

The process of paving base layers with hydraulic Type and scope of the tests to be performed can
binders has to be monitored by means of internal be inferred from the following table.
control and compliance testing.

3. Concrete base
Internal control testing Compliance testing
On the paving mix or on the finished work

comparison of delivery notes or

a) Conformity with initial testing
visual inspection for each delivery

b) Consistency and apparent density

at least every 3,000 m as required
of the fresh concrete

c) Water-cement ratio of the fresh

at least every 3,000 m
concrete

d) Compressive strength and ap-

parent density of the hardened at least every 3,000 m every 3,000 m or part thereof
concrete

e) Paving thickness at least every 3,000 m every 3,000 m or part thereof

f) Correct vertical and horizontal

as required at intervals not exceeding 50 m
position and evenness

124 l 125
2.11 Using reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed
tar-bound road construction materials in base
layers with hydraulic binders
2.11.1 General
This section provides additional details on the use of
construction material mixtures containing more than
30% by mass of reclaimed asphalt and on the use of
reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials in
base layers with hydraulic binders.
Reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials
can be used for stabilized layers or hydraulically
bound base layers because processing with hydrau-
lic binders combined with proper paving and com-
paction in accordance with requirements signicantly
reduces the leachability of harmful substances from
the nished layer. This is based on the Directives for
the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed ma-
terials containing tar-bound matter and for the use
of reclaimed asphalt in road construction (Richt-
2.11.2 Source materials Aggregates
Mixing reclaimed tar-bound road construction
materials with non-tar-bound materials should be
avoided.
A maximum quantity of 15% by mass of new ag-
gregates in accordance with the Technical delivery
terms for aggregates in road construction (TL
Gestein-StB) relative to the dry aggregate mixture
and / or additives may be added to the tar-bound
materials in order to achieve an impermeable struc-
ture of the highest possible density. Where appropri-
ate, adequate frost resistance has to be veried.
2.11.3 Additives
Suitable additives (ller) are ller aggregates in
accordance with the Technical delivery terms for
linien fr die umweltvertrgliche Verwertung von
Ausbaustoffen mit pechhaltigen Bestandteilen sowie
die Verwertung von Ausbauasphalt im Straenbau
[RuVA-StB]).
They have to be complied with.
Reclaimed tar-bound road construction materi-
als have to be mixed with binder and water using
the in-plant mixing process in accordance with the
Code of practice for the use of reclaimed tar-bound
road construction materials and reclaimed asphalt in
bituminous base layers by cold processing in mixing
plants (Merkblatt fr die Verwertung von pechhalti-
gen Straenausbaustoffen und von Asphaltgranulat
in bitumengebundenen Tragschichten durch Kaltauf-
bereitung in Mischanlagen [M VB-K]).
A minimum quantity of 25% by mass of the aggre-
gate mixture used must pass the 2 mm sieve.
The maximum particle size is limited to 45 mm.
An oversize percentage of 10% by mass is permis-
sible for a particle size of up to 56 mm. Reclaimed
asphalt must comply with the Technical delivery
terms for reclaimed asphalt (Technische Lieferbedin-
gungen fr Asphaltgranulat [TL AG-StB]). It has to be
reclaimed and stocked in accordance with the Code
of practice for the use of reclaimed asphalt (Merkblatt
fr die Wiederverwertung von Asphalt [MWA]).
aggregates in road construction (TL Gestein-StB)
or coal y ash in accordance with DIN EN 450.
2.11.4 Storing reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials
During (intermediate) storage, reclaimed tar-bound
road construction materials must be protected
from water ingress in order to prevent any leakage
of soluble harmful substances. If not stored under
cover, the materials may only be stockpiled on a
2.11.5 Construction material mixtures
In addition to the civil engineering requirements
to be considered during initial testing, the use of
reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials
requires the amount of hydraulic binder and / or
the additives content to be selected so as to
ensure that the structure is sufciently dense to
2.11.6 Requirements
When using reclaimed tar-bound road construction
materials, the percentage < 2 mm of the aggregate
mixture must not be higher or lower by more than
2.11.7 Initial testing
If reclaimed asphalt or reclaimed tar-bound road
construction materials recycled on a trial basis are
used for initial testing, grading has to be varied so
as to cover the full grading range possible during
the actual recycling process.
In addition to these tests, the use of tar-bound
materials requires leaching tests to be performed
in accordance with Part 7.1.2 of the Technical
testing regulations for aggregates in road con-
watertight surface with seepage water collection.
They must be protected against the penetration of
moisture by means of a watertight cover. The safe
disposal of any seepage water has to be ensured.
comply with the requirements of the Directives for
the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed
materials containing tar-bound matter and for the
use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction
(RuVA-StB) in terms of the leachability of harmful
substances.
8% by mass than the value specied in the mix
design.
struction (TP Gestein-StB) in order to verify the
reduction of harmful substances.
The eluates are obtained from compacted Proc-
tor specimens after 28 days using the trough
method and are tested for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons according to EPA. The phenol index
is determined in accordance with the Technical
delivery terms for aggregates in road construction
(TP Gestein-StB).
126 l 127
References
Eifert, H.; Vollpracht, A.; Hersei, O.:
Straenbau heute Betondecken, 2004
Published by: BetonMarketing Deutschland
GmbH, Erkrath
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH, Dsseldorf
Eifert, H.:
Straenbau heute Tragschichten, Planung und
Ausfhrung, 2006
Published by: BetonMarketing Deutschland
GmbH, Erkrath
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH
Hersei, O.; Drrwang, R.; Hotz, C.:
Zementstabilisierte Bden Anwendung, Planung,
Ausfhrung, 2007
Published by: BetonMarketing Deutschland
GmbH, Erkrath
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH
Gemische fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen
Bindemitteln
Zement Merkblatt Straenbau p. 3, 6.2007
Helmut Eifert, Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V.,
Dsseldorf www.vdz-online.de
Der Bau von Tragschichten mit hydraulischen
Bindemitteln
Zement Merkblatt Straenbau p. 3, 6.2007
Helmut Eifert, Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V.,
Dsseldorf www.vdz-online.de
Lohmeyer, G.; Ebeling, K.:
Betonbden fr Produktions- und Lagerhallen,
2006
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH, Dsseldorf
Kalk Kompendium, Bodenverbesserung,
Bodenverfestigung mit Kalk
Bundesverband der Deutschen Kalkindustrie e.V.
www.kalk.de
Die Reaktionsfhigkeit von Mischbindemitteln
im Vergleich zu Kalk und Zement
Hans-Werner Schade, Institut fr Materialprfung
Dr. Schellenberg, Leipheim
Lecture at the 3rd specialist conference of the
GBB Gtegemeinschaft Bodenverfestigung Bo-
denverbesserung in Stuttgart, 2008
Bodenbehandlung im Straenbau
Oliver Kuhl, Hessisches Landesamt fr Straen-
und Verkehrswesen, Wiesbaden
Lecture at the 4th specialist conference of the
GBB Gtegemeinschaft Bodenverfestigung Bo-
denverbesserung in Walsrode, 2009
Erwnschte und unerwnschte Reaktions-
mechanismen bei der Bodenstabilisierung mit
Bindemitteln
Karl-Josef Witt, Bauhaus-Universitt, Weimar
Lecture at the 4th specialist conference of the
GBB Gtegemeinschaft Bodenverfestigung Bo-
denverbesserung in Walsrode, 2009
Body of technical rules and regulations

DIN 1)
Source: ) Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstr. 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 30 - 26 01-22 60; Fax: +49 (0) 30 - 26 01-12 60
E-mail: info@beuth.de; Internet: www.beuth.de

VOB / B German construction contract procedures - Part B: General conditions of contract relating to the
execution of construction work DIN 1961 (Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen Teil B:
Allgemeine Vertragsbedingungen fr die Ausfhrung von Bauleistungen DIN 1961)
VOB / C German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specications in construction
contracts (Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertrags-
bedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV])
DIN 1048 Testing concrete (Prfverfahren fr Beton)
DIN 1164 Special cement composition, requirements and conformity evaluation (Zement mit besonderen Eigen-
schaften Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen, bereinstimmungsnachweis)
DIN 4020 Geotechnical investigations for civil engineering purposes (Geotechnische Untersuchungen fr bautech-
nische Zwecke)
DIN 18121 Soil, investigation and testing Water content (Baugrund Untersuchung von Bodenproben Wasserge-
halt)
DIN 18125 Soil, investigation and testing Determination of density of soil (Baugrund, Untersuchung von Bodenpro-
ben Bestimmung der Dichte des Bodens)
DIN 18127 Soil, investigation and testing Proctor test (Baugrund Untersuchung von Bodenproben Proctorver-
such)
DIN 18134 Soil Testing procedures and testing equipment Plate load test (Baugrund; Versuche und Versuchsge-
rte Plattendruckversuch)
DIN 18196 Earthworks and foundations Soil classication for civil engineering purposes (Erd- und Grundbau
Bodenklassikation fr bautechnische Zwecke)
DIN 18299 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specications in construction
contracts General rules applying to all types of construction work (VOB Teil C: Allgemeine Technische
Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV] Allgemeine Regelungen fr Bauarbeiten jeder Art)
DIN 18300 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specications in construction
contracts Earthworks (VOB - Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen
[ATV] Erdarbeiten)
DIN 18316 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specications in construction
contracts Road construction Surfacings with hydraulic binders (VOB Teil C: Allgemeine Technische
Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV] Verkehrswegebauarbeiten Oberbauschichten mit hyd-
raulischen Bindemitteln)
DIN 18506 Hydraulic soil and road binders Composition, specications and conformity criteria (Hydraulische
Boden- und Tragschichtbinder Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien)
DIN EN 206-1 Concrete Part 1: Specication, performance, production and conformity (Beton Teil 1: Festlegung,
Eigenschaften, Herstellung und Konformitt)
DIN EN 197-1 Cement Part 1: Composition, specications and conformity criteria for common cements
(Zement Teil 1: Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien von Normalzement)
DIN EN 197-4 Cement Part 4: Composition, specications and conformity criteria for low early-strength blast-furnace
cements (Zement Teil 4: Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien von Hochofen-
zement mit niedriger Anfangsfestigkeit)
DIN EN 459-1 Building lime - Part 1: Denitions, specications and conformity criteria (Baukalk Teil 1: Denitionen,
Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien)
DIN EN 1097-6 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 6: Determination of particle density and

128 l 129
 water absorption (Prfverfahren fr mechanische und physikalische Eigenschaften von Gesteinskrnun-
gen Teil 6: Bestimmung der Rohdichte und der Wasseraufnahme)
DIN EN 1367-1 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates Part 1: Determination of resistance to
freezing and thawing (Prfverfahren fr thermische Eigenschaften und Verwitterungsbestndigkeit von
Gesteinskrnungen Teil 1: Bestimmung des Widerstandes gegen Frost-Tau-Wechsel)
DIN EN 12350 Testing fresh concrete (Prfung von Frischbeton)
DIN EN 12390 Testing hardened concrete (Prfung von Festbeton)
DIN EN 14227-1 Hydraulically bound mixtures Specications Part 1: Cement bound granular mixtures (Hydraulisch
gebundene Gemische Anforderungen Teil 1: Zementgebundene Gemische)
DIN EN ISO 14688 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identication and classication of soil (Geotechnische Erkun-
dung und Untersuchung Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassizierung von Boden)
DIN EN ISO 14689 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identication and classication of rock (Geotechnische Erkun-
dung und Untersuchung Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassizierung von Fels)
DIN EN ISO 22476 Geotechnical investigation and testing Field testing (Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung
Felduntersuchungen)
FGSV 2)
Source: ) FGSV Verlag GmbH, Wesselinger Str. 17, 50999 Kln, Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 22 36 - 38 46 30; Fax: +49 (0) 22 36 - 38 46 40
E-mail: info@fgsv-verlag.de; Internet: www.fgsv-verlag.de

ATV General technical specications in construction contracts (Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen

fr Bauleistungen [FGSV 024])
FDVK Continuous dynamic compaction control (Flchendeckende Dynamische Verdichtungskontrolle [FGSV
547])
H GeoMess Guidelines for the use of geotechnical and geophysical measuring procedures in road construction (Hin-
weise zur Anwendung geotechnischer und geophysikalischer Messverfahren im Straenbau [FGSV 558])
MBEB Code of practice for the structural maintenance of concrete trafc areas (Merkblatt fr die Bauliche Erhal-
tung von Verkehrschen aus Beton [FGSV 823])
MLs Code of practice on the use of volcanic slag in road construction (Merkblatt ber die Verwendung von
Lavaschlacke im Straen- und Wegebau [FGSV 611])
MOB Code of practice for the production of surface textures on concrete pavements (Merkblatt fr die Herstel-
lung von Oberchentexturen auf Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV 829])
MRC Code of practice on the reuse of mineral construction materials as recycled construction materials in
road construction (Merkblatt ber die Wiederverwertung von mineralischen Baustoffen als Recycling-
Baustoffe im Straenbau [FGSV 616 / 3])
MVB-K Code of practice for the use of reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials and reclaimed asphalt in
bituminous base layers by cold processing in mixing plants (Merkblatt fr die Verwertung von pech-
haltigen Straenausbaustoffen und von Asphaltgranulat in bitumengebundenen Tragschichten durch
Kaltaufbereitung in Mischanlagen [FGSV 535])
M TS E Code of practice on construction methods for technical safeguarding measures when using soils and
construction materials containing environmentally relevant substances in earthworks (Merkblatt ber
Bauweisen fr technische Sicherungsmanahmen beim Einsatz von Bden und Baustoffen mit umwelt-
relevanten Inhaltsstoffen im Erdbau [FGSV 559])
Code of practice on soil improvement and soil stabilization with binders (Merkblatt ber Bodenverbesse-
rungen und Bodenverfestigungen mit Bindemitteln [FGSV 551])
Code of practice on the inuence of the backll on structures (Merkblatt ber den Einuss der Hinterfl-
lung auf Bauwerke [FGSV 526])
Code of practice on the treatment of soils and construction materials with binders to reduce the leachabi-
lity of environmentally relevant substances (Merkblatt ber die Behandlung von Bden und Baustoffen
mit Bindemitteln zur Reduzierung der Eluierbarkeit umweltrelevanter Inhaltsstoffe [FGSV 560])
Code of practice on the non-aggressive execution of blasting and removal work on rock slopes (Merk-
blatt ber die gebirgsschonende Ausfhrung von Spreng- und Abtragsarbeiten an Felsbschungen
[FGSV 537])
Code of practice on the use of expanded clay as a lightweight construction material in the subgrade
and subsoil of roads (Merkblatt ber die Verwendung von Blhton als Leichtbaustoff im Unterbau und
Untergrund von Straen [FGSV 556])
Code of practice on rock group description for civil engineering purposes in road construction (Merkblatt
ber Felsgruppenbeschreibung fr bautechnische Zwecke im Straenbau [FGSV 532])
Code of practice on continuous dynamic procedures for testing compaction in earthworks (Merkblatt
ber chendeckende dynamische Verfahren zur Prfung der Verdichtung im Erdbau [FGSV 547])
Code of practice for road construction on subsoil of poor bearing capacity (Merkblatt ber Straenbau
auf wenig tragfhigem Untergrund [FGSV 542])
Code of practice for the production of surface textures on concrete pavements (Merkblatt fr die Herstel-
lung von Oberchentexturen auf Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [M OB])

130 l 131
 Code of practice for the reuse of concrete from pavements (Merkblatt zur Wiederverwendung von Beton
aus Fahrbahndecken)
Code of practice for the construction of base layers and combined base and surface layers using roller-
compacted concrete for trafc areas (Merkblatt fr den Bau von Tragschichten und Tragdeckschichten
mit Walzbeton fr Verkehrschen)
RAP Stra Directives for accreditation of test centres for building materials and building material mixtures in road
construction (Richtlinien fr die Anerkennung von Prfstellen fr Baustoffe und Baustoffgemische im
Straenbau [FGSV 916])
RiStWag Directives for civil engineering measures on roads in water protection areas (Richtlinien fr bautechnische
Manahmen an Straen in Wasserschutzgebieten [FGSV 514])
RLW Directives for rural road construction (Richtlinien fr den lndlichen Wegebau [FGSV 675 / 1])
RStO Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafcked surfaces (Richtlinien fr die Stan-
dardisierung des Oberbaues von Verkehrschen [FGSV 499])
RuA-StB Directives for the environmentally compatible use of industrial by-products and recycled construction
materials in road construction (Richtlinien fr die umweltvertrgliche Anwendung von industriellen Neben-
produkten und Recycling-Baustoffen im Straenbau [FGSV 642])
RuVA-StB Directives for the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed materials containing tar-bound matter and
for the use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction (Richtlinien fr die umweltvertrgliche Verwertung
von Ausbaustoffen mit teer- / pechtypischen Bestandteilen sowie fr die Verwertung von Ausbauasphalt
im Straenbau [FGSV 795])
TL BE-StB Technical delivery terms for bitumen emulsions (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Bitumenemulsionen
[FGSV 793])
TL Beton-StB Technical delivery terms for construction materials and construction material mixtures for base layers with
hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffe und Baustoffge-
mische fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV 891])
TL G SoB-StB Technical delivery terms for construction material mixtures and soils for the production of unbound gra-
nular layers in road construction, Part: Quality control (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffgemi-
sche und Bden zur Herstellung von Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau, Teil: Gteberwachung
[FGSV 696])
TL BuB E-StB Technical delivery terms for soils and construction materials in earthworks for road construction (Techni-
sche Lieferbedingungen fr Bden und Baustoffe im Erdbau des Straenbaues [FGSV 597])
TL Gestein-StB Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Gesteins-
krnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 613])
TL SoB-StB Technical delivery terms for construction material mixtures and soils for the production of unbound
granular layers in road construction, Part: Quality control (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffge-
mische und Bden fr Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau; Teil: Gteberwachung [FGSV 697])
TP Beton-StB Technical testing regulations for base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (Technische
Prfvorschriften fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV
892])
TP BF-StB Technical testing regulations for soil and rock in road construction (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Boden
und Fels im Straenbau [FGSV 591])
TP D-StB Technical testing regulations to determine the thicknesses of superstructure layers in road construction
(Technische Prfvorschriften zur Bestimmung der Dicken von Oberbauschichten im Straenbau [FGSV 974])
TP Gestein-StB Technical testing regulations for aggregates in road construction (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Ge-
steinskrnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 610])
ZTV A-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for excavations in trafc areas (Zustzliche
Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr Aufgrabungen in Verkehrschen [FGSV 976])
ZTV Beton-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydrau-
 lic binders and concrete pavements (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den
Bau von Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV 899])
ZTV E-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (Zustzliche
Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr Erdarbeiten im Straenbau [FGSV 599])
ZTV Ew-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of drainage systems in road
construction (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den Bau von Entwsse-
rungseinrichtungen im Straenbau [FGSV 598])
ZTVLW Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the paving of rural roads (Zustzliche Tech-
nische Vorschriften und Richtlinien fr die Befestigung lndlicher Wege [FGSV 675])
ZTV SoB-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of unbound granular layers
in road construction (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den Bau von
Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau [FGSV 698])

132 l 133
134 l 135
 WIRTGEN GmbH
Reinhard-Wirtgen-Str. 2 53578 Windhagen Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 26 45 / 131-0 Fax: +49 (0) 26 45 / 131-392
Internet: www.wirtgen.com E-Mail: info@wirtgen.com

Illustrations and texts are non-binding and may include customized ttings.
Technical details are subject to change without notice.
Performance data depend on operating conditions.
No. 2478086 EN-01/16 by Wirtgen GmbH 2016. Printed in Germany.