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DSTE Release of Grant-in-aid to Research Projects
2006-07
Dr Annamalai Murugan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
and for various help they extend to us. We also thank the
the work.
DR ANNAMALAI MURUGAN
Principal Investigator
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1
II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18
SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
ECO-FRIENDLY DESTINATION
DESTINATION
PUDUCHERRY
BIBLIOGRAPHY 188
APPENDICES 194
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Eco-tourism
The word ecotourism has been coined relatively recently and
there remains no consensus about its meaning. Ecotourism has
spread rapidly first because it has a number of different meanings and
second because it has been extensively used opportunistically in
marketing. Where the tag eco has come to be synonymous with
responsible consumerism. The tourism industry has been quick to
exploit the marketing value of ecotourism the more so since its
meaning is unclear and there is no requirement for the operator to do
more than alter the packaging.
TOURISM IN INDIA
The year 2004 was a highly successful one for India tourism.
Foreign arrivals to the country were 3.37 million, a jump over the
2003 figure of 2.73 million. The year 2004 registered a growth of 23.8
per cent in foreign tourist arrivals over the previous year while 2003
witnessed a growth of 14.8 per cent over the previous year. The
growth percentage of 2003 and is significant as it was achieved
despite the fact that world over there was a decline of 1.5 per cent in
tourist arrivals in 2003 while 2004 only registered a growth of 10.7
per cent. Consequently foreign exchange earnings also recorded an
unprecedented growth of about 38 per cent with receipts at 21828
crores in 2004. In 2003 the receipt was 16429 corers with a growth of
15.7 percent over the previous years.
20
According to Ceballos-Lascurain,
PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM
while the last two characteristics are viewed as being desirable for all
forms of tourism.
1.Nature-Based
2. Ecologically Sustainable
3. Environmentally educative
4.Locally Beneficial
5. Tourist Satisfaction
1. Frontier Ecotourism
areas of special interest which are generally off the beaten track.
This type of ecotourism operation may involve moderately high levels
of challenge and self-reliance but is generally suitable for participants
from a wide variety of age groups who do not necessarily require any
special outdoor skills.
3. Popular Ecotourism
There are also other tourist activities which are closely related
to the ecotourism but are not within the strict definition of
ecotourism. Examples of such activities include aquaria, botanical
gardens, zoos which displays native fauna, and visitor centres and
displays of native flora and fauna in locations which are remote from
their natural setting. While all of these examples can have substantial
educational and interpretive components and similar objectives to
ecotourism, they do not occur in and depend on a natural setting and
are therefore not exclusively the subject of ecotourism.
ECOTOURISM IN INDIA
keeping pace with the industry increase and problems are evident in
the accommodation, transport and personnel sectors. In addition
India has real problems with environmental pollution and tourist
pressures causing substantial damages to its natural treasures
(Gadgil and Guha 1994), wildlife (Bolton 1994), historic sites (Singh
1991) and cultural relics (Verma 1996).
That is the theoretical ideal. There also are, of course, many risks and
constraints related to ecotourism development:
Environmental degradation;
Cultural pollution;
runaway development;
Tourists:
Local landowners and Users:
Government Agencies:
Tourism Authorities:
Resource Management Agencies:
Agencies Responsible for infrastructure:
Planning and Finance Ministers:
Tour Operators:
Investors and Concessionaires:
NGOs
Development Assistance Agencies and Donors:
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER II
Methodology
Research Design
CHAPTER-III
1. Probably the first and the foremost would be that the research on
environmental impacts is reactive rather than proactive, that is it is
conducted as a post-factum rather than ante-factum. Therefore, it
is difficult to identify the situation of status quo ante to isolate the
impacts due to tourism.
2. It is difficult to distinguish between the impacts due to human
intervention and pure impacts of nature. Particularly, there are
impacts occurring without human intervention and not always fast
enough to distinguish. Baumol and Oats (1979) using the example
of deterioration in quality of waters of the Baltic Sea have
illustrated the argument. The data, according to them, indicates
that in the central waters of Baltic roughly mid-way between
Stockholm and Helsinki the oxygen content has fallen to zero.
Surprisingly, this is not the case with water on the shores even
though the later is severally affected by oxygen demanding
chemicals. The cause is attributed to rise of salinity.
3. The problem of measurement of impacts further adds to the
complexity. It is difficult to foresee the chain reactions or the
cumulative changes caused by a change in one component.
The buildings roads disturb the Alps and changes local drainage
pattern. It also involves construction of structures to protector
travellers from avalanches falling rocks and soil erosion. Similarly,
lifts, cable cars gondolas and Trams often transport people from road
level to high and otherwise inaccessible areas and, therefore affect the
ecosystems. Though these facilities have started coming up on the
Himalayas and other mountain ranges, Alps probably have the largest
concentration of them. Switzerland alone has about 1700 such
facilities (Krippendorf, 1986).
water by the tourist activity have also been reported. Not only this,
contamination of water due to raw and untreated sewage can have
profound impact on aquatic life as well. Hunter & Green (1995:19)
report that,
Sewage pollution can alter the ecological balance of an
area often resulting in a marked decline in species
diversity, by reducing dissolved oxygen in water ad
sediments, by increasing water turbidity by smothering
sea, lake or river bed, and by promoting the accelerated
eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) of water bodies.
Analysing the problem, Boo (1990) states that the tree line in
Nepal was lowered by several hundred feet. Sharma (1998) has also
found similar results. He reports that the tourist demand increases
the demand for fuel wood in Everest area by about 85%. The degree
of damage, however, is more in developing countries than in the
developed countries due to non-availability of alternate sources of
energy. Likewise, demand for timber for construction, and the very
short growing seasons add to the problem of forest degradation and
deforestation.
bucket of water is sold for a very high price in Shimla (India) during
the tourist season. In general, the per capita water requirement of
tourist is found to be more than the local residents leading to
conflicts. Evidence from Caribbean suggested that tourist water use
can be over three times higher than the consumption of local
residents. Likewise, water consumption may be enhanced due to
watering of golf courses.
Built Environment
the construction of glass and concrete blocks not in keeping with the
environment. The problem becomes very complex in heritage towns.
In hilly and coastal areas as well, the sporadic development leads to
what is called as ribbon development (Inskeep, 1987). A strong
argument is therefore given in favour of appropriate architectural
design of tourist facilities. He emphasises on indoor-outdoor
relationship in tropical and semi-tropical areas, the use of indigenous
and natural buildings materials to the extent possible. The
consideration of outward facade and roof design deserves special
attention. Further, ensuring a suitable land-scaping is equally
important. This may be absolutely required in rural resorts and
hotels in order to offer an environment, which integrates with the local
setting.
England and India (Pearce, 1982; Dhar, 1993) has benefited from
tourism.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER-V
Planning in Eco-tourism
Maintain/rehabilitate resource
Remove problems
Maintain/rehabilitate impacted problems
Development of Software
fantastic setting for Eco-tourists to come and relax for a day or two
and watch the river flow by, or trek and study the local vegetation.
Foreign tourists who stayed in this place have given glowing tributes
to the excellent facilities and courtesy offered by the company.
CHAPTER-VI
classified into some broad headings like changes in floral and faunal
species composition, pollution, erosion, natural resources depletion,
deforestation, etc. (Green,et.al,1990). Some of such impacts are
caused by the waste generated by the tourism and related activities.
Waste is an issue of increasing importance in industry as
environmental issues. Tourism industry is an amalgam of many
industries and the kind of waste and the issues created by waste vary
according to the type of the industry. This essay looks into different
aspects of waste created by tourism industries and the measures to
minimize waste production and the issues related to waste.
Waste Management
are suffering from the issues due to the waste generation from the
tourism activities over there. Hence it is very important to consider the
waste in a destination since the consequences are not only with the
tourism sector, but the social repercussions are far reaching.
Zero Waste
four main beaches. It is famous for its natural beauty, calm and
serene sea and the golden sand. The developmental activities emerged
during 1960s and within this short span of time the destination has
produced different kinds of impacts. Recent visitor arrival statistics
shows the declining trends and it was reported that the declining
natural beauty is one of the reasons behind the scenario (Dileep,
2003). The littering and huge garbage disposal has contributed much
to the declining natural beauty of the destination. The waste over
there is creating a range of social and environmental issues
(Zerowastekovalam, 2001). Thanal had come forward with the
concept as a multi-stakeholder community based programme and the
activities were many. Kovalams garbage in the tourist season is rich
with plastics and others. The waste disposal practice followed is
dumping, burying and open burning. But these practices are not
environment friendly. To overcome this zero waste was propounded
as a social and managerial process based on the following important
concepts.
bottles were collected and removed from the beach in January 2004.
The Indian Coast Guard Station, Vizhinjam has co-operated in
cleaning campaigns and in public awareness creation programmes.
The website of the programme is playing a big role in taking Kovalam
as a Zero Waste region. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) was
demanded by the Thanal and Greenpeace and the collected bottles
were sent to COKE and PEPSI asking responsible behaviour along
with a message that they can not dump the bottles in Kovalam
resulting in the death of the destination. EPR is being practiced in
many countries and the idea is that the producer is responsible for
the product even after the same leaves their factory and to an extent
of post-consumption.
CHAPTER VII
e) Proximity to Chennai
scale of 0 10) for Strength and less the (-) 5 (on rating scale 0 (-)
10) for Weakness have been categorised as Critical factors.
Weakness
previous period. This indicated a share of 6.6 per cent in the total
tourist arrivals in the UT.
Area
2001
Area Sq.km. 479 293 160 9 17
Census
per
Density " 2034 2510 1067 4092 1847
sq.km.
2001
Population lakh 9.74 7.35 1.71 0.37 0.31
Census
per 000
Sex ratio " 1001 990 1022 1147 975
Males
Literacy rate
2001
Persons % 81.24 80.66 81.94 95.66 73.72
Census
UNION
ITEMS YEAR UNIT PUDUCHERRY KARAIKAL MAHE YANAM
TERRITORY
Projected
Population - in lakh 10.89 8.23 1.88 0.39 0.39
2007
2006-
Rain fall mm -- 1133 986 3281 1427
07
Agriculture
2005- '
Net area sown 20.713 12.950 6.489 0.624 0.650
06 000Hect.
Gross area
" " 29.384 21.983 6.723 0.043 0.635
irrigated
Food grains ' 000
" 55.147 41.089 11.743 -- 2.315
Production M.T
Fish Production
2006-
Marine M.T 33792 17219 11765 3835 973
07
Animal
Husbandry
2006-
Milk Production M.T. 44713 33895 9592 374 852
07
Egg Production " in. lakh 107.36 73.95 29.58 1.30 2.53
Public Health
2006-
Hospitals No. 8 5 1 1 1
07
Primary Health
" " 39 27 11 1 --
Centres
Community
" " 4 2 1 1 --
Health Centres
Sub-Centres
2006-
Urban No. 25 17 -- 4 4
07
Education
Primary
i. No. of 2006-
No. 319 216 75 15 13
Institutions 07
Middle
i. No. of
" No. 118 81 30 5 2
Institutions
89
UNION
ITEMS YEAR UNIT PUDUCHERRY KARAIKAL MAHE YANAM
TERRITORY
Secondary
i. No. of
" No. 155 112 27 6 10
Institutions
Higher Secondary
i. No. of
" No. 92 71 15 5 1
Institutions
2006-
Primary 1:21 1:21 1:16 1:27 1:56
07
High/Higher
" 1:27 1:28 1:27 1:21 1:25
Sec.
2006-
Primary No. 95 94 97 101 97
07
High/Higher Sec.
" " 101 102 103 83 105
Central
Government " " 4200 3996 110 48 46
Employees
Autonomous
" " 7982 6936 866 78 102
Bodies Employees
Local Bodies
" " 2591 2038 396 61 96
Employees
Banking
As on
No. of scheduled
March No. 95 68 20 5 2
commercial banks
2007
Rs.
Deposits " 3932 3178 534 173 47
in Crore
90
UNION
ITEMS YEAR UNIT PUDUCHERRY KARAIKAL MAHE YANAM
TERRITORY
Population per
" No. 10256 10814 8540 7366 15697
Office
Transport
Road length 2006-
km. 677.525 440.344 188.417 22.319 26.445
(PWD) 07
Regd. Motor
" No. 47917 40609 6394 493 421
vehicle
Tourism
Jan to
Tourist arrival June No. 409611 347518 62093 -- --
2007
ii. Domestic
" 381589 319624 61965 -- --
Tourist
Co-operative
2006-
No. of Societies No. 510 362 87 26 35
07
Primary
Agriculture Credit " No. 53 46 6 1 --
Societies
Membership
" " 82051 73044 8830 177 --
Rural Development
No. of groups
2006-
formed under No. 163 125 38 -- --
07
SGSY
No. of Houses
constructed under " " 261 224 28 3 6
IAY
Mandays
generated under Lakh
SGRY " 0.589 0.315 0.197 0.007 0.070
Mandays
Net State
Domestic Product " " 569772 -- -- -- --
(at Current Prices)
CHAPTER VIII
ECO-TOURISM POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT -
PUDUCHERRY
Puducherry Region
Beach of Puducherry
Both on the northern and southern extension of the city of
Puducherry along the East Coast Road, lonely beach stretches are
present. The coastal area stretching up to a distance of 15 Kms.
Comprises of Kalapet, Kanagachettikulam and Pillaichavady villages.
This stretch contains a number of fishermen hamlets, but there are,
nevertheless long stretches near Kalapet and Pillaichavady where a
clear beeches line is available. The northern beach stretches have the
similar ocean characteristic as are true for all of Puducherry and
Karaikal regions. It is an open sea with short sandy stretch with a
gradual gradient. At present there is negligible breach tourism. Hotel
Puducherry Ashok located on this northern stretch but both the
properties have been avoided for the development of beach activities.
Reasons furnished for this were.
a. no requirement from transit passengers (as Puducherry is
a night halt on the circuit)
b. hostile attitude of local population
c. Rough sea conditions Tsunami Phobia.
While at present these reasons are valid, it is also true that a great
natural asset is not being put to profitable use. There is a potential
for development of beach activities like water sports along this stretch
and a possibility of a beach resort can also be considered. Adequate
94
measures can be taken to isolate the beach stretches and locals can
also be made aware of the benefits of tourism for their region.
Adequate safety steps would definitely have to be taking to ensure
hazard free beach tourism. Development of trained life guards would
be an essential prerequisite.
On the southern side of the city, the coastal area is more scenic
and the sandy stretches are longer. Topography too is undulating at
places and the coast line is at a considerable distance from the east
coast road. Beach resorts, eco resorts/ eco villages can be ideally set
up in this stretch, finding suitable locations near Nallavadu,
Naramali, Morthikuppam, and Pudukuppam. There are fishermen
outlets all along the stretch and adequate measures again would have
to be taken to create tourist - friendly and safe beach activities.
area. The site can be further developed into a full fledged water sports
complex with the addition of Parasailing, Water Scooters etc.
Alongside the boat club, in the available land stretch (at present
privately held), a completely Water sports /Adventure sports club can
be developed which will not only complement the existing boat club,
but will make the Chunambar complex a unique recreation centre
which will draw people from Puducherry as well as form nearly towns
of Cuddalore, Chidambaram , Villupuram and even Chennai. In fact
the success of water parks / amusement parks on the east coast road
between Chennai and Mamalapuram can be replicated at Chunambar.
Ousteri Lake
Bahour Lake
Puducherry has an open sea with the sea touching the town at
the Promenade. The view to the open expanse is inviting and the sea
offers some exciting possibilities of watching Dolphins. Tourists can
be taken in specially designed fishing boats for a deep sea cruise
about 5-10 Kms inside the sea and this can offer a wonderful option
for the ocean loving / adventure lowing tourists. Infact there are
mixed views regarding the possibility of dolphin sighting. However, a
large majority of experts contacted felt that it would be a wonderful
experience with or without the dolphins to have a cruise in the deep
sea and tourists could watch at close quarters, the amazing craft of
deep sea fishing. Even in case dolphin sightings are possible, it would
be an added bonus. PTDC has been conducted a few cruises in the
past and many dolphin sightings have been reported. This is a
significant option for tourism development.
One of the key observations made during the Survey was that
there were absolutely no eco-tourism entertainment facilities at
Puducherry. These could include Recreation Parks with mini
100
Aurobindo Ashram
Auroville
% Age of
Residents (Place origin)
respondents
Chennai 29
Southern districts 9
Northern districts 14
Other places in South India 18
East India 6
North India 5
West India 12
Satellite areas of Puducherry 7
Satellite areas of
Pondicherry
11%
Chennai
42%
South India
43%
North India
3%
East India
1%
40% of the respondents had stayed / would stay only for one
night at Puducherry. Interestingly, 40% of the respondents would
stay for between 2 and 5 nights. 25% were day visitors. See table
below.
109
Puducherry
Places to be % age of
visited/visited Respondents
Promenade 85
Auroville 85
Ashram 85
Chunambar 70
Museum 38
Kalapet Beach 6
Botanical Garden 9
Vinayaka Temple 8
Other Places 1
90
80
% age of Respondents 70 Promenade
Auroville
60
Ashram
50 Chunambar
Museum
40 Kalapet Beach
30 Botanical Garden
Vinayaka Temple
20 Other Places
10
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% age of Respondents
Averag No
Factor Good Poor
e opinion
Availability /quality of 41 25 2 32
accommodation
Transportation availability 38 40 7 15
Quality of local arts and crafts 33 27 4 36
Availability of wayside facilities 28 41 14 17
and public conveniences
Availability of shopping areas 31 34 6 30
and avenues for Recreation in
and around the region
No
Factor Good Average Poor Opinion
s
Perception of asset value 37 13 2 1
Quality of maintenance 33 15 4 -
Ambience and setting 30 21 3 -
Ambience of tourist facilities and
services
i) Parking 17 15 3 18
ii) Public convenience and facilities. 7 23 9 14
iii) Rest /relaxation and 15 22 12 4S
refreshment
100%
90%
% age of Respondents
80%
70%
No opinion
60%
Poor
50%
40%
Average
30% Good
20%
10%
0%
Evaluation of criteria
% age of Respondents
Averag
Factor Good Poor No opinion
e
Perception of asset value 65 35 0 0
Quality of maintenance 58 42 0 0
Ambience and setting 56 44 0 0
Ambience of tourist facilities
and services
i) Parking 35 27 11 27
ii) Public convenience and 35 40 13 13
facilities.
iii) Rest /relaxation and 34 44 11 11
refreshment
40%
37%
35% 33%
30%
30%
%age of Tourists
Evaluation Criteria
90
80
% age of Respondents
70
60
Certainly
50 Maybe
Planetarium
Amusement/Water
Aqua World
Underwater World
Arikamedu
entertainment
Village
Centre
Family
Park
Bangalore
3%
Trichy
10%
Kanyakumar Chennai
10% Madurai
Nagore
Mahabalipuram Mahabalipuram
7% Chennai Kanyakumar
57%
Nagore Trichy
3% Bangalore
Madurai
10%
Goa
1%
Rameswaram
1%
Chidambaram Chennai
19% 25% Chennai
Madurai
Bhubaneswar
Mahabalipuram
% age of
Background
Respondents
Professional 19
Business 20
Service 60
Others 1
Frequency of visit
While about 1/5th of foreign tourist stayed for just one night,
more than a third of the foreign tourists stayed /indicated to stay at
Puducherry for between 23 nights. About 1/6th of the foreigners
interviewed planned to stay for 4 to 5 nights, while another 1/10th of
the foreigners intended to stay for more than 5 nights.
121
Mode of travel
% age of Respondents
Budget (in Rs.) No. of Respondents
(rounded off)
0-100 3 3
101-200 10 9
201-300 14 13
301-400 22 20
401-500 30 28
501-600 3 3
601-700 4 4
701-800 7 6
801-900 4 4
901-1000 6 6
1000+ 5 4
% age of total
Expenditure Head
Expenditure
Boarding & Lodging 40-55
Transportation 3-5
Shopping 15-20
Other Misc. Expenditure 15-20
% age of Respondents
Factor Good Average Poor No.
Opinion
Availability/quality of
70 23 0 7
accommodation
Transportation availability 17 63 7 13
Quality of local arts and crafts 60 27 3 10
Availability of wayside
facilities and public 10 31 17 41
conveniences
Availability of shopping areas
and avenues for recreation in 34 45 0 21
and around the region
124
Museum
Ashram
Auroville
%age of Respondents
Certainl May Not No.
Proposed Attraction Maybe
y Visit Opinion
Beach Tourism 70 23 7 0
Floating Restaurants/House Boats 40 33 27 0
Amusement/ Water Park 20 20 60 0
Water Sports 27 37 37 0
Underwater World 73 20 7 0
Arikamedu 10 27 23 40
Family entertainment Centre 20 30 47 3
viii. Almost 90% of the tourists are handled by Travel Agents visit
Puducherry for holiday /pleasure.
PIPDIC
Airport office
Railway authorities
Archaeological survey of India
Port Authority
Fisheries department
Department of Tour Planning
Puducherry University
131
Tourism Arrival
previous period. This indicated a share of 6.6 per cent in the total
tourist arrivals in the UT.
700000
600000
500000
400000
Domestic (Nos)
Foreign (Nos)
Total (Nos)
300000
200000
100000
0
Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr 04-
Mar 05
134
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
20,000
10,000
0
Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Apr 06- Apr 07- Apr 06-
Jun 06 Jun 07 Mar 07
-10,000
Tourism Trends
predicted for the 21st Century. Asia Pacific has been identified by
the World Tourism organisation as the fastest growing region, with
international tourism arrivals expected to reach 122 million by the
year 2000 A.D. and 229 million by 2010. The thrust areas identified
are intra-region travel, special interest tourists including environment
and culture tours, incentive and conference travel. In the past
decade, Asian Region has registered a growth rate of more than double
the world average. This trend is likely to continue for the remaining
part of this century and go on till the first decade of 21st century.
While the fastest growing destinations in the region are China, Hong
Kong, and Macao, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand have all recorded
a double digit growth, India too has joined the group of select Asian
Tigers. In the changed scenario India has been identified by Japan as
well as the major Western Industrial countries as having the largest
potential for economic growth. While India has received a minuscule
share of the Intra-regional travel so far, in the coming years, the
situation is expected to change dramatically. India, which has
traditionally relied on North American and European markets for long
halt tourists, is now aggressively marketing itself to receive tourists as
well as commercial travellers in a big way from Japan and Southeast
Asia.
Projections
1998 2518.7
1999 2669.8
2000 2830.0
2001 2999.8
2002 3179.8
2003 3370.6
2004 3572.9
2005 3787.3
2006 4014.5
2007 4255.4
2008 4480.7
Based upon the past trends it has been found that out of the
total foreign tourist arrivals to India, 10% visit Chennai or the market
share of Chennai is 1/10th of the total International arrivals in India.
On this basis the projections for the Source city Chennai have been
made.
After arriving at the total demand hotel rooms and taking the
availability of hotel accommodation, the surplus/deficit in hotel
accommodation has been presented hereunder:-
Total
Total Projected Total supply
Year Accommodation
demand for rooms of rooms
gap
1998 1339 1154 185
1999 1438 1324 114
2000 1544 1324 220
2001 2454 1324 1130
2002 2686 1324 1130
2003 2939 1324 1362
2004 3215 1324 1615
2005 3523 1324 1891
2006 3857 1324 2533
2007 4224 1324 2900
2008 4623 1324 3299
Public conveniences
Tourists have indicated lack of toilet facilities near the tourist
complexes adequate toilet/ rest from facilities would be required at:
i. Chunnambar / Ousteri/ Bahour lake water sports complex
ii. Art and Crafts village proposed on the northern stretch
opposite Pondicherry University.
iii. On the Promenade in the city
iv. On the EC highway near the southern border near Narambai
junction.
Telecommunication facilities
Tourist information
Wayside amenities
Accommodation facilities
With the total availability of over 2500 beds (including 360 beds
in the pipeline and around 600 700 beds provided by the Ashram
guest houses), the present bed capacity in Puducherry region seems to
be adequate. A normal growth of 5-8% p.a. may be necessary to keep
place with the increasing traffic.
population and create a balance between the tourist wise and the
hotel category mix in the city. It may be added here that with the
sustained promotion and development of tourism in the region, the
tourist profile is bound to change from the present budget (low
income) to a middle class (mid market) tourist in the coming years.
Direct Benefits
Indirect Benefits
Tourist Projections
The tourist projections for the next ten years have been made on
the basis of past trends and the proposed development efforts. The
year-wise tourist arrivals have been calculated based on past trends
148
Tourism Receipts
Multipliers
Calculation of Output
Calculation of Income
Total Income (direct and indirect) accruing to the economy has
been derived using the income/output multiplier given above. The
total income has been calculated as follows;
Total Income = Direct Output x Income /Output Multipliers
The incremental employment generated due to increased tourists
tourists arrivals has been arrived at as follows:-
Total Employment = Direct Output x Employment /Output Multiplier
Positioning Strategy
Circuit development
KARAIKAL REGION
Location and area
History
Roads
Thirunallar : 5 Km
Nagore : 10 Km
Velankanni : 19 Km
Chidambaram : 57 Km
Puducherry : 132 Km
Thiruchirapalli : 168 Km
Chennai : 294 Km
Public Transport
Industrial Scenario
to 200 small scale industries will be set up in this centre. This growth
centre will bring about an investment of more than Rs. 300 crores and
will provide employment to about 12000 to 15000 persons.
Ammaiyar temple
Beach
STRENGTH
Strong Pilgrimage traffic throughout WEAKNESS
the year with heavy inflows during Absence of a rail head
weekends on account of Saturn No existing entertainment
temple. leisure tourism products
Fast Developing as an industrial hub leading to the positioning
with a thrust on Petrochemicals Karaikal as a transit point
industry. rather than as a destination
Located close to many important Strong consumer perception
Pilgrimage centres of Tamil Nadu viz. and holy town rather than a
Thirunageswaram, Kumbakonam, leisure centre.
Nagore, Vellankanni etc. Absence of Good/ quality
Availability of land at strategic accommodation units restrict
locations the retention of high end
Good amount of transit traffic to tourist.
Velankanni and Nagore, which can
be capitalised by future way side
projects along these routes.
OPPORTUNITIES
Viable multiple product options
can be developed to serve both
business / pilgrimage/ transit
segments.
Large number of weekend
tourists who visit Karaikal due to THREATS
the lower cost of liquor who may Threat from the proposed competing
be encouraged to make use of the tourism products like amusement
tourism facilities proposed. facilities proposed in the nearby
The proposed Extension of East tourism centres (both Govt as well as
coast road would increase the Private) such as Nagore Velankanni,
traffic volume and could afford and Poombuhar.
potential for development of
highways motels /way side
facilities.
The existing packages of TTDC
connect Karaikal albeit as a
Limited stop over point once
tourism products are developed
packages could be modified for a
one night stay at Karaikal.
161
Place of Origin
Onward destination
Previous destination
Frequency of visit
Purpose of visit
Duration of stay
Mode of travel
% Age of Respondents
Factor Good Average Poor No Opinion
Availability / 48 7 0 45
quality of
accommodation
Transportation 81 19 0 0
availability
Quality of local 19 32 35 14
arts and crafts
163
Availability of 36 32 32 0
wayside facilities
and public
conveniences
Availability of 42 16 39 3
shopping areas
and avenues for
recreation in and
around the region
% Age of Respondents
Factor Goo Average Poor No Opinion
d
Perception of asset 85 11 4 0
value
Quality of maintenance 42 54 4 0
Ambience and setting 8 88 4 0
Availability of tourist facilities and services
i) Parking 31 54 12 4
ii) Public conveniences 23 31 46 0
and facilities
iii) Rest / relaxation 27 23 50 0
and refreshment
164
% Age of Respondents
Proposed Attraction Certainly Maybe May Not No Opinion
Visit
Amusement / Water 68 26 0 6
Park
Aqua World 61 26 0 13
Underwater World 87 7 0 6
Family entertainment 94 3 0 3
centre
River:
Target segment
Foreign tourists, business visitors to the town, and affluent local
population.
Management
To be set up and run by private sector initiative on land leased out by
the Tourism Department. More details of the project highlighting the
168
need for accommodation near the temple is evident from the year
round higher occupancy levels, prevailing in the accommodation built
and maintained by the temple authorities. The proposed facility can
be located near the temple on the site already earmarked.
Reservations for the temple can be made available from Puducherry
and Chennai.
On this basis the foreign tourist arrivals for Karaikal have been
projected as under:-
After arriving total demand for rooms and taking the availability
of hotel accommodation, the deficit in hotel accommodation has been
presented hereunder. It may be mentioned here that presently (till
2001) there is not much scope for a budget accommodation in the
range of (Rs. 400 Rs. 800) for tourists. However, hectic pace of
industrial activity at Karaikal is likely to result in demand for hotels
by the business segment even before 2001. The projected demand
supply gap primarily relates to the tourism scenario.
Thirunallar
Thirunageswaram
Vaitheeswaran Kovil
Thingaloor
Thiruvenkadu
Keelperumpallam
Kanchanur
176
Suryanar Kovil
Alangudi
Apart from the above segments the local population with a very high
disposal income will also be potential segment for the proposed
products. This can be evident from the per capita bank deposit of Rs.
4565 for Karaikal as against the National per capita bank deposit of
Rs. 3269/- for 1991. The discussions with the Government officials
also point out the factor that the per capita income of the district has
gone up further substantially. Based on the above background, the
following strategic alternatives are evaluated.
Public conveniences
Accommodation
Direct Benefits
Indirect Benefits
181
Tourist Projections
The tourist projections for the next ten years have been made on
the basis of past trends and the proposed development efforts. The
year-wise tourist arrivals have been calculated based on past trends
and proposed developmental efforts. The total number of tourists
(both domestic ad International) projected to visit Karaikal in the next
ten years, is given in the table below:
Tourism Receipts
Multipliers
Indirect Output, total income and employment generation have
been calculated based on the multipliers listed in table below. These
multipliers have been taken from a 1992 united nations ESCAP
sponsored study, The Economic Impact of Tourism in India.
Calculation of Output
Calculation of Income
General
Story
Approach
Irrigation
Temperature
Humidity
Cloudiness
Surface winds
Unlike Mahe, Yanam does not have any intrinsic strength for
promotion of any tourism activity. There are no tourist attractions
and negligible basic tourism infrastructure nor are there any
significant tourist attractions near Yanam for which Yanam can be
conceptualised as a hub.
planning of cut-and-fill
to minimise erosion,
including planned
growth of appropriate
vegetation.
Provision of dikes to
hold runoff to settle
out soil particles.
5 Construction of Noise pollution during the Causes inconvenience to High Negative Careful scheduling of
buildings and construction due to the people/functioning of Temporary operation of the
Roads. operation of machinery. offices, schools, and equipment and usage
institutions in the vicinity. of earplugs and
Construction activities and Disturbs the normal lives mufflers.
operation of machinery of the nearby habitats. Providing sprinklers at
results in smoke spread of Creates lot of smoke and the site and screens
residues and increase in dust and increase in SPM, around the
Suspended Particle Matter which may lead to construction site.
(SPM) breathing problem or Usage of transit
adverse affect on the mixers.
health of the people. Careful usage of
material to reduce
wastage at the site.
Ecological disturbances Reckless Disposal of Moderate Negative A proper waste
material, machine waste and temporary management plan
and Dirty water may lead should be implemented
to death of natural to dispose construction
vegetation/disturb the wastes at landfill.
natural stability of the They could be disposed
region
198
CHAPTER IX
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
1. Carrying Capacity
5. Pilgrimage Tourism
7. Handicraft
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX-I
FOREWORD
Eco-tourism: Definition
(iii) Nokrek
(iv) Great Nicobar
(v) Gulf of Mannar
(vi) Manas
(vii) Sunderbans
Mangroves
There are four major coral reefs identified in the country so far:
(i) Gulf of Mannar
(ii) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(iii) Lakshadweep Islands
(iv) Gulf of Kutch
Deserts
The Great Thar desert and the little deserts in the North
Western Regions of the country are distinct eco-systems which have
fascinated tourism from all over the world.
214
Water Resources
The Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal brace
the sides of the Indian subcontinent except for the northern
boundary. The land mass of India is crossed by several rivers and
dotted by lakes at many places. These water bodies provide attractive
opportunities for water sports.
(i) It should involve the local community and lead to the overall
economic development of the area.
(ii) It should identify the likely conflicts between resource use for
tourism and the livelihood of local inhabitants and attempt to
minimize such conflicts.
(iii) The type and scale of tourism development should be compatible
with the environment and socio-cultural characteristics of the
local community, and
(iv) It should be planned as a part of the overall area development
strategy, guided by an integrated land-use plan and associated
with commensurate expansion of public services.
Operational Guidelines
The Government
The Management Plan for each area should be prepared by
professional landscape architects and urban planners, in
consultation with the local community as well as others directly
concerned.
Integrated planning should be adopted to avoid inter-sector and
cross-sectoral conflict.
The architectural programme for ecotourism centres should
include controlled access points and cabins, roads, self-guided
nature trails, transportation options, interpretive centres, sings,
observation towers and blinds, adequate but unpretentious
lodging and dining facilities, docks, garbage disposal facility and
other utilities as per requirement. If needed, suitable living
quarters and facilities for project personnel have to be provided.
Structures creating visual pollution, and aesthetic values and
non-compatible architecture, should be controlled and
temporary structures using local building material and befitting
the local environment should be encouraged.
218
The Visitors
Help conserve habits of flora and fauna and any site, natural or
cultural, which may be affected by tourism.
Make no open fires and discourage other from dong so. If water
has to be heated with scarce firewood, use as little as possible.
Whereas feasible, use kerosene or fuel-efficient wood stoves.
Remove litter, burn or bury paper, and carry back all non-
degradable litter.
Keep local water clean and avoid using pollutants such as
detergents in streams or springs. If no toilet facilities are
available, try to relieve yourself at least 30 meters away from
water sources and bury on over the waste.
Plants should be left to flourish in their natural environment
and avoid taking away cuttings, seeds and roots.
Leave the camp sites clean after use. Remember that another
party will be using the same camp site after your departure.
Help guides and porters to follow conservation measures. Do
not allow cools/porters to throw garbage in streams or rivers.
Respect the natural cultural heritage of the area and follow local
customs.
221
Realise and respect the value of the environment, the flora and
fauna, the monuments and the cultural heritage.
Practice conservation of nature and cultural as a way of life.
Establish guidelines to protect valuable local resources and
foster tourism management.
Realise and react to the potential threat of investors who see
opportunities in development but lack sensitivity to local values.
Become effective nature guides and conservationists of natural
areas by enhancing the practical and ancestral knowledge of the
natural features of the area.
Be friendly with the visitors and help them to practice
ecotourism codes.
APPENDIX-II
ECO-TOURISM: POLICY & GUIDELINES (2002)
1. Preamble:
2. Eco-tourism defined:
community)
4. Should be a low profile venture
5. Should be capable of dove-tailing in the existing tourism of the
State.
- Environmentally friendly
tourism
- Nature tourism
- Green tourism
- Scientific tourism
- Cottage tourism
- Wildlife tourism
- Wilderness tourism
- Safari tourism
- Designer tourism
- Hard tourism
- Risk tourism
- Adventure tourism
development
8. Creation of village level micro-institutions (VFCI FPCI EDC) as
per the resolution of the State Forest Dept, and formulation of
site- specific eco-tourism plans with indigenous, participatory
planning
9. Providing soft loans from Community Credit Programmed
/Special Trust Funds / Special Central Assistance/
Developmental Schemes of Tribal Department / District- level
Integrated Developmental Programme, to identified host-
community I beneficiaries for promoting eco-tourism
10. Establishing standards for eco-tourism in the site-specific
micro plans in tune with the operational guidelines, and the
suggested modifications in the State rules, apart from
ensuring adherence to these standards by the tourist
developers and operators through the Panchyats
Financial Support
At the State-level
5. Operational Guidelines:
For the Government:
In addition to the guidelines (1 to 10) laid down in para-3 under
policy and planning, the following additional operational guidelines
are also indicated:
- The planning should be flexible, site-specific & participatory,
and should form part of a larger eco-developmental eco-regional
plan for the area, within the normative standards of a
Landscape Code
- Assessment of existing infrastructure, surface transportation,
air service, road, electricity, water supply, law and order
229
situation
- The eco-tourism package should invariably include
o Simple, adequate boarding & lodging facilities, in tune
with the environment & the general setting of the
landscape
o Road network within the identified tourism zone
o Self-guided Nature trails
o Transportation options
o Interpretive Centers
o Way-side exhibits
o Signages
o Observation towers
o Public conveniences
o Garbage disposal facility
o Living quarters for staff/personnel
Strategy:
incorporate:
o Local participation
o Sound environmental design
o Visitor management
o Conservation education
o Training
o Financial sustainability
o Monitoring and evaluation
To assess:
- The desirable tourism situation & identify steps to attain the same
- To prepare a Participatory Community Based Eco-tourism strategy
for the project area, involving the stakeholders through meetings &
workshops
- Eco centers
236
- Nature trail
- Interpretation inputs:
- Orientation centre
- Visitor centre
- Museum
- Amphitheater
- Road-side exhibits
- Signages
- Road-side Markets
- Literature
- Light and Sound display
- Vehicular exclusions
- Picnic spots
- Canoeing/boating
- Elephant rides
- Angling
- Pony rides
- Village visit
- Ethnic /folk dance
- Bird club
- Souvenir shops
- Cycle trail
1. The hotel/resort area should not be less than 8 ha. and should
be encompassed by chain-link fencing for security and control
reasons.
2. The hotel! resort should comprise of :
- Reception , Administrative office
- Lobby
- Managers office and safe Small shop
237