ADVANCED PROJECT-I REPORT

Large Amplitude Free Vibration

Analysis of Axial Functionally
Graded Timoshenko Beams

Guided by:- Presented by:-

Mr. Anirban Mitra Mitrayan Hazra
Dept of Mechanical Engineering Roll no-001411201016
Jadavpur University BME-IV, Sec-A
Kolkata Date :- 29/11/2017
 CONTENTS

1. Abstract 3

2. Introduction. 3

3. Identification of topic 4

4. Literature Review 5

5. Project Objective.. 5

6. Mathematical Formulation 6
Static Analysis. 6
Dynamic Analysis... 11

7. Solution Methodology.... 13

8. Results and Discussion 16

9. References... 17

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1. ABSTRACT
Large amplitude free vibration analysis is carried out on axially
functionally graded (AFG) Timoshenko beams of uniform cross-section under
different boundary conditions. The problem is sub-grouped in two parts. First the
static problem corresponding to a uniform transverse loading is solved through
an iterative scheme using a relaxation parameter and later on the subsequent
dynamic problem is solved as a standard eigenvalue problem on the basis of
known static displacement field. The mathematical formulation of the static
problem is based on the principle of minimum total potential energy, whereas
Hamilton's principle has been applied for the dynamic analysis. To account for
the geometric non-linearity arising due to large deflection, nonlinear strain
displacement relations are considered.

2. INTRODUCTION
Functionally graded materials are in-homogenous composites obtained by
mixing two or more constituent materials continuously following a given volume
fraction. As a result, material properties become a function of position and a
continuous variation from one surface to another can be achieved. They have
smooth and continuous variation of material properties in space. Various
structural elements are often made out of FGMs especially in situations where
unevenly distributed thermal chemical or mechanical loads at present functionally
graded components are extensively used. These structural elements are
commonly used in various engineering applications such as gas turbines, wind
turbines, helicopter rotor blades, ship propellers, robot arms, space and marine

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structures etc. Their wide-spread usage in various advanced branches of civil,
mechanical and construction industries is due to their ability to cater to different
structural requirements. Hence, prediction and determination of dynamic
behaviour of these components have been an area of great interest among
researchers.

3. IDENTIFICATION OF TOPIC
Knowledge of free vibration behavior of pre-stressed FGM beams under
mechanical loading is important from design point of view. It is known that the
amplitude of forced vibration becomes excessively large when the excitation
frequency falls in the vicinity of the natural frequency of vibration of a loaded
beam. To avoid such undesirable vibration levels, the natural frequency of
vibration of the loaded beam must be known to the designer. Hence the present
work is meant to investigate such dynamic behavior of FGM beams

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4. LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review on some related works by notable researchers are
given in the next few lines. There are some work on the non-linear vibration
behaviour of FGM beams based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and von Karman
geometric nonlinearity. Some topics covered Thermal post buckling analysis of
Timoshenko beams. Some authors have concentrated their work on the free
vibration analysis of pre-stressed beam of non-uniform cross-section while some
work deal with theoretical modelling and vibration analysis of FG beams. Topics
on solution of governing equation of functionally graded beam using Runga-kutta
method are also found while some are found using Rayleigh Ritz method in this
domain.

5. PROJECT OBJECTIVE
From the literature review presented, it is clear that a substantial amount of
research work is focused on the field of free vibration study of undeformed FGM
beams or depth-wise functionally graded beams but an exhaustive study on large
amplitude free vibration analysis of axially graded Timoshenko beams is scarce.

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6. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

Fig.1

An axially functionally graded Timoshenko beam of length L and uniform

cross-sectional dimensions (b x h) is shown in fig.1 along with the coordinate
system for the present analysis. The modulus of elasticity E(x) and mass density
(x) of the beam shown in figure vary with respect to the longitudinal direction
along the x-axis.

Static Analysis:-

The governing set of equation of the static problem is obtained using

minimum potential energy principle given by-

() = 0 (1)

where,

= U +V
= Total Potential Energy of the system
U = Total strain Energy stored in the system
V = Potential Energy of the external loadings
= Variational Operator

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The expression of axial strain and shear strain are given by:

1 2
ax = ( ) + (2)
2

and

1
sh = ( ) (3)
2

Total strain energy of the system is given by:

U = Uax + Ush

Where, Uax and Ush are strain energies due to axial strain and shear strain
respectively. They are given by-

1 4 2 2 2
Uax = 0 {
2 4
( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ( )

2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )} (4)

and

2
Ush =
2
0 { ( ) 2 ( ) + 2 } (5)

The stiffness coefficients used in the above equations are given below:
h h
+ + +
Aax =
2
; Bax = b h
2
Ef zdz ; Cax = b h
2
Ef z 2 dz

2 2 2

and

7

+
2
Ash =

2

Where

Gf =shear modulus =
2(1+ )

Ksh is the shear correction factor which is taken to be 5/6 for rectangular cross
section

The Potential Energy of the applied uniform transverse pressure p is given by,

V = 0 (6)

Where p is defined as the force per unit length of the beam.

The three displacement feels considered for the present problem at the following:

u:- in plane displacement field

w:- the transverse displacement field and

:- the rotational field of a beam cross section due to bending

Here u, w and are defined at the mid-plane of the beam and are the
functions of the axial coordinate x. These are approximated as finite linear
combinations of admissible functions and unknown coefficients given as,

w =
=1 , u =
=1 + , =
=1 ++ (7)

Here, , and i are set of orthogonal admissible functions for the

displacement fields w, u and respectively; and nw, nu and nsi are the number
of functions used to approximate w, u and respectively. It is to be noted that di
is the set of unknown coefficients, which are to be determined from the governing

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equations. The admissible functions satisfy the boundary conditions of the beam.
The lowest order functions for each of the displacement fields are selected
suitably and the corresponding higher-order functions are developed numerically
following GramSchmidt orthogonalization scheme. Three boundary conditions
with immovable ends are considered for the present work. And these are
clampedclamped (CC), simply supportedsimply supported (SS) and clamped
simply supported (CS). The selected lowest order admissible functions for each
of the displacement fields are given in Table 1 for all three boundary conditions
considered.

Table 1
List of lowest admissible functions for the displacement fields.
Displacement
Boundary Conditions Function
field
CC
w SS w|x=0=0, w|x=L=0 1=(x/L)(1- x/L)
CS
CC
u SS u|x=0=0, u|x=L=0 1= x/L (1- x/L)
CS
CC |x=0 = 0, |x=L = 0 1=sin(x/L)
SS |x=0 0, |x=L 0 1=cos(x/L)
CS |x=0 = 0, |x=L 0 1=sin(x/2L )

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 Using the expression of various potential energies given by equations (4),
(5) and (6) into equation (1) and using the approximate displacement fields given
by equation (7), the governing algebraic equations are obtained in the form given
below:

[Kij]{dj} = {fi} (8)

where [Kij] and {fi} are the stiffness matrix and load vector, respectively, each of
dimension nu + nw + nsi. The elements of [Kij] are given below.

2
[ ]=1,
=1, = 0 (
=1 ) dx + 0 (+
=+1 ) dx
2 2

0 (++
=++1 ) dx + 0 dx

[ ]=1,
=+1,+ = 0

[ ]=1,
=+1,+ = 0 dx

[ ]=+1,+
=1, = 0 (
=1 ) dx
2

[ ]=+1,+
=+1,+ = 0 dx

[ ]=+1,+
=++1,++ = 0 dx

[ ]=++1,++
=1, = 0 (
=1 ) dx
2

0 dx

[ ]=++1,++
=+1,+ = 0 dx
2

[ ]=++1,++
=++1,++ = 0 dx +


0 dx

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{ }=1, = 0

{ }=+1,+ = 0

{ }=++1,++ = 0

Dynamic Analysis:-
The governing equation for the dynamic analysis are obtained by applying
Hamiltons principle which is expressed as,
2
(1 ( )) = 0 (9)

Here, U is the strain energy corresponding to the deflected shape of the

beam and Tk is the total kinetic energy of the system given by the expression,

1 2 2 2
= { ( ) + ( ) + ( ) } (10)
2 0

Where inertia coefficients D and F are given by

+
2
D = &

2

+
F =
2
2

2

The approximate dynamic displacement fields, which are assumed to be separable

in space and time are given by,

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w(x,t) =
=1 ()

u(x,t) =
=1 + ()

(11)

(x,t) =
=1 ++ ()

where is the natural frequency of the system and represents a new set
of unknown coefficients that represents the eigenvectors in matrix form.

Using the expressions of strain energy eq.(4) and eq.(5), kinetic energy
eq.(10) and dynamic displacements eq. (11), the governing equation is obtained
as follows

[Kij]{gj} 2[Mij]{gj} = 0
where [Kij] and [Mij] are the stiffness matrix and mass matrix respectively.

The elements of [Mij] are given below.

[ ]=1,
=1, =
0

[ ]=+1,+
=+1,+ =
0

[ ]=++1,++
=++1,++ =
0

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7. SOLUTION METHODOLOGY:-
The above formulation is displacement based and appropriate energy
equation are used to derive the governing equations of the system. The
formulation is carried out with the concept of considering large amplitude
vibration analysis of a non-linear system to its free vibration analysis under static
load producing same magnitude of large amplitude deflection. The system is
assumed to execute small amplitude vibration about statically deflected
equilibrium configuration as opposed to large amplitude vibration about its
undeformed equilibrium position. The magnitude of large amplitude vibration is
equal to the static large displacement inflicted on the system under loading.
Hence, the present large amplitude free vibration analysis is performed in two
steps.

1) Determination of large amplitude vibration frequencies (loaded natural

frequencies involving the static displacement of the axially functionally graded
Timoshenko beam through an iterative scheme in the first part.

2) Subsequently dynamic study is taken up as a standard eigenvalue problem on

the basis of the solution of the static displacement field.

As the dynamic problem is solved on the basis of solution of the static

displacement field, the effect of statically imposed large amplitude of vibration is
incorporated into the dynamic system.

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 Calculation of Static Deflection by iteration

The governing set of equations for the static analysis is nonlinear in nature as the
stiffness matrix itself is a function of unknown coefficients (di).

To solve this the unknown coefficients which are in finite linear

combination along with appropriately chosen functions art substituted into the
energy equations. The substitution of the assumed solution into the governing
equation lead to a set of algebric equations. Since the solution of this problem
cannot be represented by a finite set of functions, an error is induced when the
assumed solution is substituted in the governing equation. The objective is to
minimize the error to find out a set of converged value for the unknown
coefficients.

The nonlinear set of governing equations is solved through and iterative

direct substitution method incorporating and appropriate relaxation parameter.
For every load step the values of unknown coefficients are assumed to evaluate
the stiffness matrix. Using this assumed stiffness matrix new values of unknown
coefficients are calculated by the matrix inversion technique from the expression:
{d} = [Ks]-1{f}.

Calculated values are then compared with their values in previous iteration
and if the difference is more than the predefined error limit the process is repeated
with new values of unknown coefficients modified by the relaxation parameter
until the difference becomes less than the error limit. When the convergence is
achieved di is known and in this way a completely known stiffness matrix is
calculated.

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 Flow chart for Calculation of Static deflection

START

Define Load, Assume d, relaxation parameter (),

error limit ()

Generate stiffness matrix for shear Parameters

Generate stiffness matrix for axial Parameters

Calculate Total stiffness matrix

Compare Results between {d}old and newly generated

{d} from the equation {d} = [Ks]-1{f} and determine the
error.

NO Modify {d} with relaxation parameter ()

Is error <
{d} = {d}old+ [{d} - {d}old]

YES

Present Load Step Solved END

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 8. Results and Discussion
The above method of formulation to study the effect of large amplitude
free vibration of axially graded Timoshenko beam is solved numerically through
a MATLAB program. The program is compiled and running successfully.

The result that has been generated in the Matlab program using following
data below. But due to shortage of time the results could not be validated.

Number of displacement function nu=nw=ns=8

Max error limit = 0.5 %
Relaxation parameter, = 0.5
E0 = 210 Gpa, = 0.3, = 7850 kg/m3
L=0.4m, b= 0.02m and h=0.01m

Results ploted in Matlab with force (N) along x-axis and w= (max deflction/beam
thickness) along y-axis.
w
w

Force Force

For Clamped-clamped condition For Clamped-simple supported

condition

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9. References

Saurabh Kumar, Anirban Mitra, Haraprasad Roy, Geometrically nonlinear

free vibration analysis of axially functionally graded taper beams

Amlan Paul, Debabrata Das, Free vibration analysis of pre-stressed FGM

Timoshenko beams under large transverse deflection by a variational
method

Zahra Sharif Khodaei, Preliminaries to Modelling and Analysis of

Functionally Graded Materials.

V.Cannillo, L.Lusvargi Functionally Graded Materials: Prevision of

Properties and Performances

Amlan Paul, Debabrata Das, Non-linear thermal post-buckling analysis of

FGM Timoshenko beam under non-uniform temperature rise across
thickness.

Saurabh Kumar, Anirban Mitra, Haraprasad Roy, Large amplitude free

vibration study of non-uniform plates with in-plane material
inhomogeneity

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