Definite Integrals

Vidyamandir Classes Integral Calculus - 2
Definite Integrals and Area

PART-A : DEFINITE INTEGRALS Section - 1
1.1 Introduction
Consider a function f (x) whose indefinite integral is F (x) + C.
i.e. f ( x) dx F ( x ) C
b
Also consider the integral f ( x) dx , which is known as a definite integral and x = a, x = b are called the
a
lower and upper limits of integration.
b
The relationship between the definite integral f ( x ) dx and the indefinite integral F (x) is :
b a
f ( x) dx F (b) F (a )
a
This formula is known as NetwonLeibnitz formula. This formula can used only if the function f (x) is
continuous at all points in the interval a, b .
Illustrating the Concepts :
3 / 2
2 sin x dx
Evaluate : (i) x dx (ii)
1 0
3 3
2 x3 1 26
(i) x dx (33 13 ) .
3 1 3 3
t
/2
/ 2
(ii) sin x dx cos x 0 (cos / 2 cos 0) 1. .
0
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Integral Calculus - 2 Vidyamandir Classes
Illustration - 1 / 2
sin3 x cos x dx
0
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4
SOLUTION : (D)
/ 2
3
sin x cos x dx For x , t 1 and for x = 0, t = 0.
Let I= 2
0 1
1
Let sin x = t cos x dx = dt 3 t4 1
I t dt
4 0 4
0
Note : Whenever we use substitution in a definite integral, we have to change the limits corresponding
to the change in the variable of the integration.
In this example we have applied Newton-Leibnitz formula to calculate the definite integral. Newton-Leibnitz
formula is applicable here since sin3 x cos x (integrand) is a continuous function in the interval [0, /2].
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS Section - 2
2.1 Basic Properties of Definite Integrals

PROPERTY - 1 :
b c b
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a a c
Proof : Let F (x) be indefinite integral of f (x).
Using the Newton-Leibnitz formula,
b
f ( x)dx F (b) F (a) . . . (i)
a
c b
Also, f ( x) dx f ( x) dx F (c) F (a ) F (b) F (c ) F (b) F (a ) . . . (ii)
a c
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From (i) and (ii), we get :

b c b
f ( x) dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a a c
PROPERTY - 2 :
b a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a b
Using the NewtonLeibnitz formula.
b a
f ( x) dx F (b) F (a) . . . (i) Also, f ( x) dx F (a) F (b) . . . (ii)
a b
From (i) and (ii), we get :
b a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx Hence proved.
a b
PROPERTY - 3 :
b b
f ( x) dx f (t ) dt
a a
Using the Newton-Leibnitz formula,
b b
f (t ) dt F (b) F (a) . . . (i) Also, f (t ) dt F (b) F (a) . . . (ii)
a a
b b
From (i) and (ii), we get : f ( x) dx f (t )dt Hence proved.
a a

Illustration - 2 2
| x| dx
1
3 5
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 3
2 2
SOLUTION : (C)
2 0 2 0 2
| x | dx | x | dx | x | dx x2 x2

1 1 0 2 1 2 0
[using property-1]
1 4 5
0 2 0 0
2 2 2
x dx x dx
1 0
[as | x | = x for x < 0 and | x | = x for x 0]
Illustration - 3 3
x 2 4 dx
4
7 71 80 57
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
SOLUTION : (B)
3 2 2 3
| x 2 4 | dx | x 2 4 | dx | x 2 4 | dx | x 2 4 | dx
4 4 2 2
2 2 3
( x 2 4) dx (4 x 2 ) dx ( x 2 4) dx
4 2 2
[as | x2 4 | = 4 x2 in [2, 2] and x2 4 in other intervals]
2 2 3
x3 x3 x3
4x 4x 4x
3 4 3 2 3 2
8 64 8 8 27 8 71
8 16 8 8 12 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2.2 Properties of Definite Integrals : (contd...)

PROPERTY - 4 :
a a
f ( x)dx f (a x) dx
0 0
Proof :
a
Let I f ( x) dx substitute x=at and dx = dt
0
For x = a, t = 0 and for x = 0, t = a
0 a
I f (a t ) (dt ) f (a t ) dt [using property - 2]
a 0
We can replace by x using property - 3.
a
I f (a x ) dx Hence proved.
0
sin x
dx
0
sin x cos x

(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
4 2
SOLUTION : (A)
/ 2 Adding (i) and (ii), we get
sin x
Let : sin x cos x
dx . . . (i) / 2 / 2
0 sin x cos x
2I dx dx
0
sin x cos x 0
sin x cos x
Using property - 4, we have :
/ 2
/ 2 sin x cos x
sin ( / 2 x) 2I dx
I dx sin x cos x
sin ( / 2 x) cos ( / 2 x ) 0
0
/ 2
/ 2
cos x 2I dx I
I dx . . . (ii) 2 4
cos x sin x 0
0

Illustration - 5 a
If f (a x) = f (x) , then x f ( x) dx
0
a a a/2 a/2
a a
a f ( x )dx f ( x )dx a f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 2
0 0 0 0
SOLUTION : (B)
a a
a
af ( x)dx xf ( x)dx
Let I = x f (x)dx 0 0
0
a
a
I a f ( x) dx I
I (a x ) f (a x ) dx [using property - 4]
0
0
a
a
2 I a f ( x) dx
I (a x) f ( x )dx [using f (x) = f (a x)]
0
0
a
a
I f ( x ) dx RHS
2
0
2.3 Properties of Definite Integrals : (contd......)

PROPERTY - 5 :
2a a a
f ( x ) dx f ( x )dx f (2a x)dx
0 0 0
Proof :
2a a 2a
Let I f ( x ) dx I f ( x)dx f ( x) dx [using property 1]
0 0 a
Now in the second integral, put x = 2a t

dx = dt
For x = 2a, t = 0 and for x = a, t = a
a 0 a a
I f ( x ) dx f (2a t ) ( dt ) I f ( x)dx f (2a t )dt [using property 2]
0 a 0 0

a a
Replace t by x using property - 3, we get : I f ( x) dx f (2a x) dx Hence proved
0 0
PROPERTY - 6 :
2a 2a a
f ( x) dx 0 if (2a x) f ( x ) ; f ( x )dx 2 f ( x)dx if f (2a x) f ( x )
0 0 0
Proof : Consider Property - 5 i.e.

2a a a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f (2a x) dx . . . (i)
0 0 0
2a a a
If f (2a x) = f (x), then (i) is reduced to : f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x) dx 0
0 0 0
If f (2a x) = f (x), then (i) is reduced to :
2a a a a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx 2 f ( x ) dx Hence proved.
0 0 0 0
Illustration - 6
x
1 cos2 x dx
0
2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2 4
SOLUTION : (C)

x Adding (i) and (ii), we get :
Let I 2
dx . . . (i)
0 1 cos x

2I dx
2
0 1 cos x
( x ) / 2
I dx [using property - 4] dx 2 dx
2
0 1 cos ( x) I 2
2
2 1 cos x 2
. . . (ii) 0 0 1 cos x
[using property 6]

Divide N r and Dr by cos2x to get : For x = /2, t and for x = 0, t = 0

/2
sec2 x
dt
I dx I
2 2
sec x 1
0 0 2t
Put tan x = t sec2 x dx = dt
1 2
[sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x] I tan 1
2 2 0 2 2 2 2
log sin x dx
0

(A) log(2) (B) log(2) (C) log (2) (D) log (2)
2 2
SOLUTION : (B)
/2 / 2
Let I log sin x dx . . . (i) Let I1 log sin 2 x dx

0 0
/ 2
Put t = 2x dt = 2dx

I log sin x dx [using property - 4]
2 For x ,t and for x = 0, t = 0
0 2
/2 / 2
1 2
I log cos x dx . . . (ii) I1 log sin t dt log sin t dt
0
2 2
0 0
Adding (i) and (ii) we get : / 2
I1 [using property - 3]
/ 2 / 2
sin 2 x log sin x dx
2I log sin x cos x dx log 2 dx 0
0 0
I1 I
/ 2 / 2
Substituting in (iii) we get :
2I log sin 2 x dx log 2 dx
2 I I / 2 log 2
0 0
I / 2 log 2
/ 2
[learn this result so that you can directly apply it in
2I log sin 2 x dx log 2 . . . (iii)
2 other difficult problem]
0

Illustration - 8 Which of the following statements is(are) true ?

/2 /2 /2 /4
(A) f (sin 2 x )sin x dx f (sin 2 x ) cos x dx (B) f (sin 2 x )sin x dx f (sin 2 x ) cos x dx
0 0 0 0
/2 /4 /2 /4
(C) f (sin 2 x) sin x dx f (cos 2 x) cos x dx (D) f (sin 2 x) sin x dx 2 f (cos 2 x) cos x dx
0 0 0 0
SOLUTION : (AD)
/ 2 / 4 / 4
Let I f (sin 2 x )sin xdx . . . (i) f (sin 2 x) sin x dx f (sin 2 x ) cos x dx
0 0 0
/ 2 / 4
I f sin 2 ( / 2 x) sin ( / 2 x) dx f (sin 2 x ) (sin x cos x) dx
0 0
[using property - 4] / 4
/2 f sin 2 ( / 4 x)
I f sin ( 2 x) cos x dx 0
0 [sin( a / 4 x) cos( / 4 x)dx
[using property - 6]
/ 2
I f (sin 2 x ) cos x dx . . . (ii)
0 /4
f (cos 2 x )
/ 2
0
I f (sin 2 x )sin xdx
0 1 1 1 1
/ 4 /4 2 cos x 2 sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x dx

f (sin 2 x ) sin x dx f sin 2 ( / 2 x)
0 0 / 4
sin ( / 2 x) . dx [using property - 5] 2 f (cos 2 x) cos x dx
0
2.4 Properties of Definite Integrals : (contd )

PROPERTY 7 :
b b
f ( x )dx f ( a b x ) dx
a a

Proof :
b
Let I f (a b x)dx
a
Put a b x t dx dt when x = a, t = b and When x = b, t = a

a b
I f (t ) ( dt ) f (t ) dt [using property 2]
b a
b
I f ( x ) dx Hence proved.
a
PPOPERTY 8 :
a a
f ( x)dx [ f ( x) f ( x )]dx
a 0
a
2 f ( x)dx if f ( x ) is even i.e. f ( x) f ( x)
0
=0 if f ( x ) is odd i.e. f ( x ) f ( x)
Proof :
Consider property 1 , i.e.
a 0 a
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx . . . (i)
a a 0
0
Consider I f ( x) dx
a
Put x t dx dt. When x a, t a and When x 0, t 0.
0 a a
I f (t ) ( dt ) f (t )dt f ( x)dx . . . (ii) [using properties 2 and 3]
a 0 0
Combining (i) and (ii), we get :
a a
f ( x)dx [ f ( x) f ( x )]dx
a 0

a a a
If f ( x) is even function, then f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x )dx [ f ( x) f ( x)]dx 2 f ( x)dx
a 0 0
a a
f ( x )dx [ f ( x ) f ( x)]dx 0 Hence proved.
a 0
PROPERTY 9 :
nT T
f ( x )dx n f ( x )dx where f ( x ) is a periodic function with period T and n is an integer..
0 0
nT
Let I f ( x)dx
0
T 2T ( r 1)T nT
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx ... f ( x)dx ..... f ( x )dx
0 T rT ( n 1)T
Consider any one of the integrals of RHS.
In general, let us take
(r 1)T
Ir f ( x)dx (where 0 r n 1 )
rT
Put x rT y dx dy
For x rT , y 0 and for x ( x 1) T , y T .
T T T
I r f (rT y )dy f ( y )dy f ( x )dx
0 0 0
T
Hence all integrals in RHS are equal to f ( x)dx.
0
T T
I f ( x)dx f ( x )dx ....... n times
0 0
T
I n f ( x)dx Hence proved.
0

Illustration - 9
x sin (2 x) sin cos x dx
2
2x
0
2 4 8 8
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D)

SOLUTION : (C)

x sin (2 x ) sin cos x dx
2
2 I sin 2 x sin cos x dx
Let I . . . (i) 0
2
2x
0

Apply property - 4 to get Let cos x t sin x dx dt
2 2

/ 2 /2
4 8
I 2 t sin t dt 2 t sin t dt
( x) sin (2 2 x) sin cos ( x) dx
2 / 2 0
I
2 ( x)
0 2 / 2
8
I t sin t dt cos t dt
2 0 0
( x ) sin 2 x sin cos x dx
2
. . . (ii) 8 / 2 / 2
2x I t cos t 0 sin t 0
0
2
Add (i) and (ii) to get 8 8
[0 1]
2
2
Illustration - 10 3
10 2
If x 5 x dx
3
(3 3 2 2 ) (9 3 k ), then k
5
2
(A) 2 2 (B) 4 2 (C) 2 (D) 3 2

SOLUTION : (B) 3
I (5 x ) x dx
3 2
Let I x 5 x dx 3 3
2 I 5 x dx x x dx
3
2 2
I (2 3 x ) 5 (2 3 x ) dx
3 3
2 2 2 2
I 5 x x x x
3 2 5 2
[using property 7 ]
10 2
I (3 3 2 2 ) (9 3 4 2)
3 5

Illustration - 11 b
f ( x)
f ( x) f (a b x) dx
a
a b a b ba
(A) (B) (C) (D) ba
2 2 2
SOLUTION : (C)
b
f ( x)
Let I dx . . . (i) Adding (i) and (ii), we get
f ( x ) f ( a b x)
a
b
b f ( x ) f ( a b x)
f (a b x ) 2I dx
I f ( x ) f ( a b x)
a
f (a b x ) f [a b (a b x)] dx
a
b
b ba
f ( a b x) 2 I dx b a I
I dx . . . (ii) 2
f ( a b x ) f ( x) a
a
Illustration - 12 1
2x 2
log 2 x sin x dx
1
(A) 0 (B) log 2 (C) 1 (D) 2 log 2
SOLUTION : (A)
2x 2 2x 2
Let f ( x ) log sin x dx log
2 x sin x f ( x )
2 x
2 x 2 f (x) is an odd function.
f ( x) log sin ( x)
2x 1
2 x
2
log 2 x sin dx 0
2 x 1
1
f ( x ) log sin 2 x
2 x


Illustration - 13
2 x (1 sin x)
The value of 2
dx is :
1 cos x
(A) 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 4 2 (D) 0

SOLUTION : (A)

2 x (1 sin x ) / 2
I 1 cos2 x dx = 2 2 x sin2x . dx I 4
sin x dx
0 1 cos x 0 1 cos2 x
a a
using : f ( x ) dx [ f ( x ) f ( x )]dx 2a a a
using : f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f (2a x) dx
a 0
0 0 0

I 4 x sin x dx Put cos x = t sinx dx = dt
2
0 1 cos x For x = 0, t = 1 and for x = /2, t = 0
1
sin x 1
2I 4 dx dt 1
2 I 4 4 tan t 4 2
0 1 cos x 2 4
0 1 t 0
a a
using : f ( x) dx f ( a x ) dx
0 0

Illustration - 14 1/ 3
x4 2x 3 1
If cos 1 dx log k , then k
1/ 3
1 x4 1 x2 3 4 3 1
2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 8 12 2
SOLUTION : (C)
1/ 3
x4 1 2x
I cos dx 1/ 3 1/ 3
1 x4 1 x2 x4 x4 2x
1/ 3 I dx sin 1
dx
2 4 4 2
1/ 3
1 x 1/ 3
1 x 1 x
1/ 3
x4 2x
sin 1 dx
As integrand of second integral is an odd function, inte-
1/ 3
1 x4 2 1 x2 gral will be zero i.e.
[using : sin1 x + cos1 x = /2] 1/ 3
I x4 [using property - 8]
dx 0
2
1/ 3
1 x4

1/ 3 4 1/ 3
2 x 1 1 1
= dx 1 4 dx 1/ 3
2 x4 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 1/ 3
0 0 log tan x
3 2 2 x 1 0 0

1/ 3
x 2 1 ( x 2 1)
I ( x2 1) ( x2 1) dx 2 3 1
3 2 log
0
3 12 4 3 1
1/ 3 1/ 3
1 1
2 dx
3 2 0 x 2 1 0 x 1

1 sin 2 x dx
0
(A) 0 (B) 2 2 1 (C) 2 1 (D) 2 2 2

SOLUTION : (D)
/2 / 4 /2
I sin x cos x dx sin x cos x dx
Let I 1 sin 2 x dx
0 0 /4
/4 /2
/ 2 I (cos x sin x) dx (sin x cos x) dx
I (sin x cos x)2 dx

0 /4
0 / 4 / 2
I sin x cos x 0 cos x sin x /4
/ 2
I sin x cos x dx

1
I
1 1
1 ( 1)
1

0 2 2 2 2
I = 22 2.
Illustration - 16 Given a function such that :

(i) it is integrable over every interval on the real line.
at
(ii) f (t + x) = f (x) for every x and a real t, then the integral f ( x ) dx is independent on :
a
(A) a only (B) t only (C) Both a and t (D) Neither of a and t

SOLUTION : (B) a
at I1 f ( y ) dy [using f (x + T) = f (x)]
Let I f ( x) dx 0
a a
t at I1 f ( x ) dx [using property 3]
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx 0
. . . (i)
On substituting the value of I1 (i), we get :
a t
at t
Consider I1 f ( x ) dx I f ( x) dx I1
a
t
Put x = y + t dx = dy t a
I f ( x ) dx f ( x) dx
For x = a + t, y = a and For x = t, y = 0.
a 0
a
t
I1 f ( y t )dy I f ( x ) dx [using property-1]
0
0
I is independent of a.
Illustration - 17 n v
If | sin x | dx k cos v, where n is a +ve integer and 0 v , then k =
0
(A) n (B) n+1 (C) 2n (D) 2n + 1
SOLUTION : (D) n v
Let Consider I2 : I2 = | sin x | dx
n v n n v n
I | sin x | dx | sin x | dx | sin x | dx Put x = n + dx = d
0 0 n
[using property - 1] When x is n, = 0 and when x = n + v, = + v.
I = I1 + I2 . . . (i) v v
I 2 | sin (n ) | d | sin | d
Consider I1 :
0 0
n
I1 | sin x | dx n | sin x | dx [as period of | sin x | = ]
0 0
[using property - 9 and period of | sin x | is ] v v
I 2 | sin | d sin d
I1 n sin x dx 0 0
0 [as for 0 , sin is positive]
[As sin x 0 in [0, ], | sin x | = sin x]
v
cos 0 1 cos v
I1 n cos x 0 n 1 1 2n
On substituting the values of I1 and I2 in (i), we get
I = 2n + (1 cos v) = 2n + 1 cos v.

Illustration - 18 T T
It is known that f (x) is an odd function in the interval , and has a period equal to
2 2
x
T. f (t ) dt is also periodic function with the period =
a
T
(A) (B) T (C) 2T (D) None of these
2
SOLUTION : (B)
It is given that : f ( x) f ( x ) . . . (i) x T /2
and f (x + T) = f (x) . . . (ii) g ( x T ) f (t ) dt f (t ) dt
a x
x
Let g ( x) f (t ) dt. x
a f ( y T ) dy
T /2
x T
g (x T ) f (t ) dt Using (ii), we get
a
x T /2 x
x T /2 x T g ( x T ) f (t ) dt f (t ) dt f ( y ) dy
f (t ) dt f (t ) dt f (t ) dt a x T / 2

a x T /2 x T /2
[using properly - 1] g ( x T ) f (t ) dt f (t ) dt
Put t = y + T in the third integral on RHS. a T / 2
dt = dy [using properly - 1]
when t = T/2, y = T/2 and when t = x + T, x
y=x g ( x T ) f (t ) dt
a
[using properly - 8]
g (x + T) = g (x)
g (x) is also a periodic function with period T.
Illustration - 19 1
A positive integer n 5 such that : e x ( x 1)n dx 16 6e is :
0
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

SOLUTION : (B)
1 1 1
x
Let I n e ( x 1) dx n I n ( x 1)n e x dx e x n ( x 1)n 1 dx
0
0 0
[using integration by parts]

1
I n 0 (1)n n e x ( x 1)n 1 dx I1 1 I 0 1 (e 1) 2 e [using (i)]
0 I 2 1 2 I1 1 2 (2 e) 5 2e
I n (1)n n I n 1 . . . (i) I3 1 3 I 2 1 3 ( 5 2e) 16 6e
1 1
x 0 x m
Also I 0 e ( x 1) dx e 1 Hence for n = 3 e ( x 1) dx 16 6e
0 0
2.5. Properties of Definite Integrals : (contd....)

PROPERTY - 10 :
n a a
f ( x) dx lim f ( x ) dx ; f ( x ) dx lim
n n
f ( x) dx
0 0 n
0 0 b
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx = a lim f ( x) dx blim f ( x) dx
0
a 0

The integral f ( x) dx converges if both of the above integrals converges.

b b
PROPERTY - 11 : f ( x) dx f ( x) dx .
a a
PROPERTY - 12 :
If the function f (x) and g (x) are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at all points
g ( x)
d
h (t ) dt h g ( x ) g ( x) h f ( x ) f ( x)
dx
x [ a, b], then

f ( x)
PROPERTY - 13 :
b b
If f (x) g (x) for all x [a, b], then f ( x) dx g ( x) dx.
a a
Put g (x) = 0 for all x [a, b] in above property to get another useful property, i.e.
b
If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then f ( x)dx 0 .
a

Illustration - 20 x3
1
If f (x) = log t dt t > 0, then f (x) =
x2
x3 x2 x2 x x3 x
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
log x log x log x
SOLUTION : (B)
Using the property - 12,

1 d 3 1 d 2
f ( x) (x ) (x )
3 dx 2 dx
log ( x ) log x
3x2 2x x2 x
f ( x)
3log x 2 log x log x
Illustration - 21
The total number of points of local minimum and local maximum of the function
x2 2
t 5t 4
f ( x) dt is :
0 2 et
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
SOLUTION : (D)
x2 2 x2
t 5t 4 (t 1) (t 4)
Let y dt dt
t t
0 2 e 0 2 e
For the points of Extremes,
dy 2 2
0 ( x 1) ( x 4) (2 x) 0 [using property-12]
dx 2
2 ex
x = 0 or x4 5x2 + 4 = 0
x = 0 or (x 1) ( x + 1) (x 2) (x + 2) = 0
x = 0, x = 1 and x = 2
With the help of first derivative test, check your self that x = 2, 0, 2 are points of local minimum and
x = 1, 1 are points of local maximum.

IMPORTANT RESULTS Section - 3
3.1 Definite Integral as a limit of a Sum

We can express definite integral as a limit of the sum of a certain number of terms. Let f (x) be a continuous
function in the interval [a, b]. Divide a-b interval into n equal parts such that width of each part is h.
nh = b a.
The definite integral of a function f (x) in the interval [a, b] can be defined as :
b
h f (a h) f (a 2h) . . . . . f (a nh) where nh = b a.
f ( x) dx nlim

a
h0
n
lim h f (a rh)
n r 1 where nh = b a.
h0
With the help of this formula, we can evaluate some simple definite Integrals. The process of finding definite
integrals with the use of above formula is known as definite Integral as a limit of a sum or definite
Integral by first principle.
3.2 Summation of Series with help of definite integrals

Consider the limit of a sum formula defined in the previous section ie.
b n
f ( x) dx nlim h f (a rh)
r 1
where nh = b a. . . . (i)
a
h 0
Put a = 0 and b = 1, nh = 1 h = 1/n.
Put a = 0 and b = 1 and h = 1/n in (i) to get :
1
1 n r
f ( x) dx lim f
n n r 1 n
. . . (ii)
0
With the help of formula - 2, we can evaluate the sum to infinite terms of certain series.
Working Rule :
First of all express the given series in the form
1 r r
n
f and then replace the integral sign
n for and
n
by x.
r
The lower and upper limit of integration are the values of lim n for the least and the greatest values
n
of r respectively.

3.3 Estimation of a Definite Integral

If f (x) is a function defined in the interval [a, b] then :
b
m (b a) f ( x) dx M (b a)
a
where m is the least and M is the greatest value of the function f (x) in the interval [a, b].
3.4 Mean value theorem of definite Integrals
If the function f (x) is continuous in the interval [a, b], then :
b
f ( x) dx f (c) (b a), where a < c < b.
a
3.5 Two useful Formulae

1. If n be a positive integer, then :
/ 2 / 2
n
sin x dx cosn x dx
0 0
n 1 n 3 n 5 3 1
. . ..... . . , when n is even
n n2 n4 4 2 2
n 1 n 3 n 5 4 2
. . . . . . . . .1, when n is odd
n n2 n4 5 3
/ 2 / 2
m n
2. sin x cos x dx sin n x cosm dx
0 0
(m 1) . ( m 3) . . . . . . . . (1 or 2) ( n 1) . ( n 3) . . . . . . .. . . (1 or 2)
,
(m n) . (m n 2) . . . . . . .. . (1 or 2) 2
when both m and n even integer
(m 1) . ( m 3) . . . . . . . . (1 or 2) ( n 1) . ( n 3) . . . . . . .. . . (1 or 2)
,
(m n) . (m n 2) . . . . . . . . . (1 or 2)
otherwise

IIustrating the Concepts :

b
Evaluate : 2 dx using limit of a sum formula.
x
a
b
2
Let I x 2 dx lim h [(a h)2 a 2h . . . . . . . . . . . ( a nh) 2 ]
n
a
h0
2 ah 2 n (n 1) h3n (n 1) (2n 1)
I lim nha 2
n 2 6
h0
Using nh = b a, we get :
1 3 1 1 1
I lim a 2 (b a) a (b a )2 1 + (b a) 6 1 n 2 n
n n
(b a)2
I a 2 ( b a ) a (b a ) 2 (2)
6
b 2 a 2 2ab
I (b a ) a 2 ab a 2
3
(b a ) 2 2 b3 a3
I a b ab
3 3
Illustration - 22 1 1 1 1
The sum S lim . . . . . . is equal to :
n n 1 n 2 n 3n 2n
log 2 log 3
(A) log 2 (B) log 3 (C) (D)
2 2
SOLUTION : (A)
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 S lim .....
S lim ....
n n 1 1/ n 1 2 / n 1 n / n
n n 1 n 2 n3 n n
n 1
1 1 1 n 1 1 1
S lim .... S lim S dx

n n n 1 n 2 2n n n r 1 1 r / n 1 x
0
1
S log (1 x) 0 = log 2.

Illustration - 23 1 1 1 1
The sum of the series : lim n n 1 n 2 . . . . . . . . . . 6n is equal to :
n
n 5 n 6
(A) n 5 (B) n 6 (C) (D)
2 2
SOLUTION : (B)
1 1 1 1 For the definite integral,
Let S lim n n 1 n 2 . . . . . . . . 6n
n r 1
Lower limit = a = lim n lim n 0
Take 1/n common from the series i.e. n n
1 1 1 1 r 5n
S lim ...... Upper limit = b = lim n lim n 5
n n 1 1/ n 1 2 / n 1 5n / n n n
1 5n 1 5n
1
= n n 1 r / n
lim Therefore, S lim 1 ( r / n)
r 0 n r 0
5
dx 5
ln 1 x 0 ln 6 ln 1 ln 6
1 x
0
Illustration - 24 Which of the following is true ?

1 1 2
(A) x2 (B) x2 (C) 1 e x dx e (D) None of these
e dx 1 e dx e
0 0
SOLUTION : (C)
Using the result given in Section 3.3, f (x) is an increasing function in the interval
1 [0, 1]
2
m (1 0) e x dx M (1 0) . . . (i) m = f (0) = 1 and M = f (1) = e1 = e
0 Substituting the values of m and M in (i), we get
let f (x) = e x 2 x
1 2
2
(1 0) e dx M (1 0)
x 0
f (x) = 2 xe = 0 x = 0.
Apply first derivative test to check that there exists 1 2
a local minimum at x = 0. 1 e x dx e
0

IIustrating the Concepts :

2
dx
(i) Consider the integral : I 5 2cosx . Making the substitution tanx/2 = t, we have :
0
2 0
dx 2 dt
0
5 2 cos x 1 t 2
0 0 (1 t 2 ) 5 2

1 t 2
This result is obviously wrong since the integrand is positive and consequently the integral of
this function can not be equal to zero. Find the mistake in this evaluation.
x x
The mistake lies in the substitution tan = t. Since the function tan is discontinuous at x =
2 2
, a point in the interval (0, 2), we can not use this substitution for the changing the variable
of integration.
(ii) Find the mistake in the following evaluation of the integral.

dx dx sec 2 x dx1 1

1 2 sin2 x cos 2 x 3 sin2 x 1 3 tan2 x 3 tan 3 tan x 0
0
0 0 0
The Newton-Leibnitz formula for evaluating the definite integrals is not applicable here since
the anti-derivative, F ( x) 1 tan 1 3 tan x has a discontinuity at the point x = /2 which

3
lies in the interval [0, ].
1 1
LHL lim tan 1 3 tan h lim tan 1 3 cot h
at x / 2 h 0 3 2 h 0 3
1
= lim tan 1 ( ) . . . (i)
h0 3 2 3
1 1
RHL lim tan 1 tan h lim tan 1 3 cot h
at x = /2 h 0 3 2 h 0 3
1
lim tan 1( ) . . . (ii)
h0 3 2 3
From (i) and (ii), LHL RHL at x = /2

Anti-derivative, F (x) is discontinuous at x = /2.

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-A
log 3
ex
1. Evaluate x
dx.
log 2 1 e
x 2 ; 0 x 1 2
2. Given the function : f (x) = . Evaluate f ( x )dx.
x ;1 x 2 0
2
3. Evaluate the integral I | x 1| dx.
0
/ 2
cot x
4. Evaluate : dx 5. Show that xf ( sin x) dx 2 f ( sin x) dx
0
cot x tan x 0 0
/ 2
x sin x cos x 2
x
6. Evaluate : 4 4
dx. 7. Show that 2 2 2 2
dx
2ab
0 cos x sin x 0 a cos x b sin x
b 1
8. Prove that f ( x ) dx (b a) f [(b a ) x a ] dx .
a 0
5 2/3
( x 5)2
9. Compute the sum of the two integrals : e dx 3 e9( x 2/3)2 dx.
4 1/3
2
2 x 7 3 x 6 10 x5 7 x3 12 x 2 x 1
10. Evaluate : dx.
2
x2 2
/ 2 / 2 / 2
11. Evaluate : (i) sin8 x dx (ii) sin9 x cos7 x dx (iii) cos9 x dx .
0 0 0
3 b b
3 x
12. Show that : 4 3 x dx 2 30 . 13. Evaluate : e dx; sin x dx using limit of a sum.
1 a a
2
dx
14. Evaluate : 2 directly as well as by the substitution x = 1/t. If answers do not tally, then explain
2 4 x
why?

PART-B : AREA Section - 4
4.1 Curve tracing

In order to find the area bounded by several curves, sometimes it is necessary to have an idea of the rough
sketches of these curves. To find the approximate shape of a curve represented by the cartesian equation,
the following steps are very useful.
1. Symmetry
(a) If curve remains unaltered on replacing x by x, then it is symmetrical about y-axis.
(b) If curve remains unaltered on replacing y by y, then it is symmetrical about x-axis.
2. Intersection with axes
(a) To find points of intersection of the curve with x-axis, replace y = 0 in the equation of the
curve and get corresponding values of x.
(b) To find points of intersection of the curve with y-axis, replace x = 0 in the equation of the
curve and get corresponding values of y.
3. The regions where curves does not exist
(a) Find those values of x for which corresponding values of y do not exist.
(b) Find intervals where f (x) is positive.
4. Asymptotes
(a) Observe where y approaches as x approaches .
(b) If necessary, observe where x approaches as y approaches .
5. Find points of local maximum and local minimum
Put f (x) = 0 and find points of local maximum and minimum.
4.2 Important Results

Y
1. If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then Area bounded by the
curve y = f (x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is y = f (x)
given by
b
A= f ( x)dx X
a O a b
Note : The whole of the curve in the internal [a, b] lies above X-axis.
Y
a b
2. If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then Area bounded by a curve O X
y = f (x). X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given by :
b
y = f (x)
Area = f ( x) dx
a

3. If the curve crosses X-axis one or more times in [a, b], Y

then the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), X-axis
and the lines x = a and x = b is calculated by consider- y = f (x)
ing the portions of the graph lying above X-axis and
x1
below X-axis separately. To calculate the area of the X
O a x2 x3 b
regions lying above X-axis, use result-1 and for the
regions lying below X-axis, use result-2.
In the figure, the curve crosses X-axis at x = x1, x2, x3.
Shaded area is given as follows :
x1 x2 x3 b
A f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a x1 x2 x3
4. Area bounded by two curves, y = f (x) and y = g (x), from above and below is given by :
b
shaded area = [ f ( x ) g ( x)] dx
a
Y Y
y = f (x) y = f (x)
y = g (x) O a X
b
O a X
b
y = g (x)
Note : The area is bounded from above by y = f (x) and from below by y = g (x).
The shaded area may be above or below X-axis.
Illustration - 25 The area bounded by the curve y = x2 5x + 6, X-axis and the lines x = 1 and 4 is :
9 10 11
6 6 6
SOLUTION : (C)
For y = 0, we get x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 2 3 4
x = 2, 3 Bounded Area = y dx y dx y dx
Hence the curve crosses X-axis at x = 2, 3 in the 1 2 3
interval [1, 4].

Y
23 13 22 12 5
A1 5 6 (2 1)
3 2 6

33 23 32 2 2 1
A2 5 6 (3 2)
3
1 2 4
X 2 6
O 3
43 33 42 32 5
A= 5 6 (4 3)
3 2 6

2 3
A x 2 5 x 6 dx x
2
5 x 6 dx 5 1 5 11
1 2 A sq. units.
6 6 6 6
4
x 2 5 x 6 dx
3
Illustration - 26 The area bounded by the curve : y = 4 x, X-axis and Y-axis.
8 16 32
3 3 3
SOLUTION : (B)
Trace the curve y = 4 x . Using step 1 to 3, we can draw the rough sketch of
1. Put y = 0 in the given curve to get x = 4 as the
y= 4 x.
point of intersecton with X-axis.
Put x = 0 in the given curve to get y = 2 as the In figure,
point of intersection with Y-axis. Bounded area =
4 4
2. For the curve, y = 4 x , 4 x 0 2 16
x4 4 x dx 3 (4 x) 4 x 0 3 sq. units.
0
curve lies only to the left of x = 4 line.
3. As any y is positive, curve is above X-axis.
Y
X
O

Illustration - 27 The area bounded by the curves y = x2 and x2 + y2 = 2 above X-axis is :
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2 4 6 3 2
SOLUTION : (D)
Let us first find the points of intersection of curves. 1 1
Solving y = x2 and x2 + y2 = 2 simultaneously, 2 2 x 2 dx 2 x 2 dx
we get : 0 0
x2 + x4 = 2 1
(x2 1) (x2 + 2) = 0 x 2 x 1
2 2 x 2 sin 1 2
x2 = 1 and x2 = 2 [reject] 2 2 2 0 3
x=1
1 2 1
A = ( 1, 0) and B = (1, 1) 2 sq. units.
2 4 3 3 2
1
Shaded Area = 2 x 2 x 2 dx Y
1
1 1 A B
x 2 2
2 x dx x dx
X
1 1 1 O
Illustration - 28 The area bounded by y = x2 4 and x + y = 2 is :

75 100 125 150
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 6 6
SOLUTION : (C)
After drawing the figure, let us find the points of in- 2 2
tersection of x2 x3
2x 4x
y = x2 4 and x + y = 2. 2 3
3 3
2
x+x 4=2 x2 + x 6 = 0
1 1 125
(x + 3) (x 2) = 0 2 5 (4 9) (8 27) 4(5)
2 3 6
x = 3, 2
Y
A ( 3, 5) and B (2, 0) y=
2x
A (3, 5)
2
2
Shaded area, (2 x) ( x 4) dx
X
3 O B
2 2
y = x2 4
(2 x) dx ( x 2 4) dx
3 3

Illustration - 29 The area bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is :
a2 a2
(A)
4
(B)
2
(C) a2 (D) 2 a 2
SOLUTION : (C)
x2 + y2 = a2 y= a 2 x2
Equation of semicircle above X-axis is y = + a 2 x 2
Area of circle = 4 (shaded area)
Y
a
4 a 2 x 2 dx
0
a
x 2 2 a2 x a O a X
4 a x sin 1
2 2 a
0
a2 2
4 a
2 2
4.3 Important Results (Contd.....) Y

5. If f (y) 0 for all y [a, b], then the Area bounded by a curve
x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b is given by b
x = f (y)
b
Area = f ( y) dy a
a
X
O
Note : The whole of the curve in the interval [a, b] lies on right of Y-axis.
Y
6. If f (y) 0 for all y [a, b], then the Area bounded by a curve
x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b is given by
b
b
x = f (y)
Area = f ( y) dy
a a
O X
Note : The whole of the curve in the interval [a, b] lies on left of Y-axis.

7. If the curve crosses Y-axis one or more times in [a, b], then the Y
area bounded by the curve x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines y = a and
y = b is calculated by considering the portions of the graph lying on b x = f (y)
the right side and the left side of the Y-axis separately. To calculate y1
the area of the regions lying on right-hand side of the Y-axis, use result-5
and for the regions lying on left-hand side, use result - 6.
In the figure, the curve crosses Y-axis at y = y1. a
O X
y1 b
Shaded area is given as follows : A = f ( x) dy f ( y ) dy
a y1
8. Area bounded by two curves, x = f (y) and x = g (y), from right and left respectively, is given by :
b
Shaded area = f ( y) g ( y ) dy
a
Note : The area is bounded from right by x = f (y) and from left by x = g (y).
Y
x = g (y) x = f (y)
a
O X
The shaded area may be on right or left side of the Y-axis.

Y
x = g (y) x = f (y)
b
X
O

9. If the equations of the curves are expressed in parametric form, then the area bounded can not be found by
direct application of the result 1 to 8.
Let the two curves in parametric form are
x = f (t) . . . (i) and y = g (t) . . .(ii)
To find the bounded area by curves, try to eliminate parameter t in equations (i) and (ii) to express y in terms of x
(or x in terms of y). If it is possible to eliminate t, then the required area can be obtained by using the results 1 to
8.
If it is not possible to eliminate t, then the required area can be obtained by using the following formula :
b b t2
dx
Area = y dx y
dt
dt g (t ) f (t ) dt where t1 and t2 are given by f (t1) = a and f (t2) = b.
a a t1
Illustration - 30 The area bounded by the curves x2 + y2 = 4a2 and y2 = 3 ax is :
1 4 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2
(A) a (B) a (C) a (D) a
3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
SOLUTION : (A)
The points of intersection A & B can be calculated.
3a 3a
by solving x2 + y2 = 4a2 and y2 = 3ax. y 4a 2 y 2 y3
2 4a 2 y 2 sin 1
2 2 2 2a 3a 3 0
y2 2 2 0
y 4a
3a 3a 2 4a 2
2
3 3a3
y 4 9a 2 y 2 36a 4 0 3 9a
1 4 2
( y 2 3a 2 ) ( y 2 12a 2 ) 0 a
3 3
y2 = 3a2 or y2 = 12a2 (reject)
Alternative Method :
y2 = 3a2 y = 3a
shaded area = 2 (area above X-axis)
The equation of right half of
y 2 3a 2
x2 + y2 = 4a2 is x = 4a 2 y 2 x-coordinate of A a
3a 3a
3a The given curves area
y2 2 2
Shaded area = 4a y 3a dy
3a
y= 3ax and y 4a 2 x 2
The above the X-axis, the equations of the parabola
3a
2y2 2
2 4a y dy and the circle are 3ax and y 4a 2 x 2 re-
3a
0 spectively.

Shaded area Y
a 2a
= 2 3ax dx 4a 2 x 2 dx x = y2/3a
0 2a
a A
x2 = y2 = 4a2
Solve it yourself to get the answer.
O X
2a
Illustration - 31 The area bounded by the curves : y2 = 4a (x + a) and y2 = 4b (b x) is :

2 4 8
(A) ( a b) 4ab (B) ( a b) 4ab (C) ( a b) 4ab (D) None of these
3 3 3
SOLUTION : (B)
The two curves are :
4 ab 2
y2 = 4a (x + a) . . . (i) y y2
A 2 (a b) 4ab
2b 2a dy
2
and y = 4b (b x) . . . (ii) 0
2 2
Solving y = 4a (x + a) and y = 4b (b x) [using property - 8]
simultaneously,
1 4ab 4ab 4ab 4ab
we get the coordinates of A and B. A 2 (a b) 4ab
Replacing values of x from (ii) and (i), we get : 2 3b 3a
y2 4
y 2 4a b a A ( a b) 4ab
4b 3

Y
y 4ab and x = b a. y2 = 4b (b x) y2 = 4a (x + a)
A (b a, 4ab ) and B (b a, 4ab ) A
4ab
y2 y2
shaded area = b a dy a O X
4b 4a b
4ab

Illustration - 32 The area bounded by the hyperbola : x2 y2 = a2 and the line x = 2a is :
(A)
3 a 2 a 2 log 2 3 (B)
2 3 a 2 a 2 log 2 3
(C) 3 a 2 a 2 log 2 3 (D) 2 3 a 2 a 2 log 2 3
SOLUTION : (B)
Y
Shaded area = 2 (Area of the portion above
X- axis) A
The equation of the curve above x-axis is :
X
y x 2 a2 a O a 2a
2a B
2 2
required area (A) = 2 x a dx
a Alternative Method :
2a yA
2a
2
A 2
x 2
x a2
a
log x x 2 a 2 Area ( A) a 2 y 2 dy
2 2 yB
a
3a
2 2
A 2 3 a a log (2a 3a ) a log a 2
A 2a
a 2 y 2 dy
A = 2 3 a2 a2 log (2 + 3). 3a
Solve it yourself to confirm.
Illustration - 33 The area bounded by the curves : x2 + y2 = 25, 4y = | 4 x2 | and x = 0 in the first quadrant
is :
25 1 4 25 1 4
(A) 2 sin (B) 2 sin
2 5 4 5
25 1 4 25 1 4
(C) 1 sin (D) 1 sin
2 5 4 5
SOLUTION : (A)
| 4 x2 |
First of all find the coordinates of points of intersec x=4 y 3
-tion A by solving the equations of two given 4
Coordinates of point are A (4, 3)
curves :
4 2
x2 + y2 = 25 and 4y = | 4 x2 | 2 |4 x |
Shaded area = 25 x dx
2(4 x 2 )2 0
4
x 25
16 4 4
1
(x2 4)2 + 16x2 = 400. A 25 x dx | 4 x 2 | dx
2 . . . (i)
(x2 + 4)2 = 400 x2 = 16 4
0 0

1
Let I 4 x 2 dx 4
4 x 25 1 x
A 25 x 2 sin 4
2 4
2 2 5 0
1 1
I (4 x 2 ) dx (x
2
4) dx
4 4 25 4 25 1 4
0 2 A6 sin 1 4 2 sin
2 5 2 5
I 1 8 8 1 56 8
4 3 4 3 Y

I 4
On substituting the value of I in (i), we get :
A (4, 3)
4
X
A 25 x 2 dx 4 2 O 2
0
Illustration - 34 The area enclosed by the loop in the curve : 4y2 = 4x2 x3 is :
32 64 128 256
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 15 15 15
SOLUTION : (C)
The given curve is : 4y2 = 4x2 x3 dy 8
0 x 0,
To draw the rough sketch of the given curve, con- dx 3
sider the following steps : At x = 0, derivative is not defined.
(i) On replacing y by y, there is no change in func-
d2y 8
tion. It means the graph is symmetric about Y- By checking for , x = is a point of local
axis. dx 2 3
(ii) For x = 4, y = 0 and for x = 0, y = 0. maximum (above X-axis).
(iii) In the given curve, LHS is positive for all values From graph,
of y. Shaded area (A) = 2 (area of portion above X-
RHS 0 x2 (1 x/4) 0 axis)
x 4. 4 4
x
Hence the curve lies to the left of x = 4. A2 4 x dx x 4 x dx
2
(iv) As x , y 0 0
(v) Points of maximum/minimum : 4
dy A (4 x) 4 (4 x ) dx
8y 8 x 3x 2 0
dx

Y
4
A (4 x ) x dx
0
4 4
2 2 2
4
X A4 x x x x
O 3 0 5 0
128
A sq. units.
15
Illustration - 35 The area bounded by the parabola y = x2, X-axis and the tangent to the parabola at (1, 1)
is :
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 9 12
SOLUTION : (D)
The given curve is y = x2. Equation of tangent at A = (1, 1) is :
dy
y 1 ( x 1) [using : y y1 = m (x x1)]
dx x 1
y 1 = 2 (x 1) y = 2x 1 . . . (i)
The point of intersection of (i) with X-axis is B (1/2, 0).
Shaded area = area (OACO) area (ABC) Y
1 1
2
area = x dx (2 x 1) dx
0 1/ 2 A (1, 1)
1 1 O BC
X
area = 1 (1 1/ 2)
3 4
1
area =
12

Illustration - 36 The area between the curves y = 2x4 x2, the x-axis and the ordinates of two minima of
the curve is :
7 7 7
240 120 60
SOLUTION : (B)
Using the curve tracing steps , draw the rough sketch of the functions y = 2x4 x2.
Following are the properties of the curve which can be used to draw its rough sketch.
(i) The curve is symmetrical about y-axis.
1
(ii) Point of intersection with x-axis are x = 0, x = . Only point of intersection with y-axis is y = 0.
2
1 1
(iii) For x , , , y 0 i.e. curve lies above x axis and in the other intervals it lies
2 2
below x-axis.
dy
(iv) Put 0 to get x = 1/2 as the points of local minimum.
dx
On plotting the above information on graph, we get the rough sketch of the graph. The shaded area in the
graph is the required area
1/ 2 Y
2x x dx
4 2
Required Area = 2
0
1/ 2
2 x5 x3 7
2 O
X
5 3 120 0.5 0.5
0
FOR REMAINING QUESTIONS ATTEMPT IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-B
NOW ATTEMPT OBJECTIVE WORKSHEET BEFORE PROCEEDING AHEAD IN THIS EBOOK

THINGS TO REMEMBER
b
1. The relationship between the definite integral f ( x) dx and the indefinite integral F (x) is :
a
b
f ( x) dx F (b) F (a)
a
2. Properties in Definite Integral
PROPERTY - 1 : PROPERTY - 2 :
b c b b a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a a c a b
PROPERTY - 3 :
b b
f ( x) dx f (t ) dt
a a
PROPERTY - 4 : PROPERTY - 5 :
a a 2a a a
f ( x)dx f (a x) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x )dx f (2a x)dx
0 0 0 0 0
PROPERTY - 6 :
2a 2a a
f ( x) dx 0 if (2a x) f ( x ) ; f ( x )dx 2 f ( x)dx if f (2a x) f ( x )
0 0
0
PROPERTY - 7 :
b b
f ( x) dx f (a b x) dx
a a
PROPERTY - 8 :
a a
f ( x) dx f ( x) f ( x) dx
a 0
a
2 f ( x )dx if f (x) is even i.e. f ( x) = f (x)
0
=0 if f (x) is odd i.e f ( x) = f (x)
38 Things to Remember Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support
PROPERTY - 9 :
nT T
f ( x) dx n f ( x ) dx where f (x) is a periodic function with period T and n is an integer.
0 0
PROPERTY - 10 :
n a a
f ( x) dx nlim f ( x) dx ; f ( x ) dx lim f ( x) dx
n
0 0 n
0 0 b
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx = a lim f ( x) dx blim f ( x) dx
0
a 0
b b
PROPERTY - 11 : f ( x) dx f ( x) dx .
a a
PROPERTY - 12 :
If the function f (x) and g (x) are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at all points x.
g ( x)
d h g ( x ) g ( x) h f ( x ) f ( x)
h (t ) dt
dx
[ f ( a ), g (b)], then

f ( x)
PROPERTY - 13 :
b b
If f (x) g (x) for all x [a, b], then f ( x) dx g ( x) dx.
a a
Put g (x) = 0 for all x [a, b] in above property to get another useful property, i.e.
b
If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then f ( x)dx 0 .
a
3. The definite integral of a function f (x) in the interval [a, b] can be defined as :
b
f ( x) dx nlim h f (a h) f (a 2h) . . . . . f (a nh)
where nh = b a.
a
h0
n
lim h f (a rh)
n r 1 where nh = b a.
h0
4. Estimation of a Definite Integral
If f (x) is a function defined in the interval [a, b] then :
b
m (b a) f ( x) dx M (b a)
a
where m is the least and M is the greatest value of the function f (x) in the interval [a, b].
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Things to Remember 39
5. Mean value theorem of definite Integrals

If the function f (x) is continuous in the interval [a, b], then :
b
f ( x) dx f (c) (b a), where a < c < b.
a
6. Two useful Formulae

(i) If n be a positive integer, then :
/ 2 / 2
n
sin x dx cosn x dx
0 0
n 1 n 3 n 5 3 1
. . . . . .. . . , when n is even
n n2 n4 4 2 2
n 1 n 3 n 5 4 2
. . . . . .. . .1, when n is odd
n n2 n4 5 3
/ 2 /2
(ii) sin m x cosn x dx sin n x cosm dx
0 0
(m 1) . ( m 3) . . . . . . . . (1 or 2) ( n 1) . ( n 3) . . . . . . .. . . (1 or 2)
,
(m n) . (m n 2) . . . . . . .. . (1 or 2) 2
when both m and n even integer
(m 1) . ( m 3) . . . . . . . . (1 or 2) ( n 1) . ( n 3) . . . . . . .. . . (1 or 2)
,
(m n) . (m n 2) . . . . . . . . . (1 or 2)
when both m and n even integer..
7. Curve tracing
In order to find the area bounded by several curves, sometimes it is necessary to have an idea of the rough
sketches of these curves. To find the approximate shape of a curve represented by the cartesian equation,
the following steps are very useful.
1. Symmetry
(a) If curve remains unaltered on replacing x by x, then it is symmetrical about y-axis.
(b) If curve remains unaltered on replacing y by y, then it is symmetrical about x-axis.
2. Intersection with axes
(a) To find points of intersection of the curve with x-axis, replace y = 0 in the equation of the
curve and get corresponding values of x.
(b) To find points of intersection of the curve with y-axis, replace x = 0 in the equation of the
curve and get corresponding values of y.
3. The regions where curves does not exist

(a) Find those values of x for which corresponding values of y do not exist.
(b) Find intervals where f (x) is positive.
4. Asymptotes
(a) Observe where y approaches as x approaches .
(b) If necessary, observe where x approaches as y approaches .
5. Find points of local maximum and local minimum
Put f (x) = 0 and find points of local maximum and minimum.
8. Important Results
Y
I. If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then Area bounded by the
curve y = f (x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is
y = f (x)
given by
b
A= f ( x)dx
a X
O a b
Note : The whole of the curve in the internal [a, b] lies above X-axis.
II. If f (x) 0 for all x [a, b], then Area bounded a b

X
O
by a curve y = f (x). X-axis and the lines x = a and
x = b is given by :
b y = f (x)
Area = f ( x ) dx
a
Note : The whole of the curve in the interval [a, b] lies below X-axis.
III. If the curve crosses X-axis one or more times in [a, b], then the area bounded by the curve y = f
(x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is calculated by considering the portions of the graph lying
above X-axis and below X-axis separately. To calculate the area of the regions lying above X-axis,
use result-1 and for the regions lying below X-axis, use result-2.
In the figure, the curve crosses X-axis at x = x1, x2, x3.
Shaded area is given as follows :
y = f (x)
x1 x2 x3 b
A f ( x) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx x1
f ( x) dx
O a x2 x3 b X
a x1 x2 x3
4. Area bounded by two curves, y = f (x) and y = g (x), from above and below is given by :
b
shaded area = [ f ( x ) g ( x)] dx
a
Y Y
y = f (x) y = f (x)
y = g (x) O a X
b
O a X
b
y = g (x)
5. If f (y) 0 for all y [a, b], then the Area bounded by a curve x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines
y = a and y = b is given by
Y
b
Area = f ( y) dy b
a x = f (y)
Note : The whole of the curve in the interval [a, b] lies on right of Y-axis. a
X
O
6. If f (y) 0 for all y [a, b], then the Area bounded by a

curve x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b is given by
Y
b
Area = f ( y) dy b
a
x = f (y)
Note : The whole of the curve in the interval [a, b] lies on left of Y-
a
axis.
O X
7. If the curve crosses Y-axis one or more times in [a, b], then the Y
area bounded by the curve x = f (y), Y-axis and the lines y = a and
y = b is calculated by considering the portions of the graph lying on b x = f (y)
the right side and the left side of the Y-axis separately. To calculate y1
the area of the regions lying on right-hand side of the Y-axis, use result-5
and for the regions lying on left-hand side, use result - 6.
In the figure, the curve crosses Y-axis at y = y1. a
Shaded area is given as follows : O X
y1 b
A= f ( x) dy f ( y ) dy
a y1
8. Area bounded by two curves, x = f (y) and x = g (y), from right and left respectively, is given by :
b
Shaded area = f ( y) g ( y ) dy
a
Note : The area is bounded from right by x = f (y) and from left by x = g (y).
x = g (y) x = f (y)
a
O X
The shaded area may be on right or left side of the Y-axis.
x = g (y) x = f (y)
b
X
O
ANSWERS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES - A

4 1 2
1. ln 2. (4 2 1) 3. 1 4. 6. 9. 0
A 3 3 4 16
16 2 35 1 128
10. 11. (i) (ii) (iii) . 14. Discontinuity at x = 0.
2 2 5 256 560 315
SOLUTIONS - IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-A
ln 3 x ln 3
e dx d (1 e x ) x
ln 3 4
1. x = x dx = ln 1 e = ln
ln 2 1 e ln 2 1 e 3
ln 2
2 1 1
2
x3 2 1
2
2. f ( x) dx = x 2 dx + xdx = + 3x x = 4 2 1 .
3 1 3
0 0 1 0
1 2
2 1 2
x2 x2
3.
I = | x 1| dx = (1 x ) dx + ( x 1) dx = x x = 1.
0 0 1 2 + 2
0 1

cot x
/ 2 2 / 2 tan x
/2 cot x 0 dx
4. I= 0 dx = = 0
cot x tan x cot x tan x tan x cot x
2 2
/2
On adding, 2 I = 0 dx I =
4

5. I = 0 x f (sin x) dx = ( x) f (sin ( x) dx = f (sin x ) dx I
0 0

2I = 0 f (sin x) dx I = 0 f (sin x) dx.
2

x sin x cos x
/ 2 2 2 2 x cos x sin x
I = 0
/ 2 2
6. 4 4 dx = dx
cos x sin x 0 sin 4
x cos 4
x
2 2
/ 2 cos x sin x dx / 2 cos x sin x dx
I = 0 I 2I = 0
sin 4 x cos 4 x 2 sin 4 x cos 4 x
44 Solutions Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

2
/ 2 tan x sec x dx
I = 0 let tan2x = t 2 tan x sec2 x dx = dt
4 1 tan 4 x
dt 2
I = 0 2 = tan 1 t = 2 =
8 1 t 8 0 8 16
( x ) dx
dx
7. I = 0 2 2 2 2 = 0 2 I
a cos x b sin x a cos x b 2 sin 2 x
2
dx / 2 dx dt
I = = 0 = 0 (tanx = t)
2 0 a 2 cos 2 x b 2 sin 2 x a 2 cos 2 x b 2 sin 2 x a2 b2 t 2

1
bt
dt 2
2 = tan a 0 = =
b 0 a 2 ab ab 2 2ab
2
b t

b
8. LHS. = f ( x ) dx Put x = (b a) t + a dx = (b a) dt
a
1 1
L.H.S. = 0 f ((b a) t a) (b a ) dt = (b a) 0 f b a t a
1
= (b a) 0 f b a x a dx . = RHS. Hence proved.
5 ( x 5) 2 2/39( x 2/3) 2
9. Misprinting find the sum of the integrals 4 e dx + 3 1/3 e dx .
5 2/3 2
( x 5) 2 e(3x 2) dx .
I= e dx +
4 1/3
Replace x + 5 = t in the first Integral & 3x 2 = t in the second integral.
0 2
0
t t2
I = e dt + e dt
1 1
In the second integral, let t = z dt = dz.
0 t2 0 z2
I = 1 e dt 1 e dz = 0 Sum of the given integrals = 0.
2 2
2 x7 10 x5 7 x3 x 3 x6 12 x 2 1
10. x2 2
dx + x2 2
dx
2 2
2 2 2 2
3x 2 ( x 4 4) dx 2 2 dx
=0 +2 dx + 2 = 0+ 2 3x ( x 2) dx + 2
2 2 2
0 x 2 0 x 2 0 0 x 2
16 2
=
2 2 5
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Solutions 45

/ 2 8 1 5 3 1 105 35
11. (i) 0 sin 8 x dx = = 8 96 =
8 6 4 2 2 256
/ 2 (8 6 4 2) 6 4 2
(ii) 0 sin 9 x cos7 x dx = .
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
/ 2 9 1 6 4 2 128
(iii) 0 cos9 x dx = 1= .
9 7 5 3 315
12. f (x) = 3 x3 is an inc. function in [1, 3].
m = f (1) = 2. and M = f (3) = 30 . b a = 3 1 = 2
b 3
m (b a) a f ( x) dx M (b a) 2 (2) 1 3 x3 dx
30 2
3
4 1 3 x3 dx 2 30 . Hence Proved
n
lim lim
13. (a)
b x
a
e dx = n h ea rh a h 2h 3h nh
= n h e (e e e ......... e )
h0 r 1 h0
lim (1 e nh ) lim h lim lim

= n a
e he h
= n h . n eh . ea n (enh 1)
h0 1 eh h 0 e 1 h 0 h0
a b a
= 1.1 e (e 1) ( nh = b a)
= eb ea.
b n
lim lim
(b) sin x dx = h 0 h sin ( a rh ) = 0 h
h
a n r 1 n
sin (a h) sin (a 2h) .......... sin (a nh)

nh
sin h/2
lim 2 ( a h a nh) lim lim ba (h b a)
= h0 h h sin = h 0 sin h 2 h 0 sin sin
n sin 2 n 2 n 2 2
2
ba ba
= 1. 2 sin sin = cos a cos b.
2 2
2 dx 2
1 1 x 1 1 1
14. I = 2 2 = tan 2 = tan (1) tan (1) = Alternatively ,
x 4 2 2 2 4
1 1
Put x = dx = 2 dt
t t
dx
1/2 1 dt dt 1/ 2
2
I = 2
1/ 2 1 1
t (4 2 ) = 1/2 4t 2 1 = 2
= 1/ 2 2 1 tan (2 t )
4 x2
t 1/ 2
46 Solutions Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

1 1 1
= tan1 (1) tan (1) =
2 2 4
1
The second method is wrong because the substitution x = is discontinuous at t = 0. Hence substitution
t
1
x = is wrong.
t
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Solutions 47

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My Chapter Notes
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Definite Integrals

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Vidyamandir Classes Integral Calculus - 2

Definite Integrals and Area

Illustrating the Concepts :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 1

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS Section - 2

2.1 Basic Properties of Definite Integrals

2 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

From (i) and (ii), we get :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 3

4 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

2.2 Properties of Definite Integrals : (contd...)

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 5

2.3 Properties of Definite Integrals : (contd......)

Now in the second integral, put x = 2a t

6 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Proof : Consider Property - 5 i.e.

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 7

Divide N r and Dr by cos2x to get : For x = /2, t and for x = 0, t = 0

8 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustration - 8 Which of the following statements is(are) true ?

2.4 Properties of Definite Integrals : (contd )

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 9

Put a b x t dx dt when x = a, t = b and When x = b, t = a

10 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 11

(A) 2 2 (B) 4 2 (C) 2 (D) 3 2

12 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 13

(A) 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 4 2 (D) 0

14 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

(A) 0 (B) 2 2 1 (C) 2 1 (D) 2 2 2

Illustration - 16 Given a function such that :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 15

16 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 17

2.5. Properties of Definite Integrals : (contd....)

18 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Using the property - 12,

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 19

IMPORTANT RESULTS Section - 3

3.1 Definite Integral as a limit of a Sum

3.2 Summation of Series with help of definite integrals

20 Section 3 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

3.3 Estimation of a Definite Integral

3.5 Two useful Formulae

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 3 21

IIustrating the Concepts :

22 Section 3 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustration - 24 Which of the following is true ?

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 3 23

IIustrating the Concepts :

(ii) Find the mistake in the following evaluation of the integral.

the anti-derivative, F ( x) 1 tan 1 3 tan x has a discontinuity at the point x = /2 which

From (i) and (ii), LHL RHL at x = /2

24 Section 3 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 3 25

PART-B : AREA Section - 4

4.1 Curve tracing

4.2 Important Results

26 Section 4 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

3. If the curve crosses X-axis one or more times in [a, b], Y

interval [1, 4].