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Computing
Chapter 7
Mobile Application Framework
Contents
24 Future Works
Transcoding and Content Adaptation Architecture
1
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be
able to:-
to:-
Understand general concepts of Wireless Computing, Mobile
Computing, Pervasive Computing, Ubiquitous Computing and Cloud
Computing
Describe the major components and architectures of Mobile
Application Framework, Mobile Computing Platforms, Context-Aware
Middleware, Multimedia Transcoding Architecture and WAP
Understand the role of middleware
Understand the unique requirements of wireless and mobile
applications that middleware should address
Understand mobile computational models and functionality
supported by various middleware platforms
Understand the emerging applications enabled by Mobile Computing,
Pervasive Computing and WAP
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Mobile VS Pervasive VS Ubiquitous Computing
Mobile Computing
Increasing our capability to physically move computer services with us
Pervasive Computing
Obtaining information from our environment and utilizing it to
dynamically built models
Involves devices like handhelds - small, easy-to-use devices --
through the user will be able to get information on anything and
everything
The sort of thing that Web-enabled cell phones promise
Ubiquitous Computing
Integrating large scale mobility with pervasive computing functionality
We might not need to use computers at all
Instead, it's computing in the background, with technology embedded
in the things we already use.
Example: A car navigation system that, by accessing satellite pictures,
alerts us to a traffic jam ahead, or an oven that shuts off when our
food is cooked.
REQUEST
SERVER
PRESENTATION
3
Mobile Computing
Definition: Information from any system can be displayed,
collected and transfered to a mobile device using one or a
combination of various data transfer methods.
Mobile devices include PDAs, laptop computers, and many of
todays cell phones (aptly called "smart phones").
Access point
Information System
Base Station
Application Application
Middleware Middleware
Services Mobile Services
Computing
Local Network Platform Local Network
Platform Transport Platform Transport
Services Services Services Services
4
Mobile Computing Functions
A computing environment is defined as mobile if
it supports one or more of these characteristics:
User mobility: User should be able to move from one
physical location to another location and use same
service
Network mobility: User should be able to move from
one network to another network and use same service
Device mobility: User should be able to move from one
device to another and use same service
Session mobility: A user session should be able to
move from one user-agent environment to another.
Service mobility: User should be able to move from
one service to another
Host mobility: The user should can be either a client or
server
Application Server
Origin
Device Adaptation Framework Server
Database
User with Networks & Middleware Framework Content
device Gateways
Networks & Project
Gateways
5
Types of Mobile Devices
A categorization of five different types of mobile devices:
Laptop computers
PDAs and handheld PCs
Pagers
Smart phones and cellular phones
Task devices, such as bar code scanners
Laptops are typically used and supported in the same way as
desktop PCs.
Many organizations have replaced desktops with their portable cousins as the
workforce has grown increasingly mobile.
PDAs are the least planned-for and supported devices.
They are undergoing rapid evolution and are being brought into organizations in the
same way the earliest PCs were.
Smart phones that allow users to
access phone calls,
two-way radio transmissions
paging and data transmissions
Pagers
Task devices such as the parcel tracking devices used by
Federal Express (FedEx) and the United Parcel Service
(UPS)
Networks
Mobile computing will use different types of
networks: fixed telephone network, GSM,
GPRS, ATM, etc.
1. Wireline Networks: designed over wire. It is called
fixed network. Copper or fiber optic cables.
2. Wireless Networks: mobile networks
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Middleware
Middleware: A software layered between a user
application and operating system.
Examples conventional middleware technologies
designed for fixed distributed systems:
communication middleware, object oriented
middleware, message oriented middleware,
database middleware, etc.
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Messaging Middleware
Common interface and transport between applications.
Stores the data in a
message queue if the
target machine is down
or overloaded
May contain business
logic that routes
messages to the
appropriate destinations
and reformats the data
as well.
Similar to an e-mail
messaging system,
except that it is used to
send data between
applications.
Database Middleware
Database Middleware provides a common interface
between a query and multiple, distributed databases.
Using either a hub and spoke architecture or a
distributed architecture it enables data to be
consolidated from a variety of disparate data sources.
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Application Server Middleware
A Web-based
application server that
provides interfaces to a
wide variety of
applications is used as
middleware between the
browser and legacy
systems.
The browser can be used at
desktops or on laptops when
travelling.
A wide range of server-side
processing has been
supported by appservers
(i.e.;J2EE).
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Context-Aware Middleware
To enable applications to adapt to heterogeneity of hosts and
networks as well as variations in the user's environment, systems
must provide for mobile applications to be aware of the context in
which they are being used.
User's context
includes, but is not
limited to:
location, with varying
accuracy depending on
the positioning system
used;
device
characteristics, such
as processing power
and input devices;
physical environment,
such as noise level and
bandwidth;
user's activity, such as
driving a car or sitting in
a lecture theatre.
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Context-Aware Based on Location
11
Middleware Architecture
12
There are multiple architecture options possible
13
Mobile Application Servers
Mobility Application
Middleware
Mobility
for
Middleware
Backend
Mobile Devices
Wireless Back-end Back-end
Network Network Applications
Wireless and
Network Stack Stack Back-end Databases
Network
Wireless Web
WAP
Wireless
Browser
4
http 2 Content
Wireless Web
Wireless Gateway 5 Server (XML/HTML)
Network
1 Back-end
3 Systems
Web http Web
over and
Browser Gateway
wired Internet Darabases
14
Why is Internet not enough?
or actually "too much" ...
Big screen - small screen syndrome
WAP Web
Internet
Gateway Server
Wireless
network
with WAP
Protocol
Ask Burton Katz
15
WAP Objectives
Enable wireless terminals, especially digital cellular
phones, to access Internet content and advanced
data services
Specify a protocol that will work across differing
global wireless network systems
Enable creation of content and applications that
scale across different networks and devices
Where possible, use and extend existing standards
and technologies
16
How Does WAP Works?
When your cellpnone connects to wireless network and
requests a website (the site should be WAP-enabled) the
request passes through the nearest cell site, where it is routed
to a gateway server.
The gateway server converts the request to standard HTTP
format and sends it to the website.
The site responds to the request and sends the requested
content, as HTML documents to the gateway server.
The gateway server
converts this data into WML
and sends it to your device,
via the relevant cell site,
where the microbrowser
displays the page.
Animation
17
WAP Component (WAP Protocol Suite)
WAP is made up of five parts
1. Wireless Application Environment (WAE)
2. Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)
3. Wireless Transport Protocol (WTP)
4. Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
5. Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)
WAE is the only part that is visible to the user,
the other four work in the background to
enable the transfer of contents from the
website (WAP enabled) to the user.
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Wireless Application Environment (WAE)
WAE specifies an application framework for wireless
devices
WAE consists
of
WML and WML
Microbrowser
(WAP Proof,
OpenWave,
Opera Mini)
WMLScript
Wireless
Telephony
Application
(WTA) and the
API (WTAI)
WAP Applications
Location-based services
Real-time traffic reporting, Event/restaurant recommendation
Enterprise solutions
Email access, Database access, global intranet access
Information updates pushed to WAP devices
Financial services
Banking, Bill-paying, Stock trading, Funds transfers
Travel services
Schedules and rescheduling, Reservations
Gaming and Entertainment
Online, real-time, multi-player games
Downloadable horoscopes, cartoons, quotes, advice
M-Commerce
Shopping on the go
Instant comparison shopping
Location-based special offers and sales
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WAP Application - Mobile Leave System
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WAP Application Ticketing System
Flight Booking
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WAP Application - Weather Information System
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WAP Application - Mobile Payment System
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Content Adaption
Modifying the representation of Internet
content in order to come up with versions that
meet diverse user requirements and the
distinct characteristics of devices and access
networks
User preferences
Information presenting styles
e.g. scrollable/splitted to several views
Time issues
e.g. see utilitarian content quickly/wait for flashy content
Cost issues
Definition of Multimedia Unit (MMU)
The unit of data transmitted over a network containing one or more
multimedia content elements
e.g. multimedia message in MMS, elements of a web page (typical
composed of several MMUs)
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Types of Content Adaption
Format Adaption
Characteristics Adaptation
Appearance Adaptation
Size Adaptation
Encapsulation Adaptation
Format Adaption
Converting original content format to the
format also understandable by the receiver
e.g. JPG to GIF, MPEG4 to MPEG, AAC to MP3
football.jpg football.gif
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Characteristics Adaptation
Modifying media objects characteristics while
remaining within a given format
e.g. image/video resolution, frame/bit rate, number of
colors
295 x 379
590 x 758
Appearance Adaptation
Modifying the content of an multimedia unit (MMU) for the
purpose of changing how it looks or sounds
Needed to conform to the capabilities of the receiver and
may even increase usability
e.g. condensed version from a web page, portrait to landscape mode
Google
(Opera for Mobile S60)
Google (Internet Explorer)
26
Size Adaptation
Reducing the size of an MMU message to match the
capabilities of the receiver and the underlying network
environment:
1. Removal of some MMU objects
e.g. remove an image from an MMU message
Encapsulation Adaptation
Converting MMU messages from one application
protocol to another and therefore involving
repacking a message without altering any of the
media content
e.g. splitting an e-mail to a sequence of several SMS
messages
From: sender@foo.com From: sender@foo.com
To: receiver@bar.com To: receiver@bar.com
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar
foo bar foo bar foo bar foo bar
foo bar
SMS x 2
E-mail
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Methods of Content Adaptation
Multimedia Transcoding
Content Selection
Rendering at the Client
Hybrid Approaches
Multimedia Transcoding
Modifying the properties of multimedia object to meet the
capabilities of the terminal
Usually automatic process
The behavior of the adaptation system is programmed in advance
Can include all previously presented types of adaptation
Multimedia Transcoding Architecture
Requests/Responses
Application-specific Controller
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Multimedia Transcoding (2)
Transcoding of audio visual content
Decode object Modify uncompressed Encode to desired format
Also partially decoded objects can be modified
Scalable formats improve the quality and the performance
Transcoding of nonaudiovisual content
Nonaudiovisual content is often XML applications
Can be modified and and/or converted to other XML applications using XSLT
technology or DOM/SAX interfaces
Content Selection
Multiple versions or modality of each multimedia
object is stored in the server and server selects the
best version for the given terminal
The Infopyramid
A representation scheme
providing a multimodal,
multiresolution representation
hierarchy for multimedia content 160x 40 8
Title 120 kbps kpbs
Modality axis provides the same Short 96 64
QVGA
information under different media story kbps kbps
1 128
modes Full
story
VGA Mbps kbps
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Content Selection (2)
The Customizer
After a clients request selects the best content representation supported by
the client terminals capabilities and environment from the Infopyramid
Makes content selection decisions in accordance with adaptation policies
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Hybrid Approaches
Mixing different adaptations methods together
at the same time
e.g. transcoding can be a part of a content
selection system, transcoding and content
selection can be performed on the media content
and the final layout is left to the terminal when
rendering
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Past Year Question
JAN 2013 (Part A)
Differentiate between format adaption and
characteristics adaptation (You also need to include
some examples). (6 Marks)
Format Adaption - Converting original content format to the
format also understandable by the receiver .
e.g. JPG to GIF, MPEG4 to MPEG, AAC to MP3
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Past Year Question
JUL 2013 (Part A)
Distinguish between ubiquitous computing and cloud
computing. (4 Marks)
Ubiquitous computing refers to everyday objects becoming
computing nodes, such as smart appliances.
Cloud computing refers to running applications on the
internet rather than locally.
Thank You!
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