Post-Tensioned Concrete Silos

Reported by ACI Committee 313

The committee report gives design and construction requirements

for concrete silos covered in “Recommended Practice for Design
and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Bins, Silos, and Bunkers
for Storing Granular Materials (AC1 313-77) and Commentary”
when they are reinforced with prestressing steel. This document
may be considered at some future date for inclusion as a chapter in
AC1 313-77 and its commentary. For this reason it is written in a
language similar to that of the standard.
AC1 Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and.
Commentaries are intended for guidance in designing, plan-
ning, executing, or inspecting construction, and in preparing
specifications. Reference to these documents shall not be
made in the Project Documents. If items found in these
documents are desired to be part of the Project Documents,
they should be incorporated directly into the Project Docu-
ments.

Keywords: bins; circular prestressing; concrete construction; dynamic loads;

earthquake resistant structures; formwork (construction); granular materials; fPY = specified yield strength of prestressed ten-
lateral pressure; loads (forces); pressure; prestressed concrete; prestressing
steels; quality control; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; shotcrete;
dons
shrinkage; silus; slipform construction; static loads; stresses; structural analy- fIP = effective stress in prestressed reinforcement
sis; structural design: thermal stresses: thickness: walls. (after allowance for all prestress losses)
f,; = average initial prestress (before long-term
CONTENTS losses)
l- Notation ............................................... 54 c = yield strength of nonprestressed re-
- Scope.. ................................................. 54 inforcement
i- Codes and standards’............................. 55 11 = wall thickness
4- Post-tensioning systems for silos ......... .55 h, = core wall thickness
- Post-tensioning with tendons.. .............. .55 K = wobble friction coefficient per unit length of
i- Bonded tendons .................................... 56 prestressing steel
7- Unbonded tendons ................................ 56 1 = length of prestressing steel element from
8- Post-tensioning ducts ............................ 56 jacking end to any point X
9 - Wire wrapping.. .................................... .56 = prestressing tendon force at jacking end
Ps
10 - Details and placement of nonprestressed
reinforcement ....................................... 56 PI = prestressing tendon force at any point X
Pd.,, = horizontal unit design pressure due to stored
1 1 - Wall openings ...................................... .57
12 - Stressing records .................................. 57 material
1 3 - Design.. ............................................... .57 pdcr., = pdrsfi,/fre unit pressure due to initial cir-
14 - Vertical bending moment and shear due to cumferential prestress force
prestressing .......................................... 58 a, = total angular change of prestressing steel
15 - Tolerances ............................................ 58 profile in radians from jacking end to any
16 - Commentary ........................................ .58 point X
c1 = curvature friction coefficient (between ten-
l- NOTATION don and duct)
Consistent units must be used in all equations. Ex- QP = ratio of prestressed reinforcement, A,:bh
+ = capacity reduction factor
cept where noted, units may be either all U.S. custom-
ary or all metric (SI). II = Poisson’s ratio (assumed to be 0.2)

A,, = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension 2- SCOPE

zone Provisions in this report apply to silo walls pre-
D = inside diameter of silo stressed with high-strength steel meeting the require-
f,’ = ultimate compressive strength of concrete ments for prestressing steels given by “Building Code
f;: = compressive strength of concrete at time of Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (AC1 318-
initial prestress 77).“’
f p* = stress in prestressed reinforcement at nomi-
nal strength Copyright K: 1981, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including
the making of copies unless permission in writing is obtained from the copy-
f ,>u = specified tensile strength of prestressing ten- right proprietors. Pertinent discussion will be published in the July-August
dons 1981 AC1 JOURNAL if received by May 1, 1981.

54 ACI JOURNAL / January-February 1981

 ,yENDS
MDNPRESTRESSED
HORIZ. REINFORCE
ENDS OF TENDONS Ay
LNONPRESTRESSED
HORIZ. REINFORCEMENT
NONPRESTRESSED
VERT. REINFORCEMENT
(a) POST-TENSIONING
MAINS1 PILASTERS
Fig. 1 - Circumferential prestressing by means of overlapping embedded tendons
3- CODES AND STANDARDS
All sections of other chapters of “Recommended
Practice for Design and Construction of Reinforced
Concrete Bins, Silos, and Bunkers for Storing Gran-
ular Materials (AC1 313-77) and Commentary”’ plus
all sections of Chapter 18 of AC1 318-77 which do not
conflict with provisions of this report shall be appli-
cable.
4- POST-TENSIONING SYSTEMS FOR SILOS
The two most applicable and widely used post-ten-
sioning systems for silos covered by this report are
wire winding and tendon stressing.
4.1 Wire winding is the system of wrapping the cy-
lindrical core wall with prestressing steels (wires or
strands) tensioned by means of special winding ma-
chines. Winding is done after construction of the core
walls is completed. (See Section 9.)
4.2 Post-tensioning with tendons may be by:
(a) tendons and protective cover placed and em-
bedded during concreting;
(b) tendons in embedded ducts that are placed dur-
ing concreting; or
(c) external tendons applied to the core wall.
Refer to Sections 5 through 8.
ACI JOURNAL I January-February 1981
OF TENDONS A
SLOCKOUT
7 ~ANCHORAGE
I!
LNONPRESTRESSED
HORIZ. REINFORCEMENT
NONPRESTRESSED
VERT. REINFORCEMENT
(b) POST- TENSIONING
WITHOUT PILASTERS
5- POST-TENSIONING WITH TENDONS -
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS AND
CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Wall thickness for silos with embedded tendons
or tendons in embedded ducts shall not be less than 8
in. (200 mm) nor less than the sum of h, calculated
by Eq. (1) plus the diameter of embedded tendon or
tendon duct (whichever is used) plus concrete cover.
5.2 Spacing of horizontal tendons shall not exceed
three times the wall thickness, nor shall horizontal
tendons be spaced more than 42 in. (1.07 m) on cen-
ters.
5.3 Stressing points may be located at vertical pilas-
ters on the outside of the walls, at wall intersections,
or at wall blockouts specially provided for this pur-
pose. In determining the number of stressing points,
consideration shall be given in design to friction loss,
local stress concentrations, and post-tension force dis-
tribution. (See Fig. 1.)
5.4 Blockouts, if provided, shall be staggered at
each consecutive ring to reduce the vertical proximity
of weakening spots in the wall.
5.5 Pilaster ties. Ties shall be provided at vertical
pilasters as required to resist all forces created by the
post-tensioning system during and after the tensioning
operation. (Fig. 1 shows one possible arrangement.)
55
 5.6 Embedded tendon protective covers or ducts
shall have a concrete cover of not less than 1 l/z in.
(38 mm). Tendons or ducts shall be secured at a suf-
ficient number of points so that excessive sag does not
occur between supports.
5.7 Not over one-half of the tendons (alternating) at
each pilaster shall be anchored while all others pass
through that pilaster and are anchored to other pilas-
ters.
5.8 After stressing is completed, blockouts shall be
grouted. Anchorage and end fittings shall be per-
manently protected against corrosion.
6- BONDED TENDONS
6.1 Anchorages. Anchorages for bonded tendons
shall develop at least 90 percent of the specified ulti-
mate tensile strength of the tendons without exceeding
anticipated set when tested in an unbonded condition.
However, 100 percent of the specified ultimate tensile
strength of the Iendons shall be developed after the
tendons are bonded in the member.
6.2 Grout materials. Grout for bonded tendons
shall consist of portland cement and water, or port-
land cement, sand, and water. Suitable admixtures
known to have no injurious effects on the steel, grout,
or concrete may be used to increase workability and
to reduce bleeding and shrinkage. Calcium chloride
shall not be used.
6.3 Grout proportions. Proportions of grouting ma-
terials shall be based on results of tests on fresh and
hardened grout prior to beginning work. The water
content shall be the minimum necessary for proper
placement but in no case more than 0.45 times the
content of cement by weight.
6.4 Mixing and placing. Grout shall be mixed and
placed by equipment capable of continuous mechani-
cal mixing and agitation to produce uniform distribu-
tion of the materials, passing the grout through
screens and pumping it in a manner that will com-
pletely fill the tendon ducts.
6.5 Temperature limits. The temperature of the
members at the time of grouting shall be above 35 F
(1.5 C) and shall be maintained above this temper-
ature until 2 in. (51 mm) job-cured cubes of grout
reach a minimum compressive strength of 800 psi
(5.52 MPa). Grout temperature shall not be greater
than 90 F (32 C) during mixing and pumping.
7- UNBONDED TENDONS
7.1 Anchorages. Anchorages for unbonded tendons
shall develop the specified, ultimate tensile strength of
tendons without exceeding anticipated set. Fatigue
failure of anchorages or couplers shall be considered.
7.2 Protective cover. External tendons and internal
unbonded tendons shall be completely coated with
suitable material to insure corrosion protection. The
tendon sheath must be continuous over the entire zone
to be unbonded and shall prevent intrusion of cement
paste and/or water or the loss of coating materials
during concrete placement.
56
6- POST-TENSIONING DUCTS
8.1 Ducts for grouted or unbonded tendons shall be
mortar-tight and nonreactive with concrete, tendons,
or the filler material.
8.2 Ducts for grouted single and multiple wire,
strand, or bar tendons shall have inside diameters at
least 1/4 in. larger than tendon diameter.
8.3 In addition, ducts for grouted multiple wire,
strand, or bar tendons shall have inside cross-sectional
areas at least two times the net areas of tendons.
8.4 In addition to meeting the requirements of Sec-
tions 8.2 and 8.3, duct diameters shall be compatible
with tendon installation requirements, taking into con-
sideration curvature of wall, duct length, potential
blockage, and silo configuration.
8.5 Ducts shall be kept free of water if the members
to be grouted are exposed to temperatures below
freezing prior to grouting.
8.6 Ducts for grouted tendons shall be capable of
transferring bond between tendons and grout to the
surrounding concrete.
9- WIRE WRAPPING
9.1 Core wall thickness for silos with wires or ten-
dons wound around the outside face of the core walls
shall not be less than 6 in. (152 mm) nor less than
h, where
Nmax per, \ )
h, = (1)
2(0.6f,:)
9.2 Surface preparation. Large voids or other de-
fects in the core wall shall be filled with mortar before
prestressing commences. Dust, efflorescence, oil, and
other foreign material shall be removed. Concrete
core walls shall always have bondable surfaces and
may require sandblasting.
9.3 Prestressing by wire winding systems shall be
carried out in accordance with the AC1 344 report
“Design and Construction of Circular Prestressed
Concrete Structures,” (AC1 344R-70).”
9.4 Pitch of high-tensile wire in spiral winding and
simultaneous stressing is to be determined by require-
ments of the tensile forces of the stored material lat-
eral pressures. Successive turns of wire shall not be
laid in contact with one another; a clear distance of at
least l/4 in. (6 mm) but not less than one wire diame-
ter shall be left between them.
9.5 If multiple-layer winding is used, the layers shall
be separated by shotcrete, conforming to the AC1 344
report.
9.6 Shotcrete protective cover. The outside pre-
stressing wires shall be coated by two or more layers
of shotcrete. The total coating thickness over the wire
shall not be less than 1 in. (25 mm). Shotcrete coating
shall conform to requirements of the AC1 344 report.
10 - DETAILS AND PLACEMENT OF
NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT
10.1 Vertical reinforcing. Vertical reinforcing shall
be provided at both faces of silo walls to withstand
Table 1 - Permissible stresses in prestressed 13 - DESIGN
concrete 13.1 Design method. The design of prestressed
~- members shall be based on strength and on behavior at
Stresses immediately Stresses at service
after transfer before loads, after service conditions at all load stages that may be criti-
losses due to creep and allowance for all cal during the life of the structure from the time pre-
Description shrinkage prestress losses
stress is first applied.
Axial compression 0.60 f: 0.45 fc 13.2 Design loads. Silo walls shall be designed to re-
Axial tension* 0* sist all applicable loads as specified in AC1 313-77,
Flexural compression 0.60 f,: 0.45 f: Chapter 4, plus the effect of prestressing forces during
and after tensioning, including stress concentrations
Flexural tension 3dx 607
where f: is psit where fiis psit and conditions of edge restraint at wall junctions with
*To reduce the likelihood of open cracks, it is recommended that a min-
silo roof, bottom, wall intersections, etc.
imum residual compressive stress of at least 40 psi (0.28 MPa) be maintained 13.3 Permissible stresses in concrete. Permissible
under full service load. Thermal stress considerations may require sub-
stantially higher residual stresses. This is particularly important in an ag- stresses in concrete shall not exceed the values pro-
gressively corrosive environment. vided in Section 18.4 of the AC1 Building Code and
tThe factors 3 and 6 become 0.25 and 0.5, respectively. when f,‘or f,: are
expressed in MPa. in Chapter 4 of AC1 3 13-77, except as provided in
Table 1.
bending moments in the walls occuring when silos are 13.4 Permissible stresses in prestressing steel.
partially filled or when they are partially prestressed. 13.4.1 Tensile stress in prestressing tendons shall
The amount of vertical steel provided shall also satisfy not exceed the following:
requirements for temperature and other loading condi- (a) Due to tendon jacking force: 0.80&, or 0.94f,,,
tions to which the walls are subjected. The area of whichever is smaller, but not greater than the max-
vertical reinforcing provided shall not be less than imum value recommended by the manufacturer of the
that required in Chapter 4 of AC1 313-77. prestressing tendons or anchorages.
10.2 Horizontal reinforcing. (b) Post-tensioning tendons immediately after ten-
10.2.1 Horizontal steel shall be provided to with- don anchorage: 0.7Of,,,.
stand bending moments and to control shrinkage and 13.4.2 Average tensile stress in steels (wires or
temperature induced cracking during the period be- strands) used in wire-winding prestressing systems
tween completion of wall construction and the start of shall not exceed the following:
post-tensioning. In any case, the total area of such re- (a) In steels (wires or strands) immediately after
inforcing shall not be less than 0.0025 times the area stressing: 0.70&,.
of the wall. The spacing of the horizontal reinforcing (b) In steels (wires or strands) after deduction for
provided shall not be more than 18 in. (450 mm) nor stress losses:
three times the wall thickness.
10.2.2 In slipform construction the horizontal L. = 0.74,, - total of stress losses (2)
bars shall be tied to every alternate vertical bar. 13.5 Required area. Area of steels (wires or strands)
or tendons, per unit height and computed by the
ll- WALL OPENINGS
strength design method, shall be determined by the
11.1 For wall openings not within the pressure following equation:
zone, see AC1 313-77, Section 4.3.8.2.
11.2 Tendons which would cross an opening shall For pure tension (as in circular silo),
be flared to pass immediately above and below the 1.7~&0/2)
opening, if possible. The length of flare, measured A,, = (3)
from the center of the opening, shall not be more +fA=
than the bin wall diameter nor less than six times the In Eq. (3), the value of f,.y s h o u l d b e t h e v a l u e
opening height. Stress concentrations around openings shown below or f,,, whichever is smaller. Factor 0
shall be considered for cases of both full and empty for tension members should be used.
silos. Horizontal and vertical force components due to
flaring of tendons shall be considered. For bonded members,
11.3 Vertical reinforcing at each side of the opening
shall not be less than the minimum required by AC1 f,. = f,. 1 - OS&$
( c )
313-77, Section 4.3.8, nor less than that calculated for
the vertical bending moments or forces due to flaring For unbonded members,
the prestressing elements.
f,’
f,, = f,, + 10,000 + - (5) !
12 - STRESSING RECORDS lme,
Stressing records shall be documented and preserved but not greater than
for the period specified in the design documents but
not for less than 2 years. See AC1 344R-77 for record fpS = f,, + 60,000 psi, (U.S. system), or
keeping in case of wire wrapping. f,. = f,, + 414 MPa (S.I.)

ACI JOURNAL I January-February 1981 57 i

For S.I., the 10,000 psi in Eq. (5) becomes 68.9
MPa.
13.6 Modulus of elasticity. The modulus of
elasticity E of prestressing reinforcement shall be
determined by tests or based on data supplied by the
manufacturer. Where that information is not
available, the following values should be used:
Prestressing bars: 30 x IO6 psi (207 x 10’ MPa)
Prestressing strands: 27 x lo6 psi (186 x 10’ MPa)
Prestressing wires: 29 x 10” psi (200 x lo3 MPa)
13.7 Nonprestressed reinforcement.
13.7.1 Requirements of nonprestressed reinforc-
ing shall be determined by the strength design
method as specified in the AC1 Building Code. The
amount of nonprestressed reinforcement provided,
however, shall not be less than required by Section
10.2 of this report.
13.7.2 Yield strength (6) of nonprestressed steel
shall not be in excess of 60,000 psi (414 MPa).
13.7.3 The modulus of elasticity of non-
prestressed reinforcing may be taken as 29 x lo6 psi
(200 x lo3 MPa).
13.7.4 Nonprestressed reinforcing steel is not
credited with resisting any portion of the circum-
ferential tension resulting from stored material pres-
sure.
13.8 Circumferential compression. Where a circular
wall is prestressed within a distance of ten wall thick-
nesses of a roof, bin bottom, foundation, or other in-
tersecting structural member, the minimum initial con-
crete circumferential compression stress for a height
of wall equal to 0.4m to l.lashall not be less
than:
Edges unrestrained: 280 psi (1.93 MPa)
Edges restrained: 140 psi (0.97 MPa)
13.9 Loss of prestress.
13.9.1 To determine the effective prestress, allow-
ance for the following sources of loss of prestress
shall be considered:
(a) Slip at anchorage, including effect of tendon
elongation (if any) within the jack
(b) Elastic shortening of concrete
(c) Creep of concrete
(d) Shrinkage of concrete
(e) Relaxation of steel stress
(f) Frictional loss due to intended or unintended
curvature in the tendons
Total prestress losses are the sum of the above com-
puted losses.
13.9.2 Friction losses due to intended or unin-
tended curvature in the tendons shall be calculated by
the following equation:
P, = P, e (K1*b ) (6)
in which K (wobble coefficient) and p (coefficient of
friction) are determined experimentally for the partic-
58
ular steel and duct to be used. Friction loss shall be
verified during tendon stressing operations.
13.9.3 Unless the elastic and time-dependent
losses listed in Subsection 13.9.1 are calculated accu-
rately, the total elastic and time-dependent losses shah
be assumed to be not less than 30,000 psi (207 MPa)
for stress-relieved 270,000 psi (1.86 x 10’ MPa) tendon
or strand and for 240,000 psi (1.65 x lv MPa) wire.
14 - VERTICAL BENDING MOMENT AND
SHEAR DUE TO PRESTRESSING
14.1 Vertical bending moments and shear due to
prestressing shall be computed, and adequate wall
thickness and reinforcing shall be provided to resist
them.
15 - TOLERANCES
Tolerances for placement of conduits or ducts for
post-tensioning tendons, relative to the position shown
by the drawings, shall not exceed:
Vertically: f 1 in. (25 mm)
Horizontally: -c K in. (20 mm)
16 - COMMENTARY ’
Comments on specific provisions of the report are
made using the corresponding section numbers to the
report. A list of selected references is given at the end
of the commentary.
Section 5.3 Stressing points. Stressing points should
be distributed around the circumference to cause pres-
sure of tendons on the circular wall to be as nearly
uniform as possible.
Section 5.5 Pilaster ties. Horizontal ties in pilasters
should be provided to prevent tendon radial forces
from continuing tendons, and local anchorage forces
from splitting the concrete, and to resist forces tend-
ing to split a pilaster common to two silos, as at wall
intersections.
Section 5.6 Tendons or tendon ducts should prefer-
ably be supported at close enough intervals so that the
sag between support points does not exceed 1% in. (12
mm).
Section 8 Post-tensioning ducts. Duct sizes given in
Sections 8.2 and 8.3 are minimums. Larger sizes of
duct may sometimes be advisable. For example, in
slipformed work, control of duct location is more dif-
ficult and the potential for duct damage greater than
for fixed-form construction. In such a case, a larger
than minimum duct might be preferable.
Section 13.4 Permissible stresses in prestressing
steel. Magnitude of prestress forces should be speci-
fied such that initial compressive stresses in the con-
crete do not change sharply with vertical position in
the silo, especially near the upper and lower ends.
Section 13.4.1 These specified limits have been
proven satisfactory over the years in the prestressed
concrete industry.
Section 13.8 Circumferential compression. The
height limits given for the transition zone in which
ACI JOURNAL I January-February 1981
 Table 2 - Normally expected ranges of wobble coefficient K and
curvature friction coefficient j.4

Curvature
Post-tensioning Wobble coefficient
system coefficient K cc
Wire tendons 0.0010-0.0015 0.15-0.25
Grouted tendons High strength bars 0.0001-0.0006 0.08-0.30
in metal sheathing Seven-wire strand 0.0005-0.0020 0.15-0.25
Mastic Wire tendons 0.001-0.002 0.05-O. 15
Unbonded coated Seven-wire strand 0.001-0.002 0.05-O. 15
tendons Pregreased Wire tendons 0.0003-0.002 0.05-O. 15
Seven-wire strand 0.0003-0.002 0.05-O. 15

specified minimum initial circumferential compression

stresses should be maintained are obtained by shell
analysis. I8 Specified minimum levels of initial com-
pressive stress are lower than given by the AC1 344 re-
port3 since in granular material storage silos, minor
cracking can be tolerated, whereas such cracking
would be intolerable for liquid storage tanks.
To reduce the likelihood of open cracks, it is rec-
ommended that a minimum residual horizontal com-
pressive stress of at least 40 psi (275.8 kPa) be main-
tained under full service load.
Section 13.9.2 The formulas for estimating the
losses due to anchorage set and tendon elongation Fig. 2 - Bending moment and shear diagrams due to
within the jack and for calculation of the length in- uniform loading along a circular section
fluenced by anchor set may be found in References 6
and 7. As a guide, Table 2 shows ranges of wobble
coefficients and curvature-friction coefficients that
generally can be expected.
Section 13.9.3 Methods of estimating prestress
and
losses due to elastic shortening and time-dependent
losses are provided in References 6, 7, 8, and 9.
Section 14.1 Vertical bending moment will be
caused whenever a tendon is tensioned, due to inward
movement of the wall at the tendon location, while in which FdeS,; = F,,,(f,,/f,.) = force per unit length
the wall at some distance above and below that ten- of circumference due to calculated circumferential
don is relatively unaffected. Vertical bending moment prestress force; and v, and of are factors obtained
is also caused during prestressing by the restraint to from Table 3 as functions of (/I,y).
inward movement of the wall offered by the founda-
tion, nonsliding roofs, silo bottom slabs, etc. These
bending moments should be considered in design. (See (9)
Reference 3.) References 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, and 13 sug-
gest methods for computing these bending moments. (b) Where distance between tendons is over 2n/&,
For the effect of a single tendon, a method based then adjacent tendons do not contribute significantly
on analysis of the wall as a beam on an elastic foun- to the magnitude of bending moment and shear at
dation could be used. ” the tendon under consideration, in which case the
Another method for calculating these forces is Tim- maximum vertical bending moment and maximum
oshenko’s method,’ introduced below. It is assumed shear per unit width of wall are
that a cylindrical shell is subjected to a uniformly dis-
tributed inward load along a circular section. =Fdes,i
(a) When spacing between tendons is less than 2n//I,, M #wax
48,
or if the tendon is quite far from the end of the cy-
lindrical wall (Fig. 2), the vertical bending moment
MY and the shearing force V,,, on a horizontal section
at distance y above or below the tendon may be deter-
mined by Eq. (7) and (8), respectively, per unit width Values of bending moments due to prestress of
of wall. wires may be obtained from References 3 and 14.

ACI JOURNAL I January-February 1981 59

Table 3 - Values of factors wp and 8, as func- Section 15 Tolerances. A tolerance of + 1 in. (25
tions of /3,y for use in Eq. (7) and (8) mm) is shown for the vertical location of tendon
ducts. This tolerance should be observed at tendon
/LY *r support points; between support points the duct may
0 1.OmO 1.moo sag downward not more than L/2 in. (12 mm) addi-
0.1 0.8100 0.9003 tionally, relative to the support points.
0.2 0.6398 0.8024 Vertical location (in slipforming) is fairly easy to
0.3 0.4888 0.7077
0.4 0.3564 0.6174 control, while control of horizontal location is more
0.5 0.2415 0.5323 difficult. Unfortunately, control of the horizontal lo-
0.6 0.1431 0.4530
0.7 0.0599 0.3798 cation is also more important - hence the smaller tol-
0.8 -0.0093 0.3131 erance, which should be observed at support points
0.9 -0.0657 0.2527
1.0 -0.1108 0.1988
and between support points.
1.1 -0.1457 0.1510
1.2 -0.1716 0.1091 REFERENCES
1.3 -0.1897 0.0729 1. AC1 Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Re-
1.4 -0.2011 0.0419 inforced Concrete (AC1 318-77),” American Concrete Institute, De-
1.5 -0.2068 0.0158
1.6 -0.2077 -0.0059 troit, 1977, 102 pp.
1.7 -0.2047 -0.0235 2. AC1 Committee 313, “Recommended Practice for Design and
1.8 -0.1985 -0.0376 Construction of Concrete Bins, Silos, and Bunkers for Storing
1.9 -0.1899 -0.0484 Granular Materials (AC1 313-77) and Commentary,” American
2.0 -0.1794 -0.0563 oncrete Institute, Detroit, 1977, 38 pp.
2.1 -0.1675 -0.0618
2.2 -0.1548 -0.0652 7 3. AC1 Committee 344, “Design and Construction of Circular
2.3 -0.1416 -0.0668 Prestressed Concrete Structures,” (AC1 34413-70). AC1 JOURNAL,
2.4 -0.1282 -0.0669 Proceedings V. 67, No. 9, Sept. 1970, pp. 657-672.
2.5 -0.1149 -0.0658 4. Leonhardt, Fritz, Prestressed Concrete; Design and Construc-
2.6 -0.1019 -0.0636 tion, 2nd Edition, Wilhelm Ernst and Son, Berlin, 1964. 677 pp.
2.7 -0.0895 -0.0608
-0.0777 -0.0573
5. Timoshenko, S.; and Woinowsky-Krieger, S., Theory of Places
2.8
2.9 -0.0666 -0.0534 and Shells, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
3.0 -0.0563 -0.0493 1959, pp. 466-532.
3.1 -0.0469 -0.0450 6. Post-Tensioning Manual, 2nd Edition, Post-Tensioning In-
3.2 -0.0383 -0.0407 stitute, Phoenix, 1976, 288 pp.
3.3 -0.0306 -0.0364 7. “Loss of Prestress,” Standard Specifications for Highway
3.4 -0.0237 -0.0323
Bridges, 12th Edition, American Association of State Highway and
3.5 -0.0177 -0.0283
3.6 -0.0124 -0.0245 Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1977, pp. 121-125.
3.7 -0.0079 -0.0210 8. AC1 Committee 443, “Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design,”
3.8 -0.0040 -0.0177 AC1 JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 73, No. 11, Nov. 1976, pp. 597-612.
3.9 -0.ooO8 -0.0147 9. PC1 Committee on Prestress Losses, “Recommendations for
4.0 0.0019 -0.0120 Estimating Prestress Losses,” Journal, Prestressed Concrete In-
4.1 O.@J40 -0.0095 stitute, V. 20, No. 4, July-Aug. 1975, pp. 43-75.
4.2 0.0057 -0.0074
4.3 0.0070 -0.0054 10. Beyer, K., Die Statik in Stahlbetonbau, 2nd Edition,
4.4 0.0079 -0.0038 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1948, 652 pp.
4.5 0.0085 -0.0023 11. Girkmann, K., Flachentragwerke, Springer, Vienna, 1959,
4.6 0.0089 -0.001 I 233 pp.
4.7 0.0090 0.0001 12. Flugge, Wilhelm, Statik und Dynamik der Schalen, Springer-
4.8 0.0089 0.0007
4.9 0.0087 0.0014 Verlag, Berlin, 1957.
5.0 0.0084 0.0019 13. Born, J., Practishe Schalenstatik: Band 1, Die Rotationsscha-
5.1 0.0080 0.0023 fen, Wilhelm Ernst and Son, Berlin, 1960, 219 pp.
5.2 0.0075 0.0026 14. Lipnitski, M. E., and Abramovitsch, SH. P., Reinforced
5.3 0.0069 0.0028 Concrete Bunkers and Silos (Zhelezobetonie Bunkera i Silosi), Izda-
5.4 0.0064 0.0029
telstvo Literaturi po Stroitelstvu, Leningrad, 1967.
5.5 0.0058 0.0029
5.6 0.0052 0.0029 15. AC1 Committee 215, “Considerations for Design of Concrete
5.7 0.0046 0.0028 Structures Subjected to Fatigue Loading,” (AC1 2151-743, AC1
5.8 0.0041 0.0027 JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 71, No. 3, Mar. 1974. pp. 97-121.
5.9 0.0036 0.0026 16. AC1 Committee 301, “Specifications for Structural Concrete
6.0 0.0031 0.0024
0.0022
for Buildings (AC1 301-72) (Revised 1975),” American Concrete In-
6.1 0.0026
6.2 0.0022 0.0020 stitute, Detroit, 1975, 36 pp.
6.3 0.0018 0.0018 17. Hetenyi, M., Beams on E/astic Foundation. University of
6.4 0.0015 0.0017 Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1946.
6.5 0.0012 0.0015 18. Broersma, G., Behavior of Granular Materials. Stam Techni-
6.6 O.WO9 0.0013 cal Publications, Culemborg, 1972, 265 pp.
6.7 0.0006 0.0011
6.8
6.9
7.0
I O.OtKM
0.0002
0.0001
0.0010
0.0008
o.ooo7
This report was submitted to letter ballot of the committee,
which consists of 24 members; ballot results were 18 affirma-
tive, and 8 not returned.

60 ACI JOURNAL / January-February 1981

 ACI COMMITTEE 313
Concrete Bins and Silos

Ernest C. Harris
Chairman
Vahe Aprahamian Henry W. Dougherty Jose J. Rodriguez
Leon Bialkowski Stanley E. Goodwin John E. Sadler
Alfred G. Bishara Albert J. Gouwens Sargis S. Safarian
Goosen Broersma Andrew W. Jenike S. P. Sheng
J. F. Camellerie Robert D. Johnson Minoru Sugita
George D. Carhart Thomas L. Kennedy Jesus R. Tamargo
William L. Clark, Jr. F. Privora Otto F. Theimer
Charles Cooley Andre Reimbert

I
J