COLLEGE OF DRY LAND AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL

RESOURCES

DEPARTMENT OF: DRY LAND CROP AND HORTICULTURE SCIENCE

PROGRAM: CROP SCIENCE

COURSE: PRACTICAL ATTACHMENT PROGRAM (PAP)

TITTLE: EFEECT OF TIME N FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND

YEILD OF COMPONENT OF TEFF

SUBMITTED BY MEAZA G/MARIAM ID NO 93900/08

SUMITTED TO: INS MESKEREM

 SUBMISSION DATE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents page
Acknowledgement ........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 5

1.1BACK GROUND ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ....................................................................................... 6

1.3 JUSTIFICATION .................................................................................................................... 7

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 7

1.4.1GENERAL OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................... 7

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................... 7

1.5 HYPOTHESIS........................................................................................................................ 7

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 7

2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 8

2.1 TEFF ECOSYSTEM AND IT IS IMPORTANT ................................................................ 8

2.2 crop response to nitrogen fertilizer .......................................................................................... 9

2.3 EFFECT OF TIMING OF N FERTILIZER APPLICATION ................................................. 9

2.4 TEFF PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS IN ETHIOPIA ...................................................... 10

Environmental .......................................................................................................................... 10

2.5. SoilFertility and Nitrogen Availability ................................................................................. 10

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................................... 13

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................................... 13

3.2 EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT AND DESIGN ....................................................... 13

3.3 MATERIAL USED FOR THE EXPERMENT ........................................................... 13

3.4 EXPERMENTAL PRODUCERS AND MANAGMENT ........................................... 14

3.5 DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................................................... 14

3.6 EXPEMENTAL MATRIAL .................................................................................................. 15

3.7 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................ 15

4 Result and discussion ................................................................................................................ 15

5 DISCUTION ............................................................................................................................. 16

5.1 Leaf number ........................................................................................................................... 16

5.2 Plant height ............................................................................................................................ 16

5.3 Spike length ........................................................................................................................... 16

5.4 Tiller number ......................................................................................................................... 16

6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 17

7 Recommendation ...................................................................................................................... 17

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................. 18
Acknowledgement
I would like to tank my advisor meskeremfor this tendr hearted approach.voluble ma advisor
meskeremfor this tender hearted approach. Voluble suggestion and has spent countries dedicated
hours in correcting this pap.

Forther more iwould like to tank to ale match and tsadikan for give me at technical in the
experimental pap
Abstract
the experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating abstract.theexperiment was
conducted at hagereselam with the objective of evaluating the effect of time of nitrogen fertilizer
application on growth and yield component of teff and determining the optimum effect of time
of nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and yield component of teff. the site of the total plot
is 5.5m*4m= of 22m2and the size each plot were 1m*1m=1m2by randomized complete block
design(RCBD)of the replication and four treatments(0,40,80,120)of nitrogen level was
employed.the data on plant heigt,tillernumber,leaf number and spike length were collected from
four plant of centeral row of each plot and analysed by using analysis of variance(ANOVA) and
the result should significant at 5% and the treatment two(40) showed that good and better
performance.

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACK GROUND
Teff (Eragrostisteff) I s annual c4 cereal grass that belongs to the family poacea (kebede etl.
1989).it is an indigenous cereal crop in Ethiopia .Ethiopia is the orgion and the ferst
domesticator of this uique crop (Vavilove,1951).

In Ethiopia teff is a highly crop and it is primarily grown for it is grain that is used for preparing
engera .which is as stable and very popular food in the national diet of the most Ethiopians.it can
also be used in many other food products such as kitta (un leveled bread), double layered
engera), porridge,gruel and local alcoholic beverages such as tella and katitcala(Asrat and
frew,2001:hailu etal,2003;seyfu,1993).

Nutritionally,teff as much or even in certain cases more food value than the major
grains:Wheat,barley and maize,teff grain moutains 14%-15% protiens, 11-33mg iron,and 100-
150mg calcioum and rich potassium and phosphrus(nas,1996).furthermore,asrat and frew(2001)
reported that the carbohydrate content of teff ranges from 72.1-75.2% protien 8.1-11.1% and
ash2.5-3.2% the major content of ash being iron ,in Ethiopia teff is cultivated on an area of
about 2.73 million hectars.teff and maiz taking up on about 22.6% and 17% of the total grain
crop area ,repectively (CSA,2012). This makes teff the first among cereals in the country in an
area coverage,out of the total cereal grain produced, maize and teff acounted for 27.77% (6.07
millions)and 16%(3.497 million tons),repectively (CSA,2012). Despite the aforemontioned
important coverages of large area,it is productivity is very low .

Among the major plant nutrients ,N is the most essential and frequently deficient nutrient for
successful teff production in most agro ecological zones.N fertilizers are highly soluble and ones
appplyed the soil may be lost from the soil plant system or becoms available to the plants due to
the process of leaching,NH3fertilization,denitrifictation and immobilization. Therefore, in
shortage one of the main constraints limiting the productivity of not only teff but also of the
other major crops such as wheat and others cereals the N use efficiency of plant depends on
several factors including application time ,rate cultiver and climate condition(Okamoto and
Okanda,2004). The most Ethiopians farmers apply N fertilizer in the from of urea only at the
time of showing, and this limits potential productivity of cereal crops (Bekelle,etal,2000).

Igeneral application of full does at one time does not lead to increas the crop already very low
productivity in the country.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Teff is the highly valid crop in the national diet of Ethiopia.Despite teff is great significant to
Ethiopians,the crop national averge yield has remind low and supply has not gone with demand .
this is due to the lag of experience on improved agronomic practice such as seeding rate,method
of applcationan time of application.most Ethiopians farmers apply N fertilizer in the frm of urea
as the time of showing,and this ill timing of in fertilizer application limits potential productivity
teff.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Appling the right time of N fertilizer has significance economic return due to the nutrient are
utilized by the plant and very little nitrate was remain the soil at harvest and minimizing risk of
less by leaching. But farmer are not familarised in these method. So the stated problem needs
more expermental investigation that helps to creat an awarnesses of farmer to use an appropriate
time of nitrogen fertilizer application through the help of improved agronomic technologies.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1GENERAL OBJECTIVE
 To evaluate the effect of time of Nfertilizer application on growth and yield of
component of teff in study area.

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

 To determine the optimum time of N fertilizer application on growth and yield
component of teff in the study area.

1.5 HYPOTHESIS
 Ho: time of N fertilizer application has no effect on growth and yield component of teff.
 H1: Time of N fertilizer application has an effect on growth and yield component of teff.

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The study has an important role in response of growth and yield component of teff to
time N fertilizer application. Since most Ethiopians farmer apply N fertilizer at the time
of showing, it is important to change this traditional method.It can also have agreat role
 of farmers to have knowledge on improved agricultural technologies that leads them to
use different time of N fertilizer application. Finally,the study was bring an elective
agricultural growth and improves food security by increasing teff value chaine in the
country.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 TEFF ECOSYSTEM AND IT IS IMPORTANT

Ecologically, teff is adapted to diverse agroecological regions of Ethiopia and grows was
under stress environmental better than other cereals known world wide(Hilu and peat,1996).
Because of this,it is side to be,low risk,crop farmers. According to seyfu(1997) the plant can
be grown from sea level up to 2500m above sea level various rain fall conditions,
temperature and soil region how ever,for better performance,it requires an alltitude of 188-
2100m above sea level,annual rain fall of 750-850m,and temperature range of 10-27c in
Ethiopia,teff has been predominantly grown as cereal crop but not as aforage crop since it is
to valuable to be grown merly as animal feed. It has remained an important crop for
Ethiopians farmers for several seasons, namely the parries for it is grain and straw are higher
thn that of the other major cereals, the crop performs better than other cereals under moisture
conditions; it is grain can be stored for along period of time without being attached by
weevils;reducton of post harvest managementcost; sustained demand from consumer, and
there is no diseas epidemic that has there attend it is performance.engera made of teef flour
is astable diet of most of Ethiopians ,while straw provides nutritionallyfeed for cattle
specially dry season.teff straw, besides being the most appreciated feed for cattle,it also used
to reinforce mud and plaster for constructing the walls of local house andlocal grain storage
facilities include gottera(IAR,1975,ABEL,2005,SEFU,1997).

Teff has many prospects out side Ethiopia due to it is glutten freeness,tolerance biotic and
abiotic stresses,animal feed for erosion control quality. Teff is likely to remain a favorable
crop of the Ethiopian population and the crop is also gaining popularity as healthy food in
 the western. Studys show that teff is agluten free crop,which makes it ,suitable forpatients
with celiac Deseas (Dekking and koning,2005).

2.2 crop response to nitrogen fertilizer

N on of the most yield limiting nutrient for crop production in the world. It is also the
nutrient element applied in the largest quantity for most annual crops(huber and
thomson,2007).the amount of N fertilizer required by crop dependense on the type of small
grain,the previous crop in the rotation,the soil type ,weather condition,supply of residual, N
fertilizer management and cultural practice during the grown semen. Crop response to
nitrogen fertilizer with rate and time of appliation in relation to plant
development(Lorry,etal1995).

N affect crop performance through it is with the ability to determine photosyntetic

capacity.application of N fertilizer at one site of stem elongation greatly stimulated leaf area
growth,which resulted in significant greater assimulation capacity,both before and after
flowering stimulates tillering probably due to it is effect on cytokinin (Botll etal 1993). The
presence of N in excess promotes development of the aerial organs with relatively poor root
growth, increase the risk of lodging, and reduce the plant resistanc to harsh climatic
condtions and foliar disease.

2.3 EFFECT OF TIMING OF N FERTILIZER APPLICATION

A concern with supply Nfertilizer to crop is the time of post showing application in religions
to the plant availability ofthat application. Fertilizer applied to the soil surface need to be
dissolved by rain and carried in the crop root zone heavier soils in lower rainfall
environments the chances of effect of post showing fertilizer application lower than higher
rain full, areas hens the standard recommendation that all N should be applied at showing
time in low rain fall areas. High level of N during tiller and head formation was set up high
yield potential through head grain numbers N is then redistributed with the plant after
flowering for deposition of protein. In good seseans with late rain fertilizer applied late can
be taken by crop roots, increasing grain protein similarly up take continuous late in the
seasons of continuing growth catches up with earlier N leached depth and the crop draws on
stored soil moisture (Baldockletal,2003).
2.4 TEFF PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS IN ETHIOPIA
Environmentalstress is the most important factors which affects crop production.

According to cassman (1999)only about 10% of the world arable land may be classified in to
non stress category. More ever width also compete with food crops for the major available
moisture(reedeby and kidane,1991) besides, there are occasionally outbreak of pest and diseas.

Teff is harvested very close to the ground because of the high value of the straws leaving the
soil or bare fore about half a year after harvest and exposing the ground further. There fore the
loss of soil organic matter and physical erosions are major problems in some teff growing areas.
More ever the cultural broadcast showing influence the uptake and utilization of resources such
as nutrient.

2.5. SoilFertility and Nitrogen Availability

Soilfertility isa complexquality of soilsthat isclosest toplant nutrient management.It isthe

componentofoverallsoilproductivitythatdealswithitsavailable nutrientstatus,andits ability
toprovidenutrientsoutofitsownreservesandthroughexternalapplicationsforcrop
production.Itcombinesseveral(biological,chemicalandphysical),allof which affect directly or
indirectly nutrient dynamics and availability.

Soilfertility anditsmanagementis often mostimportancefor optimizing crop nutrition on both

short-term and a long-term bases to achieve sustainable crop production (FAO, 2006).
Soilfertility declineisconsideredas animportantcause forlow productivity of many soils.It has
not received the same amount of research attention as soil erosion; possibly as soil fertility
declineisless visible andlessandmoredifficul large seasonal fluctuations; in both cases, it
requires long-term research commitment.
Gro the soil throughtheagriculturalproduce(food,fiber,wood)andcropresidues.Nutrientremoval
resultsinadeclineofsoilfertility whenreplenishmentwithinorganicororganicnutrient inputs are
inadequate (Talawar and Rhoades, 1998).
The evidenceisclearthatthesoilsnativeabilitytosupplysufficientnutrie with the plantproductivity
levelsandwithincreasedhumandemandforfood.Oneofthegreatestchallengesforourgenerationwill
betodevelopandimplementsoil,ofsoil,water andair.If wedonot
improveand/orsustaintheproductivecapacityofourfragilesoil,wecannot continueto support the
food demand of our growing population (Tisdaleet cannotlongbeeffectiveinproducing
highyieldsofcrops(Stevenson,1982).Exceptfor legumes, which have theability to fixtheir own
N, N must be supplied to plants forgrowth. It isusually
addedasafertilizerandisrequiredforalltypesofsoils (Clark, 1982.Nitrogen is oneofthemost
itistheelementthatmostoftenlimitsplantgrowthThisSimplerforms.Althoughrocks
andmineralscontainlargeramountsofnitrogenthetactivelyentersthenitrogencycleistoosmallthatit
will not beconsidered (Chichester,1970).Mostof thenitrogen insoilsthatispotentially
availabletoplantsisassociate
mayrequireseveral.physicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofthesoil,andactivity
ofmicrofloraandmicrofauna.Sincethessystem is very
dynamic,anychangeintheenvironmentmayleadtoanewequilibriumlevel of
organic.Whenthesteady state
conditionsexist,therateatwhichnitrogenisaddedtothesoilequalstherateatwhichitis lost by such
process as leaching and denitrification(Stanfordet al., 1970).
Typeofvegetationisespecially importantintheaccumulation,retention,andconservation of
soilnitrogen. Other thingsbeing equal,organic matter andnitrogen contentusually are higher in
soilsdeveloped under grass land thanin soilsdeveloped under forest type vegetation. Grass
landsoilscontainamassoffibrousrootsthatusually extendthroughout thesoiltoadepthof
severalfeet.Theserootsnotonly serveatabsorptiveorgansforwaterandplantnutrients,but
alsocontributeconsiderabledebristothesoilintheformofexcretions,sloughed-off root tissue,and
deadroot hairs that arecontinuousbeing produced during the regenerativeprocess of root
proliferation. This carbonaceous material is utilized by wide variety of
microorganismsthatgraduallytransformpartofthecarbon andnitrogenintostableformsof
organicmatter.In forestsoils,however, plantdebris isaddedtothesoil primarily asfallen
leavesthataccumulateonthesurface. Theorganiclayerthatformsundertheseconditions remains at
thesurfaceanddoes notbecomedistributedthroughouttherootzone.The main rootscontribute
littletotheorganiccontent ofthe soil,which remainslight coloredand contains relatively low
amounts of nitrogen(Samtsevich, 1968).
2.6. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rateson Yield and Yield Components

Fertilizermanagement isanimportantpartofthe overallmanagement packagetargettowards

realizing higheryield (Bayoumi and El-Demardash,2008). Use of lowrates for high-yielding
moderncropcultivars,especiallybyfarmersindeveloping countries,isanothercauseofN deficiency
(Fageriaetal.,2003).Indevelopingcountries, intensiveagriculturalproduction
systemshaveincreasedtheuseofNfertilizerineffortstoproduceandsustainhighcrop yields
(Fageriaet al., 2003). Consequently, Nlossesintothe environmenthave alsoincreased
(Schmiedetal.,2000).Even withthecontinuingresearchinNmanagement,average worldwide N
use efficiencies (NUE) are reported to be around 50%(Newbould, 1989;Collins et al., 2007).

Nitrogenfertilizationmanagementofferstheopportunity ofincreasinggrainproteincontent
andquality.Increased useoffertilizernitrogen(N) inagriculturalproductionhas,however
raisedconcerns,becausetheNsurplusisat risk ofleaving theplant-soilsystemandthereby causing
environmental contamination. Liberal application ofnitrogen fertilizer results in
nitrateaccumulationinground water,duetonitrateleaching(PrasadandPawer,1995).
Especiallycerealsbeingashallow-rootedcropwiththedomainroot zoneat20cmbelowthe
soilsurface, canleadtoconsiderablenitratelossby leachingunderirrigatedorhighrainfall
conditions(Renetal.,2003)andcan thusleadtohumanandenvironmentalhealthproblems.
Thisisinadditionto increasedcostsassociatedwiththemanufactureanddistributionofN fertilizer
(Alizadeh and Ghadeai, 2006).
Haftometal.(2009)reportedthatNitrogenfertilizerratecausedsignificanteffectinyield
attributes.Tefplantswithhigherplantheight(92cm)andpaniclelength(38cm)werefound
byapplyinghighamountofNfertilizer(92kgNha-1).Thisisbecause highnitrogenusually favours
vegetativegrowthoftefwhichresultsintallertefplantshavingrelativelygreater panicle length. They
also reported that the biomass and grain yields were obtained by applying 92kg Nha-
1
.Application ofnitrogen improvesvariousyieldrelated traits like 1000- grain
weight,moreproductivetillers,morenumberofspikesperunitarea, numberofgrains per spikeand
biological yield(Al-AbdulSalam, 1997;Warraichet al.,2002)thusresulting inhigher yields.
Zahranet al.(1997) also reported that plant height, flag leaf area, tillers number and dry weight
per unit area of wheat were increased with increasing N rates.
 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The study was conducted at wereda hagereselam kebele degeleweyane at 45km with north east
geographical altitude of 2200 mass.the area received rain full from 1500-2000km and
temperature 12-25c. the type of soil clay loam with ph 5.5-7

3.2 EXPERMENTAL TREATMENT AND DESIGN

The experimental consisted of for treatment and three republication (timeof

application).

Treatments CODERATEOFAPPLICATNON

No application -------------------------T1--------------------------------0KG/ha N

FulIdoes atshowing ---------------- T2------------------------ 40kg/ha

Full does at tillering--------------- T3--------------------------------- 80kg/ha N

To split application ------------- T4 ------------------------- 120kg/ha N at(showing+tillering

The experimental was laid out in randomized complete block design RCBD with four treatment
and three repulication.

Aplot size of 1m2 was used and adjacent plots and blocks were spaced 0.5 c.m and 0.5 c.m
respectively. The total experimental area was 22m2 and between row was 20 c.m
3.3MATERIAL USED FOR THE EXPERMENT

 Teff variety (quncho seed )

 Fertilizer(urea) as source of nitrogen fertilizer

3.4 EXPERMENTAL PRODUCERS AND MANAGMENT

 Field was prepared and leveled of for showing

 Quncho seed was showing in row in the from of drilling(20kg/ha)
 Weeding was done by hand and water frequently
 N fertilizer was applied based on treatment levels

3.5 DATA COLLECTION

The data was collectedagronomicalyperformansparamatrs of the plant.ther for

o plant height
o -spik length
o Tiller number
o -number of leaf
3.6 EXPEMENTAL MATRIAL
The experiment was conducted by using;

 meter

 ruler
 rope
 Teff seed
 hoe

3.7 DATA ANALYSIS

The analaysis of varians (Anova) was computed on growth or yield compenent of teff and least
significant different (LSD) was tessted at 5% of probability.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

TABLE 1;shows the effect of time nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and yield component of teff.
treatment Leaf number Plant height Spike length Tiller number
0kg/ha 2.417 48.75a 19.17a 7.917a
40kg/ha 5.750 81.92c 27.50b 12.583b
80kg/ha 2.583 70.58b 21.00a 9.750a
120kg/ha 4.000 67.92b 21.00a 8.250a
LSD (5%) 1.1 4.3 2.2 1.3
CV (5%) 14.9 3.2 5.0 7.0
The same letter indicates there is no significant difference between them.
5 DISCUTION

5.1 Leaf number

According to the analysis of variance, nitrogen fertilizer had a significant difference on leaf
number of teff.the highest leaf number was recorded in treatment two (40kg/ha) at sowing, this
result is contradicted with some observation as Botll etal.,(1993) indicated that, application of N
fertilizer at vegetative stage greatly stimulated leaf area growth, this may be due to the highest
application was applied vegetative stage (80kg) this may cause excessive application lead to
lowest leaf number at this stage and the lowest leaf number was recorded in treatment one
(0kg/ha). The same result was reported(huber and thomson,2007]

5.2 Plant height

According to the analysis of variance, nitrogen fertilizer had a significant difference on plant
height of teff.the highest leaf number was recorded in treatment two (40kg/ha) and the lowest
leaf number was recorded in treatment one (0kg/ha) .the mean separation shows is a significant
difference between them. Tef plants with higher plant height (92cm)and panicle
length(38cm)were found by applying high amount of Nfertilizer(80kgNha-1).Haftometal.(2009)

5.3 Spike length

According to the analysis of variance, nitrogen fertilizer had significant difference on spike
length of teff. The highest spike length was recorded in treatment two (40kg/ha) and the lowest
spike length of teff recorded in treatment one (0kg/ha).High nitrogen usually favours vegetative
growth of tef which results in taller tef plants having relatively greater panicle
length(80kg/ha)Haftometal.(2009)

5.4 Tiller number

According to the analysis of variance, nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on tiller
number of teff.the highest tiller number was recorded in treatment two(40 kg) and the lowest
tiller number was recorded in treatment one (0kg/ha).High level of N during tiller and head
formation was set up high yield potential through head grain numbers N is then redistributed
with the plant after flowering for deposition of protein (Baldockletal,2003).
.

6 CONCLUSION

In general, the experiment that I done in woredadegueatemban indicated that, nitrogen fertilizer
hada significant effect on growth and yield of Teff. The highest or the best growthwas record at
the site treatment two (40kg/ha) and less growth was shown at treatment one (0kg/ha).

7 RECOMMENDATION

As the result shown from the treatment of Teff by nitrogen fertilizer every farmer must use
40kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer for better yield and growth of Teff. But using greater than this
amount of fertilizer is leads costive and cause the over vegetative growth of plant similarly
using less than this amount give less growth and yield of teff.
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