The Radioactive Laws:

Radioactive Decay Law: N = N0e- λt here,

N0 is the initial number of nuclei
N is the number of nuclei at time t
λ is the decay constant

Activity: A = A0e- λt here,

N0 is the initial number of nuclei
N is the number of nuclei at time t
λ is the decay constant

Half-life: T1/2 = ln(2)/ λ=0.693/λ

Dose Measurements:

Total Dose = Dose Rate x Time

Inverse Square Law:
I1d12 = I2d22 here,
I1 is the Dose rate at distance d1 from source
I2 is the Dose rate at distance d2 from source
Dose Rate = ( Γ × A)/d2 here,
Γ is the Gamma Factor
A is the activity of the source
d is the distance from the source

The value of Gamma Factor for different sources

Radioisotopes Gamma factor

Ir-192 0.13
Co-60 0.351
Cs-137 0.081
Yb-169 0.0007
 Excercise-01: Krypton-85 (kr-85) has a half life of 10.75 years.
a) What is the decay constant of Kr-85?
b) What will be the activity of a 1 Ci Kr-85 source after 20 years?

Answer:
a) Given, T1/2 = 10.75
We know, T1/2 = 0.693/λ
or, λ=0.693/ T1/2
λ=0.693/ 10.75=0.0645 per year
b) Again, we know, A = A0e- λt
Given, A0= 1 Ci, t = 20 years and we found λ=0.0645 per year
Then,
A = A0e- λt = 1× e- 0.0645×20 =1× e- 1.29=1×0.275=0.275 Ci

Excercise-02: Cobalt-60 has a half-life just over 5 years. If we start with

100 Ci Co-60 source, how much we will have after 10 years?

Answer:
We know, A = A0e- λt
Given, A0= 100 Ci, t = 10 years.
For the value of λ, we know, T1/2 = 0.693/λ
=> λ=0.693/ T1/2 =0.693/5 years =0.1386
Therefore, A = A0e- λt
=> A=100× e- 0.1386×10 = 25 Ci
 Excercise-03: Given the decay constant of Ra-226 is 4.38×10-4 per year.
Calculate the half-life of radium.

Answer:
Given, λ = 4.38×10-4 per year
We know, T1/2 = 0.693/λ
=> T1/2 =0.693/4.38×10-4 per year = 1582.1 Years

Excercise-04: a) The annual dose limit for occupational worker is 20

mSv. What will be value of the limit in µSv/h?
[In a year, 50 weeks, 5 days,8 hrs]
b) A worker is working in a facility where radiation dose level is found 1
µSv/h. If the worker works about 8 hrs per day, is the dose received by him
in a year within the regulatory limit or not?

Answer:
a) The dose limit for occupational worker = 20 mSv/y
= (20×1000µSv)/(8×5×50)h
= 10 µSv/h
b) The worker works 8 hrs per day.
Therefore, total time that he works per year = 8×5×50 =2000 h
We know, Total Dose = Dose Rate x Time
= 1 µSv/h×2000 h =2000 µSv = 2mSv.
That means, the received dose of the worker is within regulatory limit.
 Excercise-05: a) A worker is working in a radiation field for 50 minutes
and the radiation survey meter is showing the dose rate of 5 µSv/h. What
dose of radiation does the worker receive?
b) If he wants to get dose not more than 1 µSv knowing the above
condition, what is the maximum time that he can stay there?

Answer:
a) We know, Total Dose = Dose Rate x Time
Given, Dose Rate = 5 µSv/h and Time = 50 minutes =50/60 hr =0.833 hr
Therefore, Total Dose =5 µSv/h×0.833 h = 4.165 µSv

b) If total dose is 1 µSv, then Total Dose = Dose Rate x Time

=> Time = Total Dose/ Dose Rate
= 1 µSv/5 µSv/h = 0.2 h =12 minutes

Excercise-06: A dose rate of 800 × 10-6 Sv/hr is measured at 4 m from a

gamma emitting source. What will be the dose rate at 8 m?

Answer: We know, I1d12 = I2d22

Given, I1= 800 × 10-6 Sv/hr , d1= 4 m, d2=8m

I1  d1  I 2  d 2
2 2

I1  d1
2
 I2  2
d2
6 42
 800  10  2
8
 200  10 6

Ans : Dose Rate 200  10 6 Sv/hr

* * Dose Rate decrease 4 times when distance increase 2 times.
 Excercise-07: The intensity of radiation is 530 Sv/h at 5 m away from a
source. What is the intensity of the radiation at 10 m?

Ans: We know, I1d12 = I2d22

=> I2 = I1 × d12 / d22
Plug in the known values
I2 = 530Sv/h ×(5m)2 / (10m)2
Solve for I 2
I2 = 132.5 Sv/h
In this instance the distance has been doubled and the intensity at that
point has decreased by a factor of four.

Excercise-08: A 20 Ci Ir-192 is to be used in open place to perform

Industrial radiography.
What distance is to be maintained to produce control area boundary
layer keeping dose level within 7.5 µSv/hr ?
[Gamma Factor for Ir-192 is 0.13 mSv/hr/m2/GBq and 1 Ci=37 GBq]

Answer: We know, Dose rate = (Gamma factor × Activity)/distance2

Dose rate = ( Γ × A)/d2
1 Ci  37 GBq
20 Ci  37  20 GBq  740 GBq Hence, A  740 GBq
Dose Rate  7.5 Sv/hr  0.0075 mSv/hr
A
Dose Rate 
d2
A
 d2 
Dose Rate
A 0.13  740
d    12826.667  113.25 m
Dose Rate 0.0075

Ans : Distance 113.25 m

Excercise-09: A dose rate of 100 mSv/hr is measured at 0.15 m from a
Cesium -137 source. What is the source activity ?

Answer: Here, Does Rate = 100 mSv/hr, Distance = 0.15 m

Gamma Factor, Γ = 0.081 mSv/hr/meter2/GBq
Gamma Factor  Source Activity
Does Rate 
(Distance) 2
0.081  Source Activity
 100 
0.15 2
100  0.15 2
 Source Activity   27.78 GBq
0.081

Ans : Source Activity 27.78 GBq

Excercise-10: For Scanning Vehicle/ Container, it takes 03 minutes and

the radiation dose rate at driver’s position is 50 µSv/h. Every month if
this vehicle with the same driver undergoes scanning in 03 times,
annually how much dose will he receive?

Answer: Here, Time of getting dose per year = 03min×3×12=108min

= 108/60 h = 1.8 h
Dose Rate = 50 µSv/h
We know, Total Dose = Dose Rate x Time
Therefore, Total dose received by the worker per year = 50 µSv/h×1.8 h
= 90 µSv.