CPAC MARINE CONCRETE 1

§Õπ°√’µ™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈´’·æ§
CPAC Marine Concrete
‚§√ß √â“ߧÕπ°√’µ‡ √‘¡‡À≈Á°∑’˵âÕß —¡º— 
πÈ”∑–‡≈ πÈ”°√àÕ¬ À√◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß √«¡∑—Èß
‚§√ß √â“ß„µâ¥‘π∫√‘‡«≥π—Èπ ®–ª√– ∫ªí≠À“§«“¡
‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬à“ß¡“°®“° ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ„π°“√
ÕÕ°·∫∫„Àâ ‚§√ß √â“ß¡’Õ“¬ÿ°“√„™âß“πµ“¡∑’Ë
µâÕß°“√ ®–µâÕߧ”π÷ß∂÷ߧ«“¡µâ“π∑“𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬
∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¥â«¬ ´÷ËߧÕπ°√’µ∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ à«π ”§—≠
‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ "¥à“π·√°" ¢Õß‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë®–
µâ“π∑“𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬
‡¥‘¡¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®°—π«à“ §Õπ°√’µ∑’Ë¡’ à«πº ¡
¢ÕߪŸπ´’‡¡πµåª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë 5 ´÷Ëß¡’ª√‘¡“≥ C3A ∑’˵˔
®–‡À¡“– ”À√—∫‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë —¡º— πÈ”∑–‡≈ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ
æ‘®“√≥“∂÷ßÕߧåª√–°Õ∫„ππÈ”∑–‡≈‚¥¬·∑â®√‘ß·≈â«
æ∫«à“«‘∏°’ “√π’È ‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ‡ ’¬·≈â« ∑—ßÈ π’‡È æ√“–„ππÈ”∑–‡≈ ¡’ª√‘¡“≥´—≈‡øµÕ¬Ÿªà √–¡“≥ 10%  à«π§≈Õ‰√¥åππ—È
°≈—∫¡’ª√‘¡“≥∂÷ß 90%1 ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√§”π÷ß∂÷ß∑ÿ°Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ ¥Ÿ®–¡’‡Àµÿº≈¡“°°«à“°“√
æ‘®“√≥“·µà‡æ’¬ß´—≈‡øµ‡∑à“π—Èπ
πÕ°®“°‚§√ß √â“ß —¡º— πÈ”∑–‡≈·≈â« ‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë —¡º— ‰Õ∑–‡≈ ∑’ËÕ“®®–Õ¬ŸàÀà“ß®“°™“¬ΩíòßÀ≈“¬
°‘ ‚≈‡¡µ√ °Á¬—ß®—¥«à“‡ªìπ‚§√ß √â“ß∑’˵âÕߧ”π÷ß∂÷ߧ«“¡µâ“π∑“πµàÕπÈ”∑–‡≈‡™àπ°—π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°≈◊Õ„πÕ“°“»
 “¡“√∂·æ√à ‰ª∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑’ËÀà“ß®“°∑–‡≈‰¥â∂÷ß 3 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√
1πÈ”∑–‡≈¡’‡°≈◊Õ§≈Õ‰√¥å´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà „π√Ÿª “√ª√–°Õ∫ ‚´‡¥’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å (NaCl) ª√–¡“≥ 27,000 ppm ·¡°π’‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å (MgCl )
2
ª√–¡“≥ 3,200 ppm ·≈–·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å (CaCl2) ª√–¡“≥ 500 ppm  à«π´—≈‡øµÕ¬Ÿà „π√Ÿª¢Õß “√ª√–°Õ∫ ·¡°π’‡´’¬¡´—≈‡øµ
(MgSO4) ª√–¡“≥ 2,200 ppm ·≈–·§≈‡´’¬¡´—≈‡øµ (CaSO4) ª√–¡“≥ 1,100 ppm

As a severe attack on the concrete structures, it is widely acceptable that marine

or coastal environment is taken in account. Therefore, they shall have such resistant
characteristics to provide a designed service life. To make a structure with durability,
concrete plays important role cause it is the first frontage on structure.

2 CPAC MARINE CONCRETE

 In past, in regards to a seawater structure, it was understood that a conservative
prevention is by use of sulphate resisting cement with low C3A in concrete. Only can
such a means not fulfill a durable structure in consideration to existing seawater chemical
composition. It is in fact that in general contains Sulphate of 10% and Chloride 90%1.
As apparent, it is more applicable to
consider all environmental conditions
rather than any single deterioration i.e.
sulphate attack.
In addition to members exposed to
seawater, the structure with chloride
approaching located kilometres away from
coastal is also fallen in marine concrete
due to salt-laden air which may extend
inland for up to 3 km.
1Seawater consists of NaCl 27,000 ppm,

MgCl2 3,200 ppm, CaCl2 500 ppm, MgSO4 2,200

ppm, and CaSO4 1,100 ppm approximately.

§Õπ°√’µ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈‡ ’¬À“¬‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√
What Actually Attack to Marine Concrete
§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢ÕߧÕπ°√’µ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈¢Õß
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡°‘¥®“°À≈“¬ “‡Àµÿæ√âÕ¡Ê °—π §◊Õ
ë  “‡Àµÿ∑“߇§¡’ ‰¥â·°à °“√°—¥°√àÕπ¢Õ߇À≈Á°‡ √‘¡
®“°§≈Õ‰√¥å ·≈–§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕ§Õπ°√’µ®“°´—≈‡øµ
‚¥¬‡©æ“–®“°·¡°π’‡´’¬¡´—≈‡øµ (MgSO4)
ë  “‡Àµÿ∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªì𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬
∑“ßµ√ß ·≈–∑“ßÕâÕ¡  “‡Àµÿ∑“ßµ√ß ‰¥â·°à °“√°—¥°√àÕπ
®“°§≈◊Ëπ °√«¥ ·≈–∑√“¬  “‡Àµÿ∑“ßÕâÕ¡ ‰¥â·°à ·√ßµ÷ߺ‘«
µ“¡ ¿“懪אּ ·≈–·Àâß ·√ߥ—ππÈ” √Õ¬·µ° ·≈–√Õ¬µàÕ
∑’Ë¡’ªí≠À“´÷Ëß®–∑”„À⧫“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“߇§¡’‡°‘¥‰¥â‡√Á«¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ
In Thailand marine environment, concrete
may be deteriorated as a result of combined
effects of the following attacks:
ë Chemical actions, which are chloride-
induced corrosion, sulphate attack particularly in
deterioration due to Magnesium sulphate.
ë Physical actions, which can functionally
categories into direct and indirect attack. The
first is physical erosion due to wave action and
floating objects. Indirect actions are such as
capillary suction under wetting and drying, a
hydrostatic head, and defective crack or joint,
which also contribute the chemical deterioration.

CPAC MARINE CONCRETE 3

 §≈Õ‰√¥å  “‡Àµÿ ”§—≠¢Õß°“√°—¥°√àÕπ„π‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡
Chloride Ion Plays Part in Corrosion
§≈Õ‰√¥å ´÷ßË ‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫À≈—°„ππÈ”∑–‡≈ ®–´÷¡‡¢â“ Ÿà
‡π◊ÕÈ §Õπ°√’µ ‚¥¬§≈Õ‰√¥åÕ ‘ √– (Free Chloride) ®–‡ªìπ à«π
 ”§—≠ ∑”„Àâ‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡¿“¬„π‡°‘¥ π‘¡  π‘¡‡À≈Á°®–∑”„Àâ
§Õπ°√’µ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬·√߬÷¥‡°“–°—∫‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡ ·≈–®–¢¬“¬µ—«
¥—π„Àâ§Õπ°√’µÀÿ⡇À≈Á°‡ √‘¡À≈ÿ¥√àÕπ πÕ°®“°π—Èπ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë
Àπ⓵—¥‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡°Á®–≈¥≈ß®π∑”„Àâ ‚§√ß √â“ßæ—ß∑≈“¬‰¥â
ë ‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡¿“¬„π‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë —¡º— πÈ”∑–‡≈ À√◊ÕπÈ”°√àÕ¬®–‡ ’¬À“¬
®“°°“√°—¥°√àÕπ¢Õߧ≈Õ‰√¥å
The Expansion and cracking of concrete due to steel
corrosion
°“√‡°‘¥ π‘¡¢Õ߇À≈Á°‡ √‘¡„π§Õπ°√’µ‡ªìπ°√–∫«π
°“√‰øøÑ“‡§¡’ ®“°°“√‡°‘¥‡´≈≈å°“√°—¥°√àÕπ‚¥¬¡’ “‡Àµÿ
¡“®“°§«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕßÕ‘ÕÕπµà“ßÊ ∫π‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡ ‰¥â·°à
Õ—≈§“‰≈πå §≈Õ‰√¥å ·≈–ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ‚¥¬∫√‘‡«≥Àπ÷ËߢÕß
‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡®–¡’»—°¬å ‰øøÑ“‡ªìπ¢—È«≈∫ (Anodic) ·≈–Õ’°∫√‘‡«≥
Àπ÷Ëß®–¡’»—°¬å ‰øøÑ“‡ªìπ¢—È«∫«° (Cathodic) ∑”„Àâ‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡
‡°‘¥‡ªìπ π‘¡ ·≈–¡’ª√‘¡“µ√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ª√‘¡“≥ π‘¡‡À≈Á°®–
¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬ ¢÷πÈ Õ¬Ÿ°à ∫—  ∂“π–¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—πË
´÷Ëß∫“ߧ√—ÈßÕ“®¡’ª√‘¡“µ√‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ∂÷ß 6 ‡∑à“
‰¡à „™à§≈Õ‰√¥å „π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’Ë “¡“√∂
·æ√à‡¢â“ Ÿà§Õπ°√’µ∂÷߇À≈Á°‡ √‘¡‰¥â ¡’‡æ’¬ß§≈Õ‰√¥åÕ‘ √–
(Free Chloride) ‡∑à“π—Èπ ∑’ˇªìπªí®®—¬„π°“√‡°‘¥ π‘¡‡À≈Á°
‡π◊ËÕß®“°§≈Õ‰√¥å∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ°®—∫¬÷¥ (Fixed Chloride)
„π‡π◊ÈÕ§Õπ°√’µ ‡¡◊ËÕ§≈Õ‰√¥åÕ‘ √–·æ√à‡¢â“∂÷߇À≈Á°‡ √‘¡
4 CPAC MARINE CONCRETE
øî≈塪ÑÕß°—π‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡ (Passivity Layer) ®–∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬
‚¥¬°“√∑”≈“¬®–¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬ ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫Õ—µ√“ à«π
§≈Õ‰√¥åÕ‘ÕÕπµàÕ‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈Õ‘ÕÕπ (Cl-/OH-) ∂÷ß·¡â „π
§Õπ°√’µ®–¡’§à“ pH  Ÿß°«à“ 11.5 °Áµ“¡ ‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡°Á¬—ß
 “¡“√∂‡ªìπ π‘¡‰¥â∑—Èß„π∫√‘‡«≥øî≈塬ա„Àâ¡’°“√´÷¡ºà“π‰¥â
·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ëøî≈塉¡à§ßµ—«
As the major component in marine environ-
ment and factor lead to corrosion of reinforcing
steel, free chloride can enter into concrete by
diffusion presented with the physical action above,
which subsequently cause steel corrosion. The
damage to reinforced concrete resulting from
corrosion manifests in the form of expansion
cracking, and eventually spalling of the cover.
Also, loss of steel-concrete bond and reduction
of rebar cross section may lead to structural
failure.
Corrosion of steel in concrete is an electro-
chemical process. Process potentials to form the
corrosion cells may be generated in ways of
composition cell formed by two dissimilar metals
or significant variations on steel surface and by
differential concentration of dissolved ions in the
vicinity of steel, such as alkalies, chlorides and
oxygen.
As a result, some parts of steel becomes
anodic and the other carthodic. The fundamental
chemical changes occurring at the anodic and
cathodic areas. The transformation of metallic iron
to rush is accompanied by an increase in volume,
depending on the state of oxidation, may be as
large as 600 percent of the original metal.
In the presence of free chloride ions, de-
pending on the Cl-/OH- ratio, the protective film
 Chorides penetrate into concrete
with the help of surface moisture

Moisture and Chloride Ions

oxygen

Cl-

Passivity Layer

When chlorides penetrate to Further penetration of chlorides results in further

reinforcing steel corrosion begins corrosion, delamination and spaling
Delamination/Spall

Cl- H2O O2

Fe2+ (OH-)

e-

ë °√–∫«π°“√‰øøÑ“‡§¡’¢Õß°“√°—¥°√àÕπ‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡„π§Õπ°√’µ´÷Ëß¡’ §≈Õ‰√¥å §«“¡™◊Èπ ·≈–ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ‡ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫

The electrochemical process of steel corrosion in moist and permeable concrete with the presence of free chloride and oxygen.

may be destroyed even at pH values significantly
above 11.5. With a Cl-/OH- molar ratio of 0.6 and
higher, steel seems to be no longer protected
against corrosion due to the iron-oxide film being
permeable or unstable. However, not all chloride
present in environment can penetrate into
concrete, only is free chloride able to attack to
reinforcement due to some of them become fixed
on microstructure.

´—≈‡øµ µâπ‡Àµÿ¢Õߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„π‡π◊ÈÕ§Õπ°√’µ
Harmfulness of Sulphate Attacks
„ππÈ”∑–‡≈¬—ß¡’·¡°π’‡´’¬¡´—≈‡øµ (MgSO4) ∑’Ë¡’
Õ—πµ√“¬Õ¬à“ß¡“°µàÕ§Õπ°√’µ ‚¥¬´—≈‡øµÕ‘ÕÕπ®“°
MgSO4 πÕ°®“°∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫ §—≈‡´’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å
(Ca(OH)2) ´÷Ëß®–°≈“¬‡ªì𬑪´—Ë¡ (CaSO4) ·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥
°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕ§Õπ°√’µ®π·µ°√â“«·≈â« ·¡°π’‡´’¬¡
Õ‘ÕÕπ¬—ß “¡“√∂∑”≈“¬°”≈—ߢÕߧÕπ°√’µ‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬
„π¢≥–∑’Ë·¡°π’‡´’¬¡Õ‘ÕÕπ  —¡º— °—∫ “√ª√–°Õ∫
·§≈‡´’¬¡´‘≈‘‡°µ‰Œ‡¥√µ (CSH) ´÷Ë߇ªìπµ—«„Àâ°”≈—ß°—∫
§Õπ°√’µ·≈â« ·§≈‡´’¬¡Õ‘ÕÕπ „π CSH ®– ≈“¬µ—« ·≈–
‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ·¡°π’‡´’¬¡Õ‘ÕÕπ √«¡∂÷ß°“√‡°‘¥ “√ª√–°Õ∫
Õ—≈§“‰≈πå·¡°π’‡´’¬¡‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å (Mg(OH)2) ·≈–
·¡°π’‡´’¬¡´‘≈‘‡°µ‰Œ‡¥√µ (MSH) „π∑’Ë ÿ¥ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°√–∫«π
°“√∑’∑Ë ”„Àâ§Õπ°√’µ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬°”≈—ßπ—πË ‡Õß

CPAC MARINE CONCRETE 5

 MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + Mg(OH)2
MgSO4 + CSH CaSO4 + Mg(OH)2 + SiO2(aq)
Mg(OH)2 + SiO2(aq) MSH
ë °≈‰°§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕ§Õπ°√’µ®“°·¡°π’‡´’¬¡´—≈‡øµ (MgSO4)
Mechanism of Magnesium Sulphate Attack

Regarding to magnesium solution, MgSO4 is
the most aggressive because the sulphate ion
can be deleterious to the alumina-bearing
hydrates.
A conversion of calcium hydroxide to gypsum
is accompanied by which magnesium ion attack
is, eventually, extended to prolonged contact to
the CSH, in which the CSH gradually loses
calcium ions, replaced by magnesium ions. The
relatively insoluble and poorly alkali magnesium
hydroxide is also formed. Additionally, the ultimate
product of the substitution reaction is a magne-
sium silicate hydrate, the formation of which is
associated with loss of cementitious characteris-
tics.

¢âÕæ‘®“√≥“‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡  ”À√—∫ß“π‚§√ß √â“ß™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈
Other Considerations to Marine Concrete
REINFORCING STEEL
ATMOSPHERIC ZONE

CRACKING DUE TO CORROSION HIGH TIDE

OF STEEL

CRACKING DUE TO FREEZING

THAWING, AND NORMAL THERMAL AND
HUMIDITY GRADIENTS

TIDAL / SPLASH ZONE

PHYSICAL ABRASION DUE TO WAVE ACTION,
SAND AND GRAVEL FLOATING ICE

LOW TIDE

SUBMERGED ZONE
CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION PATTERN
1. Mg ION ATTACK
2. SULPHATE ATTACK

ë §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õßµ—«Õ¬à“ߧÕπ°√’µ„ππÈ”∑–‡≈ (®“° P.K. Mehta, Performance of Concrete in Marine Environment,

ACI SP-65 1980, pp.1-20)
Diagrammatic representation of deterioration of a concrete cylinder in seawater (From P.K. Mehta, Performance of Concrete in
Marine Environment, ACI SP-65, 1980, pp.1-20)

6 CPAC MARINE CONCRETE

 ª√–‡¿∑·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬®–¡’
≈—°…≥–·µ°µà“ß°—πµ“¡ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¡“°
∑’Ë ÿ¥®–‡°‘¥„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’§Ë ≈◊Ëπ´—¥ ·≈–πÈ”¢÷Èπ≈ß (Splash and
Tidal Zone) ‚¥¬§Õπ°√’µ®–·µ°√â“«À≈ÿ¥√àÕπ®“°·√ß
°√–·∑°¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ ·≈–°“√¢—¥ ’¢Õß°√«¥ ∑√“¬  à«π
‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë®¡Õ¬Ÿà „ππÈ” (Submerged Zone) ∂÷ß·¡â
‡À≈Á°‡ √‘¡¿“¬„π®–‰¡à‡°‘¥ π‘¡‡æ√“–¢“¥ÕÕ°´‘‡®π„π°“√
∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ·µà°Á¬—ßµâÕߧ”π÷ß∂÷ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥®“°
´—≈‡øµ πÕ°®“°π—È𠂧√ß √â“ß∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÀà“ß®“°™“¬ΩíòßÀ≈“¬
°‘ ‚≈‡¡µ√ ·µà¬—ß‚¥π‰Õ∑–‡≈ (Atmospheric Zone) °Á¬—ß®—¥
«à“‡ªìπ‚§√ß √â“ß∑’˵âÕßµâ“π∑“πµàÕπÈ”∑–‡≈‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π
‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°≈◊Õ„πÕ“°“» “¡“√∂·æ√à ‰ª∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑’ËÀà“ß
∑”Õ¬à“߉√„Àâ ‚§√ß √â“ß∑π∑“πµàÕπÈ”∑–‡≈
Key Success Factors to a Marine Structure
 ‘Ëß ”§—≠„π°“√°àÕ √â“ß‚§√ß √â“ß ”À√—∫ ¿“æ
·«¥≈âÕ¡∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈¡’À≈“¬ª√–°“√ §◊Õ °“√
ÕÕ°·∫∫‚§√ß √â“ß °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫«— ¥ÿ ·≈–«‘∏’°“√°àÕ √â“ß
䴉ᡈ
ë °“√°”Àπ¥√–¬–Àÿ⡇À≈Á°‡ √‘¡„Àâ‡æ’¬ßæÕ
ë °“√Õ—¥·πàπ§Õπ°√’µ
ë °“√∑”√Õ¬µàÕ¢¬“¬ (Expansion Joint)
ë °“√∑”√Õ¬µàÕª√–‡¿∑Õ◊ËπÊ Õ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡ ‡™àπ
‰¡à „À⇰‘¥√Õ¬µàÕ∑—∫°—π ·≈–‰¡à „À⇰‘¥ Cold Joint
ë °“√‡≈◊Õ°„™â§Õπ°√’µ∑’Ë∑π∑“πµàÕπÈ”∑–‡≈
CPAC Marine Concrete ªí®®—¬ ”§—≠ ”À√—∫
‚§√ß √â“ß™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈
CPAC Marine Concrete as One Successful Factor
®“°°“√«‘®—¬ ·≈–»÷°…“∂÷ßªí®®—¬µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë àߺ≈µàÕ
§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢ÕߧÕπ°√’µ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ∑”„Àâ´’·æ§
 “¡“√∂æ—≤π“ CPAC Marine Concrete „Àâ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘
®“°∑–‡≈‰¥â∂ß÷ 3 °‘ ‚≈‡¡µ√
Other concerns, it is the fact that type and
severity of deterioration may not be uniform along
the structure, which depend on the condition
of exposure. This exhibits that maximum
deterioration occurs in the tidal zone concrete
weakened by microcracking and chemical attacks
eventually disintegrate by wave action and impact
of sand and gravel. On the other hand, the fully
submerged part of the structure will have no risk
of corrosion due to lack of oxygen.
Structural, material design and construction
all play significant roles to durable concrete
subjected to marine environment as given below:
ë Suitable cover to reinforcement
ë Adequately compacted cover concrete
ë No failure of expansion joints
ë No presence of lapped joints, which can
restrict compaction, and cold joints
ë Designed concrete mixes
§√∫∂â«π‡À¡“– ¡°—∫ß“π‚§√ß √â“ß∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈
‚¥¬‡©æ“–
1. §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑π∑“πµàÕ°“√·æ√à¢Õߧ≈Õ‰√¥å
CPAC MARINE CONCRETE 7
 Test results of water permeability on CPAC Marine Concrete
compared to those of normal concrete with respect to
Coefficient of Permeability, k (x1011 m/s.)
compressive strength
25
28-day Type I Concrete
56-day Type I Concrete
20
28-day CPAC Marine Concrete
56-day CPAC Marine Concrete
15

10

0
200 250 300 350
Compressive Strength, ksc.

ë º≈∑¥ Õ∫‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°“√´÷¡ºà“π¢ÕßπÈ”√–À«à“ß CPAC Marine Concrete °—∫§Õπ°√’µª°µ‘

Test results of water penetration of concrete samples

ë °“√°”Àπ¥Õ—µ√“ à«ππÈ”µàÕ«— ¥ÿª√– “πÕ¬à“ß (Physical Binding) ®“°‡®≈ CSH ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“

‡À¡“– ¡ ∑”„Àâª√‘¡“≥™àÕß«à“ß∑’˵àÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—π (Inter- ªÕ´‚´≈“π ·≈–∂Ÿ°®—∫¬÷¥∑“߇§¡’ (Chemical Binding) ®“°
connected Voids) ≈¥≈ß °“√·æ√à¢Õß §≈Õ‰√¥å §«“¡™◊Èπ Õ≈Ÿ¡‘π“ „π«— ¥ÿ‡™◊ËÕ¡ª√– “π°≈“¬‡ªìπ ‡°≈◊Õø≈ À√◊Õ
·≈–ÕÕ°´‘‡®π „π§Õπ°√’µ ®÷߇ªìπ‰ª‰¥â¬“° ´÷Ëßµ√ßµ“¡À≈—° Friedel's Salt (3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O) ·≈–
°“√§«“¡∑÷∫πÈ”¢ÕߧÕπ°√’µ‡ªìπæ◊πÈ ∞“π¢ÕߧÕπ°√’µ∑π∑“π ·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‚√‡øÕ‰√µå À√◊Õ Calcium Chloroferrite
ë °“√‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫¬÷¥§≈Õ‰√¥å „π (3CaO.Fe2O3.CaCl2.10H2O) ´÷Ëߺ≈∑¥ Õ∫µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π
§Õπ°√’µ (Chloride Binding Capacity) °“√„™â«— ¥ÿ‡™◊ËÕ¡ ASTM C1202 · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬à“߇¥àπ™—¥„𧫓¡ “¡“√∂
ª√– “π∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ‰¥â·°à ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå™π‘¥∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥ C3A µâ“π∑“π°“√·æ√àºà“π§≈Õ‰√¥å√–À«à“ß CPAC Marine
‡À¡“– ¡ ·≈–«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π ®–™à«¬≈¥°“√·æ√à¢Õß Concrete °—∫§Õπ°√’µ∑’Ë „™âªŸπ´’‡¡πµåª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë 1 ·≈–
§≈Õ‰√¥å ‡æ√“–§≈Õ‰√¥å∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ°®—∫¬÷¥∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë 5

Chloride Ion Penetrability of Concrete based on Charge Passed

(Coulomb) Rapid Chloride Permeability Tester (ASTM C1202)
Charge Passed, Coulomb (s)

6,000
Permeability Classification

Type V Concrete
5,000 High
Type I Concrete
4,000

3,000 Moderate

2,000
Low
1,000 CPAC Marine Concrete
Very Low
0
150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Compressive Strength, ksc.

ë º≈∑¥ Õ∫‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡µâ“π∑“π°“√·æ√à¢Õߧ≈Õ‰√¥å √–À«à“ß CPAC Marine Concrete

°—∫§Õπ°√’µ∑’Ë„™âªŸπ´’‡¡πµåªÕ√åµ·≈π¥åª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë 1 ·≈–ª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë 5 µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π ASTM C1202
Test results of rapid chloride penetration according to ASTM C1202

8 CPAC MARINE CONCRETE

 Expansions due to sulphate attack of Type I concrete,
Type V concrete, and CPAC Marine Concrete
2.5

Percentage of Expansion Type I Concrete

2.0
Type V Concrete
CPAC Marine Concrete
1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Submerged Period (Days)

ë º≈∑¥ Õ∫‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡µâ“π∑“π°“√°—¥°√àÕπ®“°´—≈‡øµ √–À«à“ß CPAC Marine Concrete

°—∫§Õπ°√’µ∑’Ë„™âªŸπ´’‡¡πµåªÕ√åµ·≈π¥åª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë 1 ·≈–ª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë 5 µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π ASTM C1012
Test results of expansion of concrete submerged in Na+ and Mg2+ sulphate solution

2. §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑π∑“πµàÕ·¡°π’‡´’¬¡´—≈‡øµ pores that act as the channel in penetration of

¥â«¬§«“¡∑÷∫πÈ”∑’Ë¥’‡¬’ˬ¡¢Õß CPAC Marine chloride, moisture and oxygen. Low-permeability
Concrete ·¡°π’‡´’¬¡Õ‘ÕÕπ®–·æ√à‡¢â“‰ª∑”≈“¬ CSH could be regarded as the durable basis of
‰¥â¬“° πÕ°®“°π—Èπ Ca(OH)2 ´÷Ë߇ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë°àÕ„Àâ concrete.
‡°‘¥°“√¢¬“¬µ—«°Á®–≈¥≈ß®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ªÕ´‚´≈“π¥â«¬ ë With the concept of an increased chloride
‡™àπ°—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√¢¬“¬µ—« ·≈–·µ°√â“«®÷߇°‘¥‰¥â¬“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ binding capacity, an introduction of pozzolan and
¥—ß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°º≈∑¥ Õ∫‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫„π°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õß use of cement with an optimal C3A content are
°âÕπµ—«Õ¬à“ß„π “√≈–≈“¬´—≈‡øµ‡¢â¡¢âπ able to reduce the free chloride content diffusing
3. §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑π∑“πµàÕ·√ß°√–∑”∑“ß°“¬¿“æ in concrete. The chloride physical binding process
§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘π’ÈÕÕ°·∫∫¡“‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ “¡“√∂µâ“π∑“πµàÕ can be achieved with CSH gel products of
·√ß°√–·∑°¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ ·≈–°“√¢—¥ ’¢Õß°√«¥ ∑√“¬ ‚¥¬ pozzolanic reaction. The simultaneous chemical
CPAC Marine Concrete  “¡“√∂Õ—¥·πàπ‰¥âßà“¬´÷Ëß®– binding process is going on due to a higher
∑”„Àâ§Õπ°√’µ¡’‡π◊ÈÕ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ ·≈–‰¥â√–¬–Àÿ⡵“¡µâÕß°“√ alumina. Aluminate of a specified pozzolan can react
¥—߇ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°º≈∑¥ Õ∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√µâ“π∑“π°“√ with free chloride, which is fixed as friedel's salt
¢—¥ ’¢Õß CPAC Marine Concrete ∑’Ë¡’§à“ Ÿß°«à“§Õπ°√’µ (3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O) and Calcium
∑—Ë«‰ªÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π Chloroferrite (3CaO.Fe2O3.CaCl2.10H2O).
To make a confidence, test result of rapid
According to research and development, all chloride penetration was performed according to
factors as mentioned have been taken in account ASTM C1202 shows performances of each
as follows: concrete as below.
1. Chloride Resistant Characteristic
It provide the preferable in chloride resistance 2. Magnesium Sulphate Resistant
by concepts of Characteristic
ë With a given W/B ratio, its low-permeable CPAC Marine Concrete has such a property
microstructure is improved to minimize unsaturated from the same concept of low permeability to

CPAC MARINE CONCRETE 9

 reduce the penetration of magnesium ion, as well
as the Ca(OH)2 content will be lessened in
pozzolanic reaction. As a result, the formation of
gypsum is undoubtedly reduced, which give no
presence of expansion and cracking.
Test result of expansion of concrete sub-
merged in Na+ and Mg2+ sulphate solution is
shown as evident.
3. Physical Attack Resistant Characteristic
For marine concrete structure, ability to
resist the physical action mentioned before can
be attained with need of the good quality in both
construction and materials. A given proportioning
results the more conveniences in placing to achieve
the designated cover with homogeneity. Test
¢âÕ·π–π”‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡„π°“√„™âß“π CPAC Marine Concrete
How to Use CPAC Marine Concrete
10 CPAC MARINE CONCRETE
result of abrasive resistance of concrete surface
may be assured in such characteristic as below.
The Abrasion Resistance of Concrete at
Age 28 Days (ASTM C 944)
0.50
Abrasion Depth (mm.)
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Conventional Concrete CPAC Marine Concrete
ë º≈∑¥ Õ∫‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√µâ“π∑“π°“√¢—¥ ’
(Abrasion Resistance) µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π ASTM C944
Test results of abrasion resistance of concrete surface
according to ASTM C944
‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ‰¥â ‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë∑π∑“πµàÕπÈ”∑–‡≈ ·≈–‰Õ∑–‡≈
„π°“√°àÕ √â“ßµâÕßπ”ªí®®—¬∑ÿ°ªí®®—¬‡¢â“¡“æ‘®“√≥“ª√–°Õ∫
°—π ‰¥â·°à µ”·Àπàß ·≈–ª√–‡¿∑‚§√ß √â“ß Õ“¬ÿ°“√„™âß“π
·≈–√–¬–Àÿ⡇À≈Á°‡ √‘¡ ¥—ß· ¥ß„πµ“√“ß
To obtain the most benefit on marine
structure, all influences on property have to take
in account i.e. structure location and type,
minimum service life, and concrete covering, which
show in the table.
 ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß‚§√ß √â“ß ·≈–°“√„™âß“π CPAC Marine Concrete
Structural Types with Applications of CPAC Marine Concrete
(According to Minimum requirements for durable concrete, Edited by D.W. Hobbs, British Cement Association (1998))

ª√–‡¿∑‚§√ß √â“߆  ¿“槫“¡™◊Èπj Õ“¬ÿ§Õπ°√’µj √–¬–Àÿ⡇À≈Á°‡ √‘¡πâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥ (¡¡.)j ™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æj

Structural Types1† ∑’Ë —¡º— † ‡ √‘¡‡À≈Á°µ“¡j Minimum Cover to Reinforcement (mm.) CPAC MARINEj
† Humidityj °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ (ªï)† ß“πÀ≈àՆ ß“πÀ≈àÕ°—∫∑’Ë ‚¥¬º‘«† ß“π„π† CONCRETE†
√À— † ≈—°…≥–‚§√ß √â“߆ Condition Intendedj °—∫∑’ˆ ¥â“π∫πÕ¬Ÿà „π·π«√“∫† ‚√ßÀ≈àՆ Class ofj
Code Structural Characteristics Working Lifej In-Situ In-Situ, Top j Factory CPAC Marinej
(Years) Horizontal Surface Concrete

XS1 ë º‘«§Õπ°√’µ‡ √‘¡‡À≈Á°·≈–§Õπ°√’µÕ—¥·√ß ∑’Ë —¡º— Õ“°“»∑’Ë¡’‡°≈◊ÕÕ‘Ë¡µ—« † §«“¡™◊Èπ† 50 40 55 30 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†

(Saturated salt air)† ª“π°≈“߆ All Classes†
ë Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces in saturated salt air.† Moderate† †
† humidity
ë ‚§√ß √â“ß∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ‚¥¬¡’√–¬–∑“ß«—¥®“°∑–‡≈ ‡∑à“°—∫ 100-3,000 ‡¡µ√† 100 55 70 45 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†
ë External reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces in † All Classes†
costal areas more than 100-3,000 m.† †
†
XS2A ë §Õπ°√’µ‡ √‘¡‡À≈Á°·≈–§Õπ°√’µÕ—¥·√ß ∑’Ë·™àÕ¬Ÿà „ππÈ”∑–‡≈≈÷°¡“°°«à“ 1 ‡¡µ√ † ‡ªï¬°µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“† 50 40 40 40 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†
«—¥®“°√–¥—∫πÌÈ“≈ߵ˔ ÿ¥† Always wet All Classes†
ë Reinforced and prestressed concrete completely submerged † 100 - - - -†
more than 1 m. below lowest low water level.†
†
XS3 ë º‘«§Õπ°√’µ‡ √‘¡‡À≈Á°·≈–§Õπ°√’µÕ—¥·√ß ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà „ππÈ”∑–‡≈√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ≈ß † ‡ªï¬°·≈–·Àâ߆ 50 50 65 40 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†
(Sea water tidal) √–¥—∫§≈◊Ëπ´—¥ (Splash and spray zone) ®π∂÷ß√–¥—∫≈÷° †  ≈—∫°—π† All Classes†
1 ‡¡µ√ «—¥®“°√–¥—∫πÈ”≈ߵ˔ ÿ¥† Cyclical † †
ë Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces in seawater tidal, † wet/dry 100 70 85 60 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†
splash and spray zones down to about 1 m. below lowest low † All Classes
water level.†
†
XD1 ë† º‘«§Õπ°√’µ‡ √‘¡‡À≈Á°·≈–§Õπ°√’µÕ—¥·√ß ∑’Ë —¡º— °—∫°“√©’¥æàπ (Spray) ‚¥¬µ√߆ §«“¡™◊Èπ† 50 30 30 30 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†
¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬∑’Ë¡’§≈Õ‰√¥å† ª“π°≈“߆ All Classes†
ë Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces in part of bridge † Moderate† †
away from direct spray containing de-icing agents.† humidity
†
ë º‘«§Õπ°√’µ∑’Ë —¡º— °—∫≈–ÕÕߧ≈Õ‰√¥å (Air-borne chlorides)† 100 30 30 30 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†
ë Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces in air-borne † All Classes
chlorides.†
†
XD2A †ë  à«π¢ÕߧÕπ°√’µ‡ √‘¡‡À≈Á°·≈–§Õπ°√’µÕ—¥·√ß ∑’Ë·™àÕ¬Ÿà „ππÈ”∑’Ë¡’§≈Õ‰√¥åº ¡Õ¬Ÿà † ‡ªï¬°µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“† 50 30 30 30 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†
‰¥â·°à  √–«à“¬πÈ”·≈–‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë —¡º— πÈ”‡ ’¬‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’Ë¡’§≈Õ‰√¥åº ¡Õ¬Ÿà† Always wet All Classes†
ë Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces totally immersed † 100 30 30 30 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ† ≥¿“æ†
in water containing chlorides. All Classes

XD3 ë º‘«§Õπ°√’µ‡ √‘¡‡À≈Á°·≈–§Õπ°√’µÕ—¥·√ß ∑’Ë¡’º≈®“°°“√ —¡º— ‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß de-icing † ‡ªï¬°·≈–·Àâ߆ 50 45 60 35 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†

agent ‰¥â·°à  à«π‚§√ß √â“ß –æ“π º‘«®√“®√·≈–æ◊Èπ≈“π®Õ¥√∂∑’Ë¡’°“√≈–≈“¬πÈ”·¢Á߆  ≈—∫°—π† All Classes†
(de-icing) „πß“π§Õπ°√’µ —¡º— πÈ”·¢Áß·≈–À‘¡–† Cyclical † †
ë Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces directly affected † wet/dry 100 60 75 50 ∑ÿ°™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ†
by de-icing agents eg. Wall, abutments and columns within † All Classes
10 m. of the carriageway, parapet edge beams and buried †
structures less than 1 m. below carriageway level.†

1 Structural Types are classified according to UK Concrete Standard and The draft European Standard pr EN 206 (BSI, 1997 b)

CPAC MARINE CONCRETE 11

12 CPAC MARINE CONCRETE