REFERENCIAS

1. How radiation kills cells: Survival of Deinococcus radiodurans and

Shewanella oneidensis under oxidative stress
Abstract:
We have recently shown that Deinococcus radiodurans and other radiation
resistant bacteria accumulate exceptionally high intracellular manganese and
low iron levels. In comparison, the dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium
Shewanella oneidensis accumulates Fe but not Mn and is extremely sensitive to
radiation. We have proposed that for Fe-rich, Mn-poor cells killed at radiation
doses which cause very little DNA damage, cell death might be induced by the
release of Fe(II) from proteins during irradiation, leading to additional cellular
damage by Fe(II)-dependent oxidative stress. In contrast, Mn(II) ions
concentrated in D. radiodurans might serve as antioxidants that reinforce
enzymic systems which defend against oxidative stress during recovery. We
extend our hypothesis here to include consideration of respiration, tricarboxylic
acid cycle activity, peptide transport and metal reduction, which together with
Mn(II) transport represent potential new targets to control recovery from
radiation injury. © 2005 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2. DNA repair in the extremely radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus
radiodurans
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans and other members of the same genus share
extraordinary resistance to the lethal and mutagenic effects of ionizing and u.v.
radiation and to many other agents that damage DNA. While it is known that
this resistance is due to exceedingly efficient DNA repair, the molecular
mechanisms responsible remain poorly understood. Following very high
exposures to u.v. irradiation (e.g. 500 J m-2, which is non-lethal to D.
radiodurans), this organism carries out extremely efficient excision repair
accomplished by two separate nucleotide excision repair pathways acting
simultaneously. One pathway requires the uvrA gene and appears similar to the
UvrABC excinuclease pathway defined in Escherichia coli. The other excision
repair pathway is specific for u.v. dimeric photoproducts, but is not mediated by
a pyrimidine dimer DNA glycosylase. Instead, it is initiated by a second bona
fide endonuclease that may recognize both pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine-
(6-4)pyrimidones. After high doses of ionizing-radiation (e.g. 1.5 Mrad), D.
radiodurans can mend > 100 double-strand breaks (dsb) per chromosome
without lethality or mutagenesis. Both dsb mending and survival are recA-
dependent, indicating that efficient dsb mending proceeds via homologous
recombination. D. radiodurans contains multiple chromosomes per cell, and it is
proposed that dsb mending requires extensive recombination amongst these
chromosomes, a novel phenomenon in bacteria. Thus, D. radiodurans may
serve as an easily accessible model system for the double-strand-break-
initiated interchromosomal recombination that occurs in eukaryotic cells during
mitosis and meiosis.
 3. Protein damage and death by radiation in Escherichia coli and
Deinococcus radiodurans.
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans is among a small number of bacterial species that
are extremely resistant to ionizing radiation, UV light, toxic chemicals, and
desiccation. We measured proteome oxidation (i.e., protein carbonylation,
PC) in D. radiodurans as well as in standard and evolved resistant strains of
Escherichia coli exposed to ionizing radiation or UVC light and found a
consistent correlation with cell killing. The unique quantitative relationship
between incurred PC and cell death holds over the entire range of killing for
all tested bacteria and for both lethal agents, meaning that both bacterial
species are equally sensitive to PC. We show that the extraordinary
robustness of D. radiodurans depends on efficient proteome protection (but
not DNA protection) against constitutive and radiation-induced PC consisting
of low molecular weight cytosolic compounds. Remarkably, experimental
evolution of resistance to ionizing radiation in E. coli coevolves with
protection against PC. The decline in biosynthetic efficacy of the cellular
proteome, as measured by the loss of reproduction of undamaged
bacteriophage lambda in irradiated standard and evolved ionizing radiation-
resistant E. coli, correlates with radiation-induced oxidative damage to host
cells and their sensitivity to ionizing radiation. This correlation suggests that
cell death by radiation is caused primarily by oxidative damage with
consequential loss of maintenance activities including DNA repair.
4. Deinococcus radiodurans - the consummate survivor.
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the biochemical basis of the capacity of
Deinococcus radiodurans to endure the genetic insult that results from exposure
to ionizing radiation and can include hundreds of DNA double-strand breaks.
However, recent reports indicate that this species compensates for extensive
DNA damage through adaptations that allow cells to avoid the potentially
detrimental effects of DNA strand breaks. It seems that D. radiodurans uses
mechanisms that limit DNA degradation and that restrict the diffusion of DNA
fragments that are produced following irradiation, to preserve genetic integrity.
These mechanisms also increase the efficiency of the DNA-repair proteins.
5. Engineered Deinococcus radiodurans R1 with NiCoT genes for
bioremoval of trace cobalt from spent decontamination solutions of
nuclear power reactors
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to engineer bacteria for the removal of Co in
contaminated effluents. Radioactive cobalt ((60)Co) is known as a major
contributor for person-sievert budgetary because of its long half-life and high γ-
energy values. Some bacterial Ni/Co transporter (NiCoT) genes were described
to have preferential uptake for cobalt. In this study, the NiCoT genes nxiA and
nvoA from Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 (RP) and Novosphingobium
aromaticivorans F-199 (NA), respectively, were cloned under the control of the
groESL promoter. These genes were expressed in Deinococcus radiodurans in
reason of its high resistance to radiation as compared to other bacterial strains.
Using qualitative real time-PCR, we showed that the expression of NiCoT-RP
and NiCoT-NA is induced by cobalt and nickel. The functional expression of
these genes in bioengineered D. radiodurans R1 strains resulted in >60 %
removal of (60)Co (≥5.1 nM) within 90 min from simulated spent
decontamination solution containing 8.5 nM of Co, even in the presence of
>10 mM of Fe, Cr, and Ni. D. radiodurans R1 (DR-RP and DR-NA) showed
superior survival to recombinant E. coli (ARY023) expressing NiCoT-RP and NA
and efficiency in Co remediation up to 6.4 kGy. Thus, the present study reports
a remarkable reduction in biomass requirements (2 kg) compared to previous
studies using wild-type bacteria (50 kg) or ion-exchanger resins (8000 kg) for
treatment of ~10(5)-l spent decontamination solutions (SDS).
6. Bioremediation
Abstract
Bioremediation refers to the clean-up of pollution from soil, groundwater,
surface water and air using biological, usually microbiological, processes. It has
left the laboratory and is established in some parts of the world, especially the
USA, as a full-scale, biotechnology-based industry.
BIBLIOGRAFIA
1. Ghosal D, Omelchenko M V., Gaidamakova EK, et al. How radiation kills
cells: Survival of Deinococcus radiodurans and Shewanella oneidensis
under oxidative stress. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2005;29(2):361-375.
doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.007.
2. Minton K. DNA repair in the extremely radioresistant bacterium
Deinococcus radiodurans. Mol Microbiol. 1994;13(1):9-15.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00397.x.
3. Krisko A, Radman M. Protein damage and death by radiation in
Escherichia coli and Deinococcus radiodurans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2010;107(32):14373-14377. doi:10.1073/pnas.1009312107.
4. Cox MM, Battista JR. Deinococcus radiodurans - the consummate
survivor. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3(11):882-892.
doi:10.1038/nrmicro1264.
5. Gogada R, Singh SS, Lunavat SK, et al. Engineered Deinococcus
radiodurans R1 with NiCoT genes for bioremoval of trace cobalt from
spent decontamination solutions of nuclear power reactors. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol. 2015;99(21):9203-9213. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6761-4.
6. Philp JC, Atlas RM, Cunningham CJ. Bioremediation. In: eLS. ; 2001.
doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000470.pub2.