Mann-Whitney Test for Independent Samples

The Mann-Whitney U test is essentially an alternative form of the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test for
independent samples and is completely equivalent.

Define the following test statistics for samples 1 and 2 where n is the size of sample 1 and n is the size of
1 2

sample 2, and R is the adjusted rank sum for sample 1 and R is the adjusted rank sum of sample 2. It
1 2

doesn’t matter which sample is bigger.

As for the Wilcoxon version of the test, if the observed value of U is < U then the test is significant (at the
crit

α level), i.e. we reject the null hypothesis. The values of U for α = .05 (two-tailed) are given in the Mann-
crit

Whitney Tables.

Example 1: Repeat Example 1 of the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test using the Mann-Whitney U test.

Figure 1 – Mann-Whitney U Test

Since R = 117.5 and R = 158.5, we can calculate U and U to get U = 39.5. Next we look up in the Mann-
1 2 1 2

Whitney Tables for n = 12 and n = 11 to get U = 33. Since 33 < 39.5, we cannot reject the null hypothesis
1 2 crit

at α = .05 level of significance.

Property 1:
Property 2: For n and n large enough the U statistic is approximately normal N(μ, σ) where
1 2

Observation: Click here for proofs of Property 1 and 2.

Observation: Where there are a number of ties, the following revised version of the variance gives better
results [Ro]:

where the sum is taken over all scores where ties exist and f is the number of ties at that level.

Example 2: Repeat Example 2 of the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test using the Mann-Whitney U test.

We show the results of the one-tailed test in Figure 2. Column W displays the formulas used in column T.

Figure 2 – Mann-Whitney U test using normal approximation

As can be seen in cell T19, the p-value for the one-tail test is the same as that found in Wilcoxon Example
2 using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Once again we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that non-
smokers live longer.

Real Statistics Excel Functions: The following functions are provided in the Real Statistics Pack:

MANN(R1, R2) = U for the samples contained in ranges R1 and R2

MANN(R1, n) = U for the samples contained in the first n columns of range R1 and the remaining
columns of range R1. If the second argument is omitted it defaults to 1.

MTEST(R1, R2, tails) = p-value of the Mann-Whitney U test for the samples contained in ranges R1 and
R2. tails = # of tails: t = 1 (default) or 2.

MTEST(R1, n, tails) = p-value of the Mann-Whitney U test for the samples contained in the first n
columns of range R1 and the remaining columns of range R1. If the second argument is omitted it defaults
to 1. tails = # of tails: t = 1 (default) or 2.

MCRIT(n , n , α, tails) = critical value of the Mann-Whitney U test for samples of size n and n , for the
1 2 1 2

given value of alpha and tails = 1 (one tail) or 2 (two tails) based on the Mann-Whitney Table.

MPROB(x, n1, n2, tails, iter) = an approximate p-value for the Mann-Whitney test for the U value equal
to x for samples of size n1 and n2 and tails = 1 (one tail) or 2 (two tails, default) based on a linear
interpolation of the values in the table in Mann-Whitney Table, using iter number of iterations (default =
40).

Note that the values for α in the table in Mann-Whitney Table range from .01 to .1 for tails = 2 and .005
to .05 for tails = 1. If the p-value is less than .01 (tails = 2) or .005 (tails = 1) then the p-value in MPROB is
given as 0 and if the p-value is greater than .1 (tails = 2) or .05 (tails = 1) then the p-value in MPROB is
given as 1.

The MANN and MTEST functions ignore any empty or non-numeric cells.

Observation: In Example 1, we can use the supplemental function to arrive at the same value for U,
namely MANN(A6:B17) = 39.5. Also MCRIT(H5,I5,H9,H10) = MCRIT(12, 11, .05, 2) = 33 (the value in cell
H12 of Figure 1). Finally note that the p-value = MPROB(H5,I5,H9,H10) = MPROB(39.5, 12, 11, 2) = 1
(meaning that p-value > .1), and so once again we can’t reject the null hypothesis.

If U had been 32, then p-value = MPROB(32, 12,11, 2) = 0.044 < .05 = α, and so we would reject the null
hypothesis. This is consistent with the fact that U = 32 < 33 = U . crit.
Similarly in Example 2, we can use the supplemental function to arrive at the same value for U, namely
MANN(A6:H15,4) = MANN(A6:D15,E6:H15) = 486, as well as the same p-value (assuming a normal
approximation described above), namely MTEST(A6:H15,4) = MTEST(A6:D15,E6:H15) = 0.003081.

Also note that the supplemental functions RANK_COMBINED and RANK_SUM, as defined in Wilcoxon
Rank-Sum Test, can be used in conjunction with the Mann-Whitney test.

Observation: The effect size for the data using the Mann-Whitney test can be calculated in the same
manner as for the Wilcoxon test, and the result will be the same.

The effect size of .31 for the data in Example 2 is calculated as in Figure 2. Namely, the z-score (cell T17) is
calculated using the formula =(T13-T14)/T16 and the effect size (cell 20) is calculated by the formula
=ABS(T17)/SQRT(T6+U6).

Also note that the z-score and the effect size r can be calculated using the supplemental function MTEST
as follows:

z-score = NORMSINV(MTEST(R1, R2))

r = NORMSINV(MTEST(R1, R2))/SQRT(COUNT(R1)+COUNT(R2))

Observation: The results of analysis for Example 2 can be summarized as follows: The life expectancy of
non-smokers (Mdn = 76.5) was significantly higher than that of smokers (Mdn = 70.5), U = 486, z = -2.74,
p = .0038 < .05, r = .31.

Real Statistics Function: The Real Statistics Pack also provides the following array function for the
samples in ranges R1 and R2 where alpha is the α value (default .05) and tails is the number of tails (1 or 2
= default).

MANN_TEST(R1, R2, lab, alpha, tails): returns the following values in a 7 × 1 column range: U, alpha,
tails, z, r, U-crit, p-value. If lab = TRUE then an extra column with labels is included.

For Example 2, =MANN_TEST(A6:D15,E6:H15,TRUE,1) returns the following array:

 Figure 3 – Output from MANN_TEST

Real Statistics Data Analysis Tool: The Real Statistics Resource Pack also provides a data analysis
tool which performs the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples, automatically calculating the
medians, rank sums, U test statistic, z-score, p-value and effect size r.

For example, to perform the analysis in Example 1, enter Ctrl-m and choose the T Test and Non-
parametric Equivalents. The dialog box shown in Figure 3 appears.

Figure 3 – Dialog box for Real Statistics Mann-Whitney Test

Enter A5:B17 as the Input Range, click on Column headings included with data and choose the
Two independent samples and Non-parametric options and click on OK. Keep the default of 0 for
Hypothetical Mean/Median (this value is not used anyway) and .05 for Alpha. The output is shown
in Figure 4.
 Figure 4 – Mann-Whitney test using data analysis tool

12 Responses to Mann-Whitney Test for Independent Samples

1. Robert Rooney says:

August 28, 2013 at 9:08 pm

I downloaded and installed the Resources Pack as per your website instructions and it shows as an addin
under excel options (RealStats). But after I check it and click OK, no additional tools show up under Data
Analysis. I have Excel 2007. Any ideas why the tools are not available?

Reply

 Charles says:
August 29, 2013 at 5:13 pm

Robert,
 Once you install the Real Analysis Resource Pack, the additional tools are available by simply pressing
Ctrl-m. This will bring up a menu with all the Real Statistics data analysis tools. I thought that this would
be the easiest approach since this can be done no matter which ribbon is active.

The other recommended approach is to add the Real Statistics tools to the Quick Access Toolbar (QAT),
especially since the QAT is also available no matter which ribbon is active. The instructions for doing this
are included in webpage http://www.real-statistics.com/excel-capabilities/supplemental-data-analysis-
tools/accessing-supplemental-data-analysis-tools/, although not everyone has been successful at getting
this to work.

Excel doesn’t let you customize the ribbon by adding an addin to an existing group (such as Data>Data
Analysis). Instead you can add the addin as a custom group on any of the ribbons (e.g. right next to Data
Analysis on the Data ribbon). Instructions for doing this are now available on the same web page as the
one referenced above.

Charles

Reply

2. Aaron says:

September 25, 2013 at 3:35 am

Does MTEST always report a p-value for a 2-tailed test? Can you do a 1-tailed test with the function?

Reply

 Charles says:
September 26, 2013 at 1:32 pm

Aaron,
The MTEST (as well as the T Tests and Non-parametric Equivalents data analysis tool) reports the
p-value of the one-tail test. To get the two-tail test you simply double the answer.
I had intended to report the two-tail test, in which case you would have had to half the p-value to get the
one-tail test. I will fix this in the next release, but for now MTEST reports the one-tail test.
Charles

Update: In the latest release (R2.1) the T Tests and Non-parametric Equivalents data analysis tool
reports both the one tail and two tail tests.

Reply
3. J. Basu says:

February 12, 2014 at 6:05 pm

Charles:
Can you please tell me:
1)How I can use the “rank” function in Excel to rank continuous variables, that is numbers with decimal
points, e.g., 1.38, 3.6. 40.9 etc. When I’m trying to rank them, the number like 1.38 that is enlisted in the
array twice is not being properly ranked although I have used the following formula to correct for repeat
numbers:
=Rank(number, range, order)+(count(range)+1-rank(number, range, 1)-rank(number, range, 0))/2.
However, the number like 70.4 which is also listed twice is being correctly ranked.

My second question is if the sample size of the two groups are more than 20, e.g., 30, 40 etc., I cannot use
the Mann Whitney table. I have to calculate the z score. But which table do I then use to look up if the
computed U value is above or below the critical value?

The third question is do I have to pay to download the “Real Statistics tool pack”?

Will look forward to your response.

With sincerest thanks for your comments,

JB

Reply

 Charles says:
February 13, 2014 at 7:16 pm

Hi JB,

Q1: I am not sure why you are using such a complicated formula. I use =RANK(x,R1) + (COUNTIF(R1,x)-
1)/2 and it works fine. I tried it with repeated values of 1.38, 3.6 and 70.4 and it works as you would
expect. You can also use RANK.AVG in Excel 2010/2013. With earlier versions of Excel you can use the
function RANK_AVG found in the Real Statistics tool pack.

Q2: For larger sample sizes, you don’t need a table. The idea is that the z value is normally distributed and
so you can use the NORMSDIST function. This is easier. Easier still is to use the MTEST function or T-
Test and Non-parametric Equivalents data analysis function found in the Real Statistics tool pack.

Q3: You can download the Real Statistics tool pack for free.
 Charles

Reply

4. J. Basu says:

February 14, 2014 at 9:28 pm

Thank you.

Reply

5. Amber Davidson says:

April 4, 2014 at 11:26 pm

Any chance you can get the mean and standard deviation for two tailed Mann-Whitney U Test? I assume
when it says Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Paired Samples after I do the test it is actually the Mann-
Whitney U Test, correct?

And what if I’m dealing with time? Do I still leave the Mean/Median at 0? Just want to make sure it
doesn’t mess up my results.

And if this works, you are a LIFESAVER!

Reply

 Charles says:
April 8, 2014 at 8:01 am

Amber,

The mean and standard deviation provided work for both the one-tail and two-tail tests. I just didn’t write
the information twice (e.g. in Figure 4) since it is the same.

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Paired Samples is not the same as the Mann-Whitney U Test,
although they have many characteristics in common. If you have paired samples you should use the test
described on the webpage http://www.real-statistics.com/non-parametric-tests/wilcoxon-signed-ranks-
test/.

The Hypothetical Mean/Median field is not used with the current implementation of the Mann-Whitney
Test or Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Paired Samples, and so you may assume that the value is 0.
 Charles

Reply

6. Saad says:

July 16, 2014 at 5:15 am

Hi Charles

I noticed that calculating p-value using

MTEST(R1, R2, t) or
Ctrl-m and choose the T Test and Non-parametric Equivalents

gives different results (~ 10% different)!

Any insight pls?
Thanks

Reply

 Charles says:
July 17, 2014 at 11:06 pm

Saad,
I have never seen this before. It sounds lie an error. Can you send me an example where this is the case?
Charles

Reply

 Charles says:
July 20, 2014 at 10:08 pm

Hi Saad,
In al the examples that I have seen, the function and data analysis tool give the same results. Can you send
me the example where the two results are different?
Charles

Reply

Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for Independent Samples

When the requirements for the t-test for two independent samples are not satisfied, the Wilcoxon
Rank-Sum non-parametric test can often be used provided the two independent samples are drawn
from populations with an ordinal distribution.

For this test we use the following null hypothesis:

H : the observations come from the same population

0

From a practical point of view, this implies:

H : if one observation is made at random from each population (call them x and y ), then the probability
0 0 0

that x > y is the same as the probability that x < y , and so the populations for each sample have the same
0 0 0 0

medians.

We illustrate the technique with the following examples.

Example 1: Repeat Example 2 from Two Sample t Test with Unequal Variances to test whether a new
hay fever drug is effective, but this time using the data from Figure 1.

Figure 1 – Data for Example 1

When we look at the QQ Plot for the Control group we see that it is not very normal, but more concerning
is that the Box Plot for the group that took the drug shows that the data is not very symmetric (see Figure
2). We therefore decide to use the Wilcoxon Sign-Rank test instead of the t-test.
 Figure 2 – QQ Plot and Box Plots for data in Example 1

The results of the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test are displayed in Figure 3.

Figure 3 – Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Example 1

We begin by calculating the ranks of the combined 24 raw scores using the supplemental RANK_AVG
function (or the standard RANK.AVG function in Excel 2010). See Ranking for details. E.g., the contents
of cell D6 is the rank of the first participant in the Control group, namely RANK_AVG(A6,$A$6:$B$17,1)
which is the same as

=RANK(A6,$A$6:$B$17,1) + (COUNTIF($A$6:$B$17,A6)-1)/2.

using the standard Excel 2007 rank function (see Ranking).

We then calculate the sum of the ranks for each group to arrive at the rank sums R = 119.5 and R = 180.5.
1 2

Since the sample sizes are equal, the value of the test statistic W = the smaller of R and R , which for this
1 2

example means that W = 119.5 (cell H10).

We next compare W with the critical value W , which can be found in the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Table.
crit

Since the sample sizes are both 12, we look up the critical value in the table for α = .05 (two-tail) where n
1

= n = 12, and find that W = 115. This represents the smallest value we could expect to obtain for W if the
2 crit

null hypothesis were true. Since W = 119.5 > 115 = W , we cannot reject the null hypothesis, and so
crit

conclude there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the drug and the control.

Example 2: Repeat Example 1 with the last data element for the group that took the drug removed.

We again use the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, but this time the sample sizes are unequal. The test is as in
Figure 4.

Figure 4 – Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Example 2

The rank sums are calculated as in the previous example, although since some of the data may be blank,
we need to use a formula such as

=IF(A6<>””,RANK_AVG(A6,$A$6:$B$17,1),””).

Since the sample sizes are different, a bit more care is required. Essentially W represents the left tail
statistic and so we need to also evaluate the right tail statistic W′, which can be obtained by using reverse
ranking as described in Figure 5:
 Figure 5 – Calculation of W′ using reverse ranks

The value of W′ is therefore the sum of the ranks for the smaller sample, i.e. 105.5. Fortunately, because of
symmetry, W’ can more easily be obtained via the formula

where (the smaller sample size) and (the larger sample size). Thus we obtain

W′ = 11(11+12+1) –158.5 = 105.5 (the value in cell H11)

For the two tailed test, which is what we usually require, we compare the smaller of W and W′ with W . crit

To find the value of W , we again use the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Table for α = .05 (two-tail) where n = 11
crit 1

and n = 12 to obtain W = 99. Since min(W,W′) = min(158.5,105.5) = 105.5 > 99 = W , once again we
2 crit crit

cannot reject the null hypothesis.

Observation: When n = n , then W′ = R , i.e. the rank sum of the larger sample. Thus in Example 1, W′ =
1 2 2

180.5

Property 1: Suppose sample 1 has size n and rank sum R and sample 2 has size n and rank sum R , then
1 1 2 2

R + R = n(n+1)/2 where n = n + n .
1 2 1 2

Property 2: When the two samples are sufficiently large (say of size > 10, although some say 20), then
the W statistic is approximately normal N(μ, σ) where

Observation: Click here for a proof of Property 1 or 2.

Observation: Using Property 2, for samples sufficiently large, we can test W using the techniques from
Sampling Distributions. Note that the result is the same whether we use W or W′.

Observation: Since it compares rank sums, the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test is more robust than the t-test
as it is less likely to indicate spurious results based on the presence of outliers. Even for large samples
where the assumptions for the t-test are met, the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test is only a little less efficient than
the t-test.

Example 3: The objective of a study was to determine whether there is a significant difference in the
median life expectancy between smokers and non-smokers. 38 smokers and 40 non-smokers were chosen
at random and their age at death recorded in Figure 6.

Figure 6 – Life expectancy for both groups

A table of ranks is created and the values of W and W′ are calculated as in Examples 1 and 2. Since the
sample sizes are sufficiently large, we can test W (or W′) using the normal distribution as described in
Figure 7.
 Figure 7 – Wilcoxon rank-sum test using normal approximation

Since there are fewer smokers than non-smokers, W = the rank sum for the smokers = 1227 (cell U8). We
calculate the mean (cell U14) and variance (cell U15) for W using the formulas =U6*(T6+U6+1)/2 and
=U14*T6/6 respectively. The standard deviation (cell U16) is then given by the formula =SQRT(U15) as
usual.

We now calculate the p-value (cell U17) using the formula =NORMDIST(U8, U14, U16, TRUE) since W <
WW. If W > WW, as usual we would use the formula =1 – NORMDIST(U8, U14, U16, TRUE). Alternatively, we
could have created the z-score and calculated the p-value using NORMSDIST.

Since p-value = .03 < .05 = α, we reject the null hypothesis (one tail test) and conclude that there is a
significant difference between the life expectancy of smokers and non-smokers.

Note that if we had used W′ (column T of Figure 7), we would get the same p-value and come to the same
conclusion.

Real Statistics Excel Functions: The following functions are provided in the Real Statistics Pack:

RANK_COMBINED(x, R1, R2, d) = the ranging of element x in the combination of ranges R1 and R2. If
d = 0 (or is omitted), then the ranking is in decreasing order; otherwise it is in increasing order. The rank
is corrected for ties as in RANK.AVG or RANK_AVG (see Ranking).

RANK_SUM(R1, R2, d) = sum of the ranks of all the elements in range R1 based on the combination of
ranges R1 and R2. If d = 0 (or is omitted), then the ranking is in decreasing order; otherwise it is in
increasing order. Rankings are corrected for ties as in RANK.AVG or RANK_AVG (see Ranking).

RANK_SUM(R1, k, d) = sum of the ranks of all the elements in the kth column of range R1. If d = 0 (or is
omitted), then the ranking is in decreasing order; otherwise it is in increasing order. Rankings are
corrected for ties as in RANK.AVG or RANK_AVG (see Ranking).

WILCOXON(R1, R2) = minimum of W and W′ for the samples contained in ranges R1 and R2

WILCOXON(R1, n) = minimum of W and W′ for the samples contained in the first n columns of range
R1 and the remaining columns of range R1. If the second argument is omitted it defaults to 1.

WTEST(R1, R2, t) = p-value of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for the samples contained in ranges R1 and
R2; t = the # of tails: t = 1 (default) or t = 2.

WTEST(R1, n, t) = p-value of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for the samples contained in the first n
columns of range R1 and the remaining columns of range R1. If the second argument is omitted it defaults
to 1. t = the # of tails: t = 1 (default) or t = 2.
WCRIT(n , n , α, t) = critical value of the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test for samples of size n and n , for the
1 2 1 2

given value of alpha and t = 1 (one tail) or 2 (two tails) based on the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Table.

WPROB(x, n1, n2, tails, iter) = an approximate p-value for Wilcoxon rank-sum test x (= the minimum of
W and W′) for samples of size n1 and n2 and tails = 1 (one tail) or 2 (two tails, default) based on a linear
interpolation of the values in the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Table using iter number of iterations (default = 40).

Note that the values for α in the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Table range from .01 to .2 for tails = 2 and .005 to .1
for tails = 1. If the p-value is less than .01 (tails = 2) or .005 (tails = 1) then the p-value is given as 0 and if
the p-value is greater than .2 (tails = 2) or .1 (tails = 1) then the p-value is given as 1.

The WILCOXON and WTEST functions ignore any empty or non-numeric cells.

Caution: For releases of the Real Statistics Resource Pack prior to Release 2.16.1, n1 ≥ n2 in WCRIT,
while n1 ≤ n2 in WPROB. Also there are some errors in the calculation of the WPROB function. These
shortcomings are eliminated starting with Release 2.16.1.

Observation: If R1 represents the first n columns of range R and R2 represents the remaining columns
in range R, then WILCOXON(R, n) = WILCOXON(R1, R2) and WTEST(R, n) = WTEST(R1, R2). Of
course, WILCOXON(R1, R2) and WTEST(R1, R2) can also be used when the two ranges are not
contiguous.

Similarly, if R1 represents the first n columns of range R and R2 represents the remaining columns in
range R, then RANK_COMBINED(x, R1, R2, d) = RANK_AVG(x, R, d). The RANK_COMBINED function
is especially useful, however, when R1 and R2 are not contiguous.

Observation: In Example 2, we can use the supplemental function to arrive at the same value for the
minimum of W and W′, namely WILCOXON(A6:B17) = 105.5. Also RANK_COMBINED(34, A6:A17,
B6:B7, 1) = 2.5, RANK_SUM(A6:A17, B6:B17) = 170.5 and RANK_SUM(B6:B17, A6:A17) = 105.5.

Also WCRIT(H5,I5,H8,H9) = WCRIT(12, 11, .05, 2) = 99 (the value in cell H12 of Figure 4). Finally note
that the p-value = WPROB(H11,I5,H5,H9) = WPROB(105.5, 11, 12, 2) = .125 > .05 = α, and so once again
we can’t reject the null hypothesis.

Similarly in Example 3, we can use the supplemental function to arrive at the same value for the minimum
of W and W′, namely WILCOXON(J6:Q15, 4) = WILCOXON(J6:M15, N6:Q15) = 1227, as well as the same
p-value (assuming a normal approximation), namely WTEST(J6:Q15, 4) = WTEST(J6:M15, N6:Q15) =
0.003081. Also RANK_COMBINED(72, J6:M15, N6:Q15, 1) = 37, RANK_SUM(J6:M15, N6:Q15) = 1854
and RANK_SUM(N6:Q15, J6:M15) = 1227

Observation: The effect size for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test is given by the correlation coefficient
(see Basic Concepts of Correlation). The correlation coefficient for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test is given
by the formula
 where the z-score is

For Example 3,

and so

As described in Correlation in Relation to t-test, a rough estimate of effect size is that r = .5 represents a
large effect size, r = .3 represents a medium effect size and r = .1 represents a small effect. Thus, for
Example 3 we have a medium sized effect.

Also see Mann-Whitney Test (including Figure 2) for more information about how to calculate the effect
size r in Excel.

4 Responses to Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for Independent Samples

1. Colin says:

January 13, 2014 at 4:15 am

Sir
At the end of Example 1, you wrote:” Since W = 119.5 > 115 = Wcrit, we cannot reject the null hypothesis,
and so conclude there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the drug and the control.”
Is that right?

Reply

 Charles says:
January 17, 2014 at 9:48 am
 Colin,
Yes. It is correct. When W > W-crit you cannot reject the null hypothesis.
Charles

Reply

2. Colin says:

March 24, 2014 at 3:11 pm

Sir

In Real Statistics Excel Functions, when d = o or omitted the ranking is in descending order.

Colin

Reply

 Charles says:
March 26, 2014 at 9:51 pm

Colin,
You are correct. I have corrected on the website. Thanks for catching this error.
Charles

Mann-Whitney Table

The following tables provide critical values of for various values of alpha, two-tailed. For one-tail tests
halve the value of alpha and use the appropriate two-tailed table. See Mann-Whitney Test for details.

Alpha = .01 (two-tailed)

Alpha = .02 (two-tailed)

Alpha = .05 (two-tailed)

Alpha = .10 (two-tailed)

2 Responses to Mann-Whitney Table