Digital Operations

Digital Operations
M0.0 CMP ==I Q 9.7
IW0 IN1
IW2 IN2
T4
I 0.7 S_ODT Q8.5
S Q
S5T#35s TV BI MW0
I 0.5
R BCD QW12
SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

Automation and Drives
Siemens AG 2000. All rights reserved. File: PRO1_08E.1
Contents Page
Number Formats (16 Bits) ................................................................................................................ 2

Number Formats (32 Bits) ............................................................................................................... 3
Loading and Transferring Data (1) ............................................................................................... 4
S5 Counters in STEP 7 ........................................................................................................................ 7
Counters: Function Diagram ............................................................................................................. 8
Counters: Bit Instructions ................................................................................................................... 9
Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18) ........................................................................... 10
Timers: ON Delay (SD) ………........................................................................................................ 11
Timers: Time Formats for S5 Timers in STEP 7 ................................................................................ 12
Timers: Stored ON Delay (SS) ………………................................................................................... 13
Timers: Pulse (SP) ............................................................................................................................. 14
Timers: Extended Pulse (SE) .......................................................................................................... 15
Timers: OFF Delay (SF) ………...................................................................................................... 16
Timers: Bit Instructions ..................................................................................................................... 17
Exercise: Monitoring of Transport Functions (FC 17) …..…........................................................... 18
Conversion Operations BCD <-> Integer ....................................................................................... 19
Comparison Operations ....................................................................................................................... 20
Basic Mathematical Functions ………............................................................................................ 21
Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18) .......................................................................... 22
Conversion Operations I -> DI -> REAL ......................................................................................... 23
Digital Logic Operations .................................................................................................................... 24
SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

Automation and Drives Page 1 Digital Operations
Number Formats (16 Bits)
PG CPU
Sign (+) 2 9 6
BCD W#16#296
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
Positive
Numbers 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
INTEGER
+296 28 25 23
= = =
256 + 32 + 8 = 296
Sign (-) 4 1 3
BCD W#16#F413
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Negative
Numbers 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
INTEGER
-413 28 27 24 23 22
= = = = =
256+ 128 + 16+8+ 4 = 412
- (412 + 1) = - 413

BCD Code Each digit of a decimal number is encoded in four bit positions. Four bits are
used because the highest decimal digit, 9, requires at least four bit positions in
binary code ( 1001).
The decimal digits from 0 to 9 are represented in BCD code in the same way as
the binary numbers from 0 to 9.
INTEGER The data type INT is an integer (16 bits).

The sign (bit 15) indicates whether the number is positive or negative ("0" =
positive, "1" = negative).
A 16-bit integer can be between -32 768 and +32 767.
In binary format, the negative form of an integer is represented as the twos
complement of the positive integer. (The twos complement is obtained by
reversing the bit pattern and then adding 1.)
In evaluating the bit pattern of a negative number, the zero positions are
weighted, then 1 is added to the result and a minus sign is placed in front.

Number Formats (32 Bits)
BCD Sign (+) 0 0 0 0 2 9 6
DW#16#296 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DINT
+296 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
28 25 23
= = =
Integer (32 Bit) = 256 + 32 + 8 = 296
REAL General Format of a Real Number = (Sign) • (1.f) • (2e-127)

+0.75 Sign of
or Real No e = Exponent (8 Bit) f = Mantissa (23 Bit)
+7.5 E-1
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 ..... 2-23
Real No = +1,5 * 2 126-127 = 0,75

DINT 32-bit integers with sign are also referred to as "double integers" or "long
integers".
They cover the range from L# -2147483648 to L#+2147483647.
REAL A real number (also known as a floating-point number) is a positive or negative

number in the range from -1.175495•10-38 to 3,402823•1038 .
Examples: +10.339 or +1.0339E1
-234567 or -2.34567E5.
In exponential representation the exponent is specified as a power of 10.
A real number takes up two words in memory. The most significant bit indicates
the sign. The other bits represent the mantissa and the exponent to the base 2.
Note: The representation of real numbers in STEP 7 is in accordance with the

IEEE standard.

Loading and Transferring Data (1)
LAD FBD STL
MOVE MOVE
L +5
EN ENO EN OUT MB5
T MB5
5 IN OUT MB5 5 IN ENO
Examples L +5 // 16-bit constant (Integer)

of Load L L#523123 // 32-bit constant (Double
Integer)
L B#16#EF // byte in hexadecimal form.
L 2#0010 0110 1110 0011 // 16-bit binary value
L 3.14 // 32-bit constant (Real)

MOVE (LAD/FBD) If the EN input is active, the value at input “IN” is copied to the address at output
“OUT”.
“ENO” has the same signal state as “EN”.
L and T (STL) Load and Transfer instructions are executed regardless of the RLO. Data is
exchanged via the accumulator.
The Load instruction writes the value from the source address right-justified into
accumulator 1 and pads the remaining bits (32 bits in all) with "0"s.
The Transfer instruction copies some or all of the contents of the accumulator to
the specified destination (see next page).

Content of Content of
ACCU1 ACCU2
Programm
X X X X X X X X Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
:
:
L W#16#CAFE 0 0 0 0 C
0 A
0 F
0 E
0 X X X X X X X X
L W#16#AFFE 0 0 0 0 A
0 F
0 F
0 E
0 0 0 0 0 C A F E
:
:
:

ACCU1 ACCU 1 is the central register in the CPU. When a Load instruction is executed,
the value to be loaded is written into ACCU 1; for a Transfer instruction the
value to be transferred is read from ACCU 1, and the results of the
mathematical functions, Shift and Rotate operations, etc. are also entered in
ACCU 1.
ACCU2 When a Load instruction is executed, the old contents of ACCU 1 are first shifted
to ACCU 2 and ACCU 1 is cleared (reset to “0”) before the new value is written
into ACCU 1.
ACCU 2 is also used for comparison operations, digital logic operations,

mathematical and Shift operations. These operations will be discussed in detail
later on.

Contents of ACCU1
Program
31 23 15 7 0
L MB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MB0
31 23 15 7 0
Load 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MB0 MB1
L MW 0
31 23 15 7 0
L MD 0 MB0 MB1 MB2 MB3
T QD 4
QD 4
Transfer T QW 4
QW 4
T QB 4
QB 4

General Accumulators are auxiliary memories in the CPU for data exchange between
various addresses and for comparison and mathematical operations.
The S7-300 has 2 accumulators with 32 bits each and the S7-400 has 4
accumulators with 32 bits each.
Load The Load instruction loads the contents of the specified byte, word or double
word into ACCU 1.
Transfer When a Transfer instruction is executed, the contents of ACCU 1 are retained.
The same information can therefore be transferred to different destinations. If
only one byte is transferred, the eight bits furthest to the right are used (see
diagram).
RLO In LAD and FBD you can use the Enable input (EN) of the MOVE box to make
Load and Transfer operations dependent on the RLO.
In STL Load and Transfer operations are always executed, regardless of the
RLO, but you can implement RLO-dependent load and transfer by using
conditional jumps to skip the Load / Transfer instructions.

S5 Counters in STEP 7
LAD FBD STL
A I0.4
C5 C5
CU C5
S_CUD S_CUD A I0.5
I 0.4 Q 8.3
CU Q
Q I 0.4 CU CD C5
A I0.3
I 0.5
L C#20
CD I 0.5 CD
S C5
I 0.3 A I0.7
S I 0.3 S CV MW 4 R C5
L C5
C#20 PV CV MW 4 C#20 PV CV_BCD QW 12 T MW4
Q 8.3 LC C5
I 0.7
R CV_BCD QW 12 I 0.7 R Q
Q = T QW12
A C5
= Q8.3

Counter Value A 16-bit word is reserved for each counter in the system data memory. This is
used for storing the counter value for the counter (0...999) in binary code.
Count Up When the RLO at the "CU" input changes from "0" to "1" the current counter
reading is incremented by 1 (upper limit = 999).
Count Down When the RLO at the "CD" input changes from "0" to "1" the current counter
reading is decremented by 1 (lower limit = 0).
Set Counter When the RLO at the "S" input changes from "0" to "1" the counter is set to the
value at the "CV" input.
Reset Counter When RLO = 1 the counter is set to zero. If the Reset condition is fulfilled, the
counter cannot be set and counting is not possible.
PV The preset value (0...999) is specified in BCD at the "PV" input:

• as a constant (C#...)
• in BCD format via a data interface.
CV / CV_BCD The counter value can be loaded as a binary number or BCD number into the
accumulator and transferred from there to other addresses.
Q The signal state of the counter can be checked at output "Q":

• Count = 0 -> Q = 0
• Count >< 0 -> Q = 1
Types of Counter • S_CU = Up counter (counts up only)

• S_CD = Down counter (counts down only)
• S_CUD = Up/Down counter.

Counters: Function Diagram
CU
CD
5
4
3
Count
2
1
0

Notes If the counter reaches the value 999 during up counting, or the value 0 during
down counting, then the count remains unchanged even in the case of further
counting pulses.
If up counting and down counting is lined up at the same time, the count remains
the same.

Counters: Bit Instructions
LAD FBD STL
Network 1: C5
I 0.0 SC
I 0.0 C5
A I 0.0
SC L C#20
C#20 CV
C#20 S C5
Network 2:
C5
I 0.1 C5
I 0.1 CU A I 0.1
CU
CU C5
Network 3:
I 0.2 C5 C5
A I 0.2
CD I 0.2 CD CD C5
Network 4:
C5 Q 4.0 Q 4.0
A C5
C5 = = Q 4.0

Bit Instructions All counter functions can also operate with simple bit instructions. The
similarities and differences between this method and the counter functions
discussed so far are as follows:
• Similarities:
- Setting conditions at the "SC" input
- Specification of the counter value
- RLO change at the "CU" input
- RLO change at the "CD" input
• Differences:
- It is not possible to check the current counter value
(there are no BI and BCD outputs).
- There is no binary output Q in the graphical representation.
Note IEC-compliant counters can also be implemented in STEP 7.

The use of system function blocks for implementing IEC counters is dealt with in
an advanced programming course.

Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18)
DI DO Q 8....
Q 4....
I 0.0 System_ON .0 ACTUAL number of parts
I 0.1 System_OFF System .1
I 0.2 Jog_RIGHT MANUAL .2
I 0.3 Jog_LEFT AUTO .3 V
I 0.4 AUTO / MANUAL .4

I 0.5 Accept .5 QW 12 / QW 6
-15V...+15V -15V...+15V
I 0.6 .6 AI2 AO1
AI1 AO2
I 0.7 .7
AI1 AI2
V
0 8 1 5 AI1 AI2 AO1 AO2

Function Up Till Now In AUTO mode, parts are transported from Location 1 or 2 to the location Final
Control or through past the light barrier. The transportation function starts as
soon as a part is placed on Location 1 or 2 and the associated location
momentary contact switch is pressed and it ends as soon as the part has
passed the light barrier.
Task: • The parts transported in AUTO mode are to be counted as soon as they
reach the Location - Final Control or they have passed the light barrier.
• The number of transported parts (ACTUAL number of parts) is to be
displayed on the BCD digital display.
• The counter is to be reset when the system is switched off (Q 8.1 / 4.1 = ´0).
What To Do: • Program the counting of the transported parts in block FC 18. Use the S5
counter C 18 in the FC 18 for this.
• Program the call of FC 18 in OB 1

Timers: ON Delay (SD)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4
I 0.7 S_ODT Q8.5 S_ODT A I 0.7
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 L S5T#35s
S5T#35s TV BI MW0 S5T#35s QW12
SD T4
TV BCD
I 0.5 Q8.5 A I 0.5
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R Q = R T4
L T4
T MW0
RLO at S
LC T4
RLO at R T QW12
A T4
Timer = Q8.5
operation
Example
Data type 0.01s <-- 0 0

0.1s <-- 0 1
“S5TIME” 1s <-- 1 0 Time value: 0 . . . 999
10s <-- 1 1

Start The timer starts when the RLO at the "S" input changes from “0” to “1”. The
timer runs starting with the time value specified at the TV input as long as the
signal state at input S =1.
Reset When the RLO at Reset input "R" is "1", the current time value and the time
base are deleted and output Q is reset.
Digital Outputs The current time value can be read as a binary number at the BI output and as a
BCD number at the BCD output.
The current time value is the initial value of TV minus the value for the time that
has elapsed since the timer was started.
Binary Output The signal at the "Q" output changes to "1" when the timer has expired without
error and input "S" has signal state "1".
If the signal state at the "S" input changes from "1" to "0" before the timer has
expired, the timer stops running. In this case output “Q” has signal state "0".

Timers: Time Formats for S5 Timers in STEP 7
102 101 100
Format for time specifications X X
Time base Time value (BCD code)
Timer cell in system data memory X X X X
Time base Time value (Binary number)
ACCU contents after “L T...” X X X X X X
Time value (Binary number)
102 101 100
ACCU contents after “LC T...” X X
Time base Time value (BCD code)

Time Specifications 1. Fixed time values specified as time constants (e.g.: S5T#100ms, S5T#35s,
S5T#5m2s200ms, S5T#2h2m2s50ms).
2. Time values to be changed by the machine operator using pushwheel buttons.
3. Process or recipe-dependent time values in memory words or data words.
Timer Cell A special area of memory is reserved for timers in your CPU. This area contains
a 16-bit word for each timer address.
Bits 0 to 9 of the timer word contain the time value in binary code.
When the timer is updated, the time value is decremented by one unit at the
interval defined by the time base.
Time Base Bits 12 and 13 of the timer word contain the time base in binary code:
0 = 10 ms
1 = 100 ms
2 = 1s
3 = 10 s.
The time base defines the interval at which the time value is to be decremented
by one unit.
When the time is specified as a constant (S5T#...), the time base is assigned
automatically by the system. If the time is to be specified using pushwheel
buttons or via a data interface, the user must also specify the time base.
L / BI The address at the “BI” output contains the time value in the form of a
10-digit binary number (without time base!).
LC / BCD The address at the “BCD” output contains both the time value as a 3-digit BCD
number (12 bits) and the time format (bits 12 and 13).
Note IEC-compliant timers can also be implemented in STEP7.

The use of system function blocks for implementing IEC timers is dealt with in
an advanced programming course.

Timers: Stored ON Delay (SS)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_ODTS Q8.5 S_ODTS L S5T#35s
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 SS T4
S5T#35s BI MW0 A I 0.5
TV S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
I 0.5 Q8.5 R T4
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R Q = L T4
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5
RLO at S
RLO at R
Timer
operation
Example

Start The timer starts when the RLO at the "S" input changes from "0" to "1". The
timer runs starting with the time value specified at input TV and continues to run
even if the signal at input "S" changes to "0" during that time.
If the signal at the Start input changes from “0” to “1” again while the timer is still
running, the timer starts again from the beginning.
Binary Output The signal state at output Q changes to "1" when the timer has expired without
error, regardless of whether the signal state at the "S" input is still "1".

Timers: Pulse (SP)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_PULSE Q8.5 S_PULSE L S5T#35s
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 SP T4
S5T#35s BI A I 0.5
TV MW0 S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
I 0.5 Q8.5 R T4
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R = L T4
Q
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5
RLO at S
RLO at R
Timer
operation
Example

Start The timer starts when the RLO at the “S” input changes from “0” to “1”. Output
“Q” is also set to “1”.
Reset Output “Q” is reset when:

• the timer has expired, or
• the Start signal changes from “1” to “0”, or
• the Reset input “R” has signal state “1”.

Timers: Extended Pulse (SE)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_PEXT Q8.5 S_PEXT L S5T#35s
S Q MW0 SE T4
I 0.7 S BI
S5T#35s TV BI MW0 A I 0.5
S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
I 0.5 A8.5 R T4
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R L T4
Q =
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5
RLO at S
RLO at R
Timer
Operation
Example

Start The timer starts when the RLO at the "S" input changes from “0” to “1”. Output
"Q" is also set to “1”.
The signal state at output “Q” remains at “1” even if the signal at the "S" input
changes to “0”.
If the signal at the Start input changes from “0” to “1” again while the timer is
running, the timer is restarted.
Reset Output “Q” is reset when:

• the timer has expired, or
• the Reset input "R" has signal state "1".

Timers: OFF Delay (SF)
LAD FBD STL
T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_OFFDT Q8.5 S_OFFDT L S5T#35s
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 SF T4
S5T#35s BI MW0 A I 0.5
TV S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
I 0.5 Q8.5 R T4
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R Q = L T4
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5
RLO at S
RLO at R
Timer
operation
Example

Start The timer starts when the RLO at the "S" input changes from “1” to “0”. When
the timer has expired, the signal state at output Q changes to "0".
If the signal state at the "S" input changes from “0” to “1” while the timer is
running, the timer stops and the next time the signal state changes from "1" to
"0" it starts again from the beginning.
If both inputs (S and R) have signal state “1”, output “Q” is not set until the
dominant Reset is deactivated.
Binary Output Output "Q" is activated when the RLO at the "S" input changes from “0” to “1”. If
input “S” is deactivated, output “Q” continues to have signal state “1” until the
programmed time has expired.

Timers: Bit Instructions
LAD FBD STL
Network 1:
T4
I 0.0 T4 I 0.0 & SD A I 0.0
SD L S5T#5s
S5T#5s TV SD T4
S5T#5s
Network 2:
T4 Q 8.0 Q 8.0
A T4
T4 & =
= Q 8.0
Network 3:
T4
I 0.1 T4 A I 0.1
R I 0.1 & R R T4

Bit Instructions All timer functions can also be started with simple bit instructions. The
similarities and differences between this method and the timer functions
discussed so far are as follows:
• Similarities:
- Start conditions at the "S" input
- Specification of the time value
- Reset conditions at the “R” input
- Signal response at output “Q”
• Differences (for LAD and FBD):
- It is not possible to check the current time value (there are no BI and
BCD outputs).

Exercise: Monitoring of the Transport Functions (FC 17)
DI DO Q 8....
Q 4....
I 0.0 System_ON Disturbance .0 ACTUAL number of parts

I 0.5 Accept .5 QW 12 / QW 6
-15V...+15V -15V...+15V
I 0.6 .6 AI2 AO1
AI1 AO2
I 0.7 .7
I 1.0 Ack_Dist
AI1 AI2
Weight V
0 8 1 5 AI1 AI2 AO1 AO2

Function Up Till Now: In AUTO mode, parts are transported from Location 1 or 2 to the location Final
(in FC 16) Control. The transportation function starts as soon as a part is placed on
Location 1 or 2 and the associated location momentary contact switch is
pressed and it ends as soon as the part has passed the light barrier.
Task: The sequence of the transport functions in AUTO mode is to be monitored.

Monitoring is to function as follows:
• If a transport function takes longer than the monitoring time of 6 seconds, a
disturbance is indicated and the conveyor motor is automatically switched off
(logic operation in FC 16)
• A disturbance is displayed with a 2 Hz flashing light (bit no. 3 of the CPU
clock memory byte MB 10) at the simulator LED Q 8.0 / Q 4.0
• A disturbance can be acknowledged through the simulator momentary
contact switch "Ack_Dist" I 1.0
• A new transport function can only be started after the disturbance has been
acknowledged. (lock-out in FC 16)
What To Do: • Program the described monitoring function in FC 17

- Use the S5 timer T 17 as ON delay (SD) for the monitoring
- Set the bit memory M 17.0 when a disturbance occurs, so that you can
then process it in FC 16.
• Program the call of FC 17 in OB 1
• Program the necessary lock-out or switching off of the conveyor motor when
a disturbance occurs in FC 16.

Conversion Operations BCD <-> Integer
Number Conversion
entered in BCD 0 81 5 BCD->Integer
User program with
Task
integer math
operations
Number Conversion
displayed 0 2 4 8 BCD<-Integer
in BCD
LAD FBD STL
BCD_I BCD_I L I W4
EN ENO EN OUT MW20 BTI
T MW20
I W4 IN OUT MW20 I W4 IN ENO
I_BCD I_BCD L MW10

EN ENO EN OUT QW12 ITB
T QW12
MW10 IN OUT QW12 MW10 IN ENO

Example A user program is to perform mathematical functions using values entered with
pushwheel buttons and display the result on a digital display. Mathematical
functions cannot be performed in BCD format, so the format must be changed.
Conversion The instruction set of the S7-300/400 supports a multitude of conversion

Instructions facilities. The instructions all have the same format:
EN, ENO If RLO is =1 at Enable input EN, the conversion is performed. Enable output
ENO always has the same signal state as EN. If this is not the case, it is clearly
indicated in the corresponding instructions.
IN When EN=1, the value at IN is read into the conversion instruction.
OUT The result of the conversion is stored at the address at the OUT output.
BCD_I / BTI (Convert BCD to integer) reads the contents of the IN parameter as a three-digit
BCD number (+/- 999) and converts it to an integer value (16 bits).
I_BCD / ITB (Convert integer to BCD) reads the contents of the IN parameter as an integer
value (16 bits) and converts this value to a three-digit BCD number (+/- 999). If
an overflow occurs, ENO = 0.
BCD_DI / BTD Converts a BCD number (+/- 9999999) to a double integer (32 bits).
DI_BCD / DTB Converts a double integer to a seven-digit BCD number (+/- 9999999). If an
overflow occurs, ENO = 0.

Comparison Operations
LAD FBD STL
M0.0 CMP ==I Q 9.7 CMP ==I A M0.0

A(
L I W0
I W0 IN1
L I W2
I W0 IN1
==I
I W2 IN2 I W2 IN2 )
&
Q9.7
= Q9.7
=
M0.0

CMP You can use comparison instructions to compare the following pairs of
numerical values:
I Compare integers (on the basis of 16 bit fixed-point number)
D Compare integers (on the basis of 32 bit fixed-point number)
R Compare floating-point numbers (on 32 bit real number basis =
IEEE floating-point numbers).
If the result of the comparison is “True", then the RLO of the operation "1",
otherwise "0".
The values at inputs IN1 and IN2 are compared for conformity with the specified
condition:
== IN1 is equal to IN2
<> IN1 is not equal to IN2
> IN1 is greater than IN2
< IN1 is less than IN2
>= IN1 is greater than or equal to IN2
<= IN1 is less than or equal to IN2.

Basic Mathematical Functions
LAD FBD STL
ADD_I ADD_I L MW4

Addition EN ENO EN OUT MW6 L MW10
MW4 IN1 MW4 IN1 +I
MW10 IN2 OUT MW6 MW10 IN2 ENO T MW6
SUB_I SUB_I L MW5

Subtrac- MW7
tion EN ENO EN OUT L MW11
MW5 IN1 MW5 IN1 -I
T MW7
MW11 IN2 OUT MW7 MW11 IN2 ENO
MUL_R MUL_R L MD6

Multipli- MD66
cation EN ENO EN OUT L MD12
MD6 IN1 MD6 IN1 *R
MD12 IN2 MD66 MD12 IN2 ENO T MD66
DIV_R DIV_R L MD40

EN OUT MD32
Division EN ENO L MD4
MD40 IN1 MD40 IN1 /R
MD4 IN2 OUT MD32 MD4 IN2 ENO T MD32

General The instruction set of the S7-300/400 supports a multitude of mathematical

functions. All the instructions have the same format :
EN The instruction is executed if RLO is =1 at Enable input EN.

ENO If the result is outside the permissible range for the data type concerned,
overflow bits OV=“Overflow” and OS=“Stored Overflow” are set and Enable
output ENO=0. This prevents subsequent operations dependent on ENO from
being executed.
IN1,IN2 The value at IN1 is read in as the first address and the value at IN2 as the
second.
OUT The result of the mathematical operation is stored at the address at output OUT.
Instructions Addition: ADD_I Add integer

ADD_DI Add double integer
ADD_R Add real number
Subtraction: SUB_I Subtract integer
SUB_DI Subtract double integer
SUB_R Subtract real number
Multiplication: MUL_I Multiply integer
MUL_DI Multiply double integer
MUL_R Multiply real number
Division: DIV_I Divide integer
DIV_DI Divide double integer
DIV_R Divide real number
Note The advanced mathematical functions (ABS, SQR, SQRT, LN, EXP, SIN, COS,
TAN, ASIN, ACOS, ATAN) are discussed in an advanced programming course.

Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18)
DI DO Q 8....
Q 4....
I 0.0 System_ON Disturbance .0 ACTUAL number of parts

I 0.5 Accept .5 QW 12 / QW 6
-15V...+15V -15V...+15V
I 0.6 .6 AI2 AO1
AI1 AO2
I 0.7 .7
I 1.0 Ack_Dist
AI1 AI2
Weight V
SETPOINT number of parts
0 8 1 5 AI1 AI2 AO1 AO2
IW 4 / IW 2

Function Up Till Now: • The parts transported in AUTO mode are to be counted (with S5 counter
in FC 18 C 18), as soon as they reach the location Final Control or have passed the
light barrier.
• The number of transported parts (ACTUAL number of parts) is displayed on
the BCD digital display.
• The counter is reset when the system is switched off (Q 8.1 / 4.1 = ´0)
Task: • The counting of the transported parts is no longer to be made with the S5
counter C 18, but rather by addition with MW 20. Use the bit memory M 18.0
as auxiliary memory marker for the necessary edge detection.
• The SETPOINT number of, how many parts are to be transported. When the
given SETPOINT number of parts is reached, it is displayed on the red LED
(Q 20.4 / Q 8.4) at the location Final Control.
• As long as the message SETPOINT number of parts reached (red LED)
exists, no other transport function can be started (lock-out in FC 16).
• The message can be acknowledged with the momentary contact switch at
location Final Control. The acknowledgement resets the ACTUAL number of
parts (MW 20) to 0, just as it was for switching off the system.
What To Do: • Insert the organization block OB 121 into your program and download it to
the CPU. A program in OB 121 is not necessary. Downloading the "empty"
OB 121 prevents the CPU from going into the STOP state during setting of
the SETPOINT number of parts by a "rebound" from the BCD pushwheel
button (more information on this in the Chapter OBs).
• Amend your current FC 18 for counting the parts to the new task
• Modify the FC 16 for controlling the conveyor motor according to the task

Conversion Operations I -> DI -> REAL
Data in integer format

(16 bits)
Conversion from Conversion from Math

Task integer to double integer program
double integer to real number with
real numbers
F AWL
I_DI
B MD14
EN OUT
D DI_R
ENO EN OUT MD26
MW12 IN L MW12
LAD ENO ITD
MD14 IN
DTR
T MD26
I_DI DI_R
EN ENO EN ENO
MW12 IN OUT MD14 MD14 IN OUT MD26

Example A user program that works with integers also needs to perform division, which is
likely to result in values less than 1. Since these values can only be represented
as real numbers, conversion to real numbers is necessary. To do this, the
integer must first be converted to a double integer.
I_DI / ITD Converts an integer to a double integer.
DI_R / DTR Converts a double integer to a real number.
Note Other conversion instructions, such as:

• INV_I / INVI
• NEG_I / NEGI
• TRUNC / TRUNC
• ROUND / RND
• CEIL / RND+
• FLOOR / RND-
• INV_DI / INVD
• NEG_DI / NEGD
• NEG_R / NEGR
• CAW, CAD
are discussed in an advanced programming course.

Digital Logic Operations
WXOR_W L IW 0
WOR_W
L W#16#5F2A
WAND_W
AW / OW / XOW
EN ENO
T MW10
IW0 IN1
OUT MW10 15 0
W#16#5F2A IN2
IW0 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
W#16#5F2A = 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
AND OR XOR
MW10 after “AW” 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
MW10 after “OW” 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
MW10 nach “XOW” 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

WAND_W The "AND Word" operation gates the two digital values at inputs IN1 and IN2 bit
by bit in accordance with the AND truth table. The result of the AND operation Is
stored at the address at output OUT.
The instruction is executed when EN = 1.
Example: Masking out the 4th decade of the pushwheel buttons :
IW4= = 0100 0100 1100 0100
W#16#0FFF = 0000 1111 1111 1111
MW30 = 0000 0100 1100 0100
WOR_W The "OR Word" operation gates the two digital values at inputs IN1 and IN2 bit
by bit in accordance with the OR truth table. The result of the OR operation is
stored at the address at output OUT.
The instruction is executed when EN = 1.
Example: Setting bit 0 in MW32 :
MW32 = 0100 0010 0110 1010
W#16#0001 = 0000 0000 0000 0001
MW32 = 0100 0010 0110 1011
WXOR_W The "Exclusive OR Word" operation gates the two digital values at inputs IN1
and IN2 bit by bit in accordance with the XOR truth table. The result of the OR
operation is stored at the address at output OUT. The result of the XOR
operation is stored at the address at output OUT.
The instruction is executed when EN=1.
Example: detecting signal changes in IW0 :
IW0 = 0100 0100 1100 1010
MW28 = 0110 0010 1011 1001
MW24 = 0010 0110 0111 0011


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M0.0 CMP ==I Q 9.7

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

Number Formats (16 Bits) ................................................................................................................ 2

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

INTEGER The data type INT is an integer (16 bits).

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

BCD Sign (+) 0 0 0 0 2 9 6

REAL General Format of a Real Number = (Sign) • (1.f) • (2e-127)

Real No = +1,5 * 2 126-127 = 0,75

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

REAL A real number (also known as a floating-point number) is a positive or negative

Note: The representation of real numbers in STEP 7 is in accordance with the

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

LAD FBD STL

5 IN OUT MB5 5 IN ENO

Examples L +5 // 16-bit constant (Integer)

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

ACCU 2 is also used for comparison operations, digital logic operations,

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

L MD 0 MB0 MB1 MB2 MB3

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

PV The preset value (0...999) is specified in BCD at the "PV" input:

Q The signal state of the counter can be checked at output "Q":

Types of Counter • S_CU = Up counter (counts up only)

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

Note IEC-compliant counters can also be implemented in STEP 7.

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

I 0.4 AUTO / MANUAL .4

0 8 1 5 AI1 AI2 AO1 AO2

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

Data type 0.01s <-- 0 0

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

Format for time specifications X X

Time base Time value (BCD code)

Timer cell in system data memory X X X X

Time base Time value (Binary number)

ACCU contents after “L T...” X X X X X X

Time value (Binary number)

102 101 100

ACCU contents after “LC T...” X X

Time base Time value (BCD code)

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

Note IEC-compliant timers can also be implemented in STEP7.

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

Reset Output “Q” is reset when:

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for

Reset Output “Q” is reset when:

SITRAIN Training for ST-7PRO1

SIMATIC S7 Date: 22.08.2007 SITRAIN Training for