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John Revington
P RAC TIC AL AP PLICAT ION
Identifying Fire Hazards and
Managing Fire Precautions
History of Fire
8 Dead
Hendersons -1960
• Fire alarm did not work
• Delay in calling the fire brigade
• No evacuation procedures
1 1 Dead
Rose & Crown 1969
• Fire alarm did not work
• Doors left open
• No fire procedures
1 1 Dead
Sum merland – Douglas IOM
• Fire alarm not sounded
• Initial call had very little information
• Rapid fire spread
• Large numbers of people
53 Dead
W oolworths -1979
• Alarm not sounded
• Fire Brigade not called
1 1 Dead
Bradford City Football Club
• No means of escape
• Rapid Fire spread
56 Dead
Kings Cross
• Delay in raising the alarm
• No proper procedures
31
dead
W hat Next !
We must be aware of
FIR E
Legal Requirements
• C om b u s ti b l e m a te ri a l s
– F i n i s h e s , F u rn i tu re a n d fu rn i s h i n g s
– Fl am m abl e l i q u i d s an d g ases
– S tru ctu ra l fe a tu re s
• P e op l e a t s i g n i fi ca n t ri s k
– S ta ff
– P e o p l e wi th d i s a b i l i ti e s
– M e m b e rs of th e p u b l i c
• Acti on s re q u i re d to re d u ce i d e n ti fi e d h a za rd s
• C on trol m e a s u re s p re s e n t
Hazards
• Maintenance of plant and
equipment
• Storage and use of flammable
materials
• Flammable liquids
• Work processes involving heat
• Hot work
• Electrical equipment
• Heating appliance
• Smoking
• Building maintenance work
• Waste
Me ans of Escape
• Travel distances
• Alternative routes
• Stairways
• Doors
• Inner rooms
• Checking and maintenance
• Lifts
• Surface finishes
Comp artmentation
• Fire doors
• Glazing
• Sandwich panels
• Sealing around services
• Voids
• Ductwork
• External escape stairs
Fire Alarm and Detection Systems
• Types • Cal l poi n ts
– Dom esti c (sm al l – Si ti n g
workpl aces
on l y) • Testi n g
– H eat
– Si ti n g
Fire Fighting Equipment
• Exti n g u i sh ers
– Types
– Col ou rs
– N u m bers
– Si ti n g
• H ose reel s
• Fi re bl an kets
– Si n g l e poi n t
– M ai n tai n ed
– N on -m ai n tai n ed
• Locati on
• Testi n g an d
M ai n ten an ce
• BS 5266: Part 1
Fire Safety Signs and Notices
• Types
– Plain
– Photoluminescent
• Standards
– BS 5499: Part 1
• Siting
Evacuation Procedures
• Proced u re on
d i scoveri n g a fi re
• Proced u re u pon
h eari n g th e fi re
al arm
• Assem bl y poi n ts
• M an ag em en t
– Fi re ward en s /
m arsh al s
StaffTraining
• Induction
• All staff
– Evacuation procedure
– Escape routes
– Extinguishers
– Machinery
– Disabled
– Hazards
• Fire Wardens
• Those working in areas of
high risk
• Fire drills
Record Keeping
• Staff training
• Fire drills
• Maintenance and
testing
– Fire alarm
– Extinguisher
– Emergency lighting
– etc
Housekeeping
• Stored materials
• Waste
– Away from sources of ignition
• Escape routes
Protection from the Threat of
Arson
• Security
• CCTV
• Illumination
• Waste
• Storage
Introduction to Fire Risk
Assessment
Definitions
• Ri s k As s e s s m e n t
– Th e q u a n ti ta ti ve e va l u a ti on s of th e l i ke l i h ood of
u n d e s i re d e ve n ts a n d th e h a rm or d a m a g e b e i n g
ca u s e d , tog e th e r wi th va l u e j u d g e m e n ts con ce rn i n g th e
s i g n i fi ca n ce of th e re s u l ts .
• Ri s k M a n a g e m e n t
– Th e i d e n ti fi ca ti on , m e a s u re m e n t a n d con trol of ri s ks th a t
th re a te n th e a s s e ts an d e a rn i n g s of a bu si n ess or oth e r
e n te rp ri s e
• Ri s k C o n trol
m e a s u re s th a t might be pu t in p l a ce to re d u ce , if n ot
• Ri sk
– Ri sk i s th e ch an ce (l arg e or sm al l ) of
• M ay i n vol ve val u e j u d g em en ts on th e
si g n i fi can ce of th e ri sks
• Ri sk assessm en t real l y on l y pu ts on to a
al l d o an yway.
• M u rd e re d i n a n y ye a r
– 1 : 1 1 , 000
• S e ri ou s l y i n j u re d i n a ca r a cci d e n t
– 1 : 40
• D e a th ca u se d b y p a s si ve s m oki n g
– 1 : 30, 000
Risk Assessment Methods
• El em en tary m eth od (Home Office method)
• An i n d u stri al m eth od
• An al g ori th m i c m eth od
• S te p 2 : I d e n ti fy l o ca ti on of p e op l e a t s i g n i fi ca n t ri s k
• S te p 3 : E va l u a te th e ri s ks
- Are e xi s ti n g fi re s a fe ty m e a s u re s a d e q u a te ?
- F i re d e te cti on /wa rn i n g , M e a n s of e s ca p e , M e a n s of fi g h ti n g
fi re , M a i n te n a n ce a n d te s ti n g of fi re p re ca u ti on s
- F i re s a fe ty tra i n i n g
- P re p a re a fi re m a n a g e m e n t p l a n
• S te p 5 : Ke e p ri s k a s s e s s m e n ts u n d e r re vi e w
- Re vi s e a s a n d wh e n n e ce s s a ry
Risk Value Ma trix Method
• We d e fi n e th e p rob a b i l i ty th a t a fi re
h a rm th a t wou l d re s u l t from th a t e ve n t
a s th e fire hazard .
• Ri s k Va l u e = F i re H a za rd Va l u e x F i re
Ri s k Va l u e
Risk Value Ma trix Method
Classification Tables
Fi re H a za rd Fi re Ri sk
D e scri p ti on Va l u e D escri p ti on
N eg l i g i bl e 1 U n l i ke l y
Sl i g h t 2 Po ssi b l e
M od era te 3 Q u i te P o s s i b l e
S e ve r e 4 Li ke l y
Very Se ve re 5 Ve ry Li ke l y
Risk Value Ma trix
3 15 12 9 6 3 NORMAL
2 10 8 6 4 2
HIGH
1 5 4 3 2 1
Industrial Me thod
Gather information
and
Revise
Monitor controls
Yes No
Record
Review
No Yes
An Algorithmic Me thod
Hazard Operability Study (H A Z OP )
• P re fe rre d for u s e i n n u cl e a r, ch e m i ca l , a n d
p e troch e m i ca l i n d u s tri e s
• Ap p l i e d to a l i n e d i a g ra m of th e a p p a ra tu s , l i n e b y
line
• G u i d e word s a re u s e d to d e ci d e i f a h a za rd e xi s ts
or cou l d e xi s t i f ce rta i n e ve n ts h a p p e n e d
• Wh e n h a za rd s h a ve b e e n i d e n ti fi e d d e ci s i on s a re
ta ke n to e l i m i n a te th e m a s fa r a s p os s i b l e
Hazard Analysis (H A Z AN)
• F ol l ows H AZO P s tu d y
1
• H a za rd s h a ve to b e a ss e s se d a n d
d e ci s i on s, ta ke n a b ou t e l i m i n a ti n g th e m
• I n s i tu a ti on s wh e re l i ttl e or n o g u i d a n ce i s
a va i l a b l e H AZAN i s a p p l i e d .
• Acci d e n t ri s k i s com p a re d wi th a ta rg e t or
a cti on .
Hazard Analysis (H A Z AN)
2
• H AZAN h a s to a n swe r th re e q u e s ti on s :
– H O W O F TE N wi l l th e h a za rd occu r?
– WH AT wi l l b e th e con s e q u e n ce s to
e m p l oye e s , th e p u b l i c a n d to th e p l a n t?
– H O W d o th e s e com p a re to th e ta rg e t or
cri te ri on ?
H T M 86 - Fire risk assessment in
hospitals
• S p e ci fi c m e th od for h osp i ta l s
• B a se d on re q u i re m e n ts of H TM 8 5
• P re m i se s sp l i t i n to d i scre te u n i ts i . e .
– O u tp a ti e n ts
– P h a rm a cy
– P h ysi oth e ra p y
– I TU
H T M 86 - Fire risk assessment in
hospitals
• Th e a s se s sm e n t i s ca rri e d ou t i n 5
– S ta g e 1 D e p e n d e n cy of p a ti e n ts
– S ta g e 2 E xi s ti n g fi re h a za rd s
– S ta g e 3 E xi s ti n g fi re p re ca u ti on s
– S ta g e 4 Re cord i n g th e a s s e s s m e n t
– S ta g e 5 Wh a t, i f a n y com p e n s a ti on s a re
re q u i re d
H T M 86 - Fire risk assessment in hospitals -
Compensatory Factors
of a p oor fe a tu re on l y b y th e i d e n ti fi ca ti on of
p re ca u ti on s .
• i . e . a h i g h h a za rd i d e n ti fi e d i n “F i re s sta rte d
a “h i g h s ta n d a rd ” of e i th e r “ob se rva ti on ” or
“a l a rm a n d d e te cti on syste m s” .
Possible Degree Of
86
Inadequate Feature
HTM 86
ns ator y Fact ors
Compensatory Factors Compensation
H i g h h azard room s (i . e. AFD system Total
Escape l i g h ti n g Parti al
Refu g e Parti al
H eig h t above g rou n d
Compartmen tation Parti al
• Dwelling = Medium
• Office = Medium
• Shop = Fast
• Hotel reception = Medium
• Hotel bedroom = Medium
• Picture gallery = Slow
• Industrial storage = Ultra fast
• Industrial plant room = Ultra fast
Risk Ranking and Hazard Indices
D
Deefi
fi n
need
d a
ass th
th e
e p
proce
rocess
ss of
of m
m od
od e
ell ll ii n
ngg
a
annd
d scori
scori n
ngg h
haaza
zard
rd a
annd
d e
exp osu re
xposu re
p
paara
ramme
ete
ters
rs to
to p
prod
rod u
u ce
ce a
a ra
rap id
pi d a
annd
d
si
si m
mppll e
e a
asse
ssessm
ssm e
ennt
t of
of re
rell a
ati
ti ve
ve ri
ri sk.
sk.
Risk Ranking and Hazard Indices
• Va l u e s a re a s s i g n e d to s e l e cte d va ri a b l e s b a s e d
on s ta ti s ti ca l e vi d e n ce , p rofe s s i o n a l j u d g e m e n t
a n d p a s t e xp e ri e n ce
• Va ri a b l e s a re re p re s e n ta ti ve o f b o th p o s i ti ve a n d
n e g a ti ve fi re s a fe ty fe a tu re s
• Va l u e s a re o p e ra te d o n b y s o m e co m b i n a ti o n o f
a ri th m e ti c fu n cti o n s to a rri ve a t a s i n g l e va l u e
• Th e re s u l ti n g fi g u re i s th e n com p a re d to oth e r
s i m i l a r a s s e s s m e n ts o r to a s ta n d a rd to ra n k th e
fi re ri s k
Sum mary
• Fi re Ri sk Assessm en t i s a req u i rem en t of th e
Fi re Precau ti on s (Workpl ace) Reg u l ati on s 1 997
(am en d ed 1 999).