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Ef - Ei Q-W
s
ΔEk + ΔEP + ΔU = Q − W
ENERGY
BALANCE:
CLOSED
SYSTEM
ΔEk + ΔEP + ΔU = Q − W
Energy
stored
in
the
system
Energy
transfer
to
and
from
the
system
from
and
to
the
surrounding
No
accelera2on:
ΔEk
=
0
No
change
in
height:
ΔEP
=
0
TSystem
=
Tsurrounding
or
system
is
insulated:
Q
=
0
(adiaba2c)
No
moving
parts
or
electric
currents
or
radia2on
at
boundary:
W
=
0
No
temperature,
phase,
chemical
composi2on
change,
or
pressure
change
less
than
a
few
atmospheres
:
ΔU
=
0
U
–
nearly
independent
of
pressure
for
ideal
gases,
liquids,
solids
EXAMPLE
OF
CLOSED
SYSTEM
ΔEk + ΔEP + ΔU = Q − W
ΔU
=
Q
Change
in
internal
energy
due
to
heat
added
to
ΔU = W
system
Change in
internal energy due to
work added to system
EXAMPLE
5 kg of steam contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes
an expansion from state 1, where the specific internal energy is
u1=2709.9 kJ/kg, to state 2, where u2=2659.6 kJ/kg. During the
process, there is heat transfer to the steam with a magnitude of 80
kJ. Also, a paddle wheel transfers energy to the steam by work in the
amount of 18.5 kJ. There is no significant change in the kinetic or
potential energy of the steam. Determine the energy transfer by
work from the steam to the piston during the process, in kJ.
1 2
Wpw = -18.5 kJ
m= 5 kg
steam
Wpiston
Q = 80 kJ
ENERGY
BALANCE:
OPEN
SYSTEM
ΔH = H f − H i
" 2 2
%
•
$• •
uout − uin
Q− Ws = m Ĥ out − Ĥ in + + g ( zout − zin )'
$ 2 '
# &
Q,W
–
depends
on
across
the
boundary
between
the
system
and
the
surrounding
FLOW
WORK
AND
SHAFT
WORK
• Flow
work
(Wf)
–work
must
be
done
on
a
fluid
mass
to
push
it
into
the
system
and
work
is
done
by
the
fluid
mass
exi2ng
the
system.eg.
internal,
kine2c
&
poten2al
energy
• ShaX
work
(Ws)
–
work
done
by
a
fluid
mass
on
moving
parts
of
the
system
(eg.
steam
driving
a
turbine,
mechanical
work
due
to
a
piston,
pump
or
compressor
W = Ws + W f
W f = PinVin − PoutVout
SPECIFIC
PROPERTIES:
ENTHALPY
• Extensive
property
–
depends
on
system
size
(propor2onal
to
the
quan2ty
of
the
material)
eg.
Volume,
energy
• Intensive
property–
independent
of
system
size
eg.
Specific
volume,
specific
energy
• Enthalpy H ≡ U + PV
7 cm ID
Air
1 Q 2
T1 =300oC T2 =400oC
P1=130 kPa P2=130 kPa
V1 = 42 m/s V2 = ? m/s
Is there heat transfer? Let say : No. In fact it depends on the problem!
" %
$• 2 2
uout − uin ' enthalpy is converted
0 = m Ĥ out − Ĥ in + into kinetic energy
$ 2 '
# &
TURBINES
AND
COMPRESSORS
high p Inlet
Compressor
Win
low p
Exit
turbine
compressor
A turbine is a device that
produces work at the A compressor is a device
expense of temperature and that increases the pressure
pressure. of a fluid by adding work
to the system
TURBINES
AND
COMPRESSORS
" 2 2
%
•
$• •
uout − uin
Q− Ws = m Ĥ out − Ĥ in + + g ( zout − zin )'
$ 2 '
# &
Is there work in this system? Yes!
" 2 2
%
•
u −u
0 = m $ Ĥ out − Ĥ in + out in '
$ 2 '
# &
THROTTLING
VALVE
" 2 2
%
•
u −u
0 = m $ Ĥ out − Ĥ in + out in '
$ 2 '
# &
MIXING
CHAMBER
Mixing two or more fluids
is a common engineering
process
A heat exchanger is a
device where two moving
fluids exchange heat
without mixing
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
BALANCES
ΔH + ΔEk + ΔEP = Q − WS
ΔH ≈ Q
ΔE p + ΔE k = W
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
BALANCES
ΔU + ΔE p + ΔEk = Q − W
Vˆin = Vˆout = 1 / ρ
ΔP Δv 2 g
+ + Δz + (ΔUˆ − Q / m) = Ws / m
ρ 2 gc gc
ΔP Δv 2 g Bernoulli
Equa2on
+ + Δz = 0
ρ 2gc gc
ENERGY
BALANCE
PROCEDURE