AutoPIPE V8i Fundamentals TRN012310 1 0007

AutoPIPE Fundamentals
AutoPIPE V8i
TRN012310-1/0007
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AutoPIPE Fundamentals 2
Copyright © April-2013 Bentley Systems Incorporated

Table of Contents
Table of Contents 3
Course Overview 7
COURSE DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................... 7
TARGET AUDIENCE .......................................................................................... 7
PREREQUISITES ................................................................................................ 7
OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................... 8
MODULES INCLUDED ....................................................................................... 8
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 9
Getting to Know AutoPIPE 11

OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................... 11
PREREQUISITES .............................................................................................. 11
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 11
FEATURE SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 12
PROPERTIES AND COMPONENT LIBRARIES ............................................ 12
HANGER DESIGN ..................................................................................... 12
STRUCTURAL MODELING IN AUTOPIPE .................................................. 12
NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OPTIONS ............................................................ 13
LOCAL STRESS CALCULATIONS ................................................................ 13
FINITE ELEMENT THEORY ........................................................................ 13
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 14
POST PROCESSING .................................................................................. 14
PIPING CODE COMPLIANCE .................................................................... 15
CAD INTERFACES ..................................................................................... 15
ADVANCED CAPABILITIES FOR VARIED PIPING
ENVIRONMENTS ..................................................................................... 16
NEW FEATURES IN AUTOPIPE V8I (V9.1 AND V9.2) ...................................... 16
ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 16
COMMUNICATION .................................................................................. 16
GRAPHICAL INTERFACE ........................................................................... 17
IMPORT/EXPORT ..................................................................................... 17
INTEROPERABILITY .................................................................................. 17
LIBRARIES ................................................................................................ 17
MODELING .............................................................................................. 18
Apr-13 3 Table of Contents

Copyright © 2013 Bentley Systems Incorporated
Table of Contents
PIPING CODES ......................................................................................... 18

POST PROCESSING .................................................................................. 19
REPORTS.................................................................................................. 19
SECURITY ................................................................................................. 19
GENERAL ................................................................................................. 19
AUTOPIPE VS. AUTOPIPE PLUS VS. AUTOPIPE
NUCLEAR ....................................................................................................... 20
FILE MANAGEMENT....................................................................................... 22
OVERVIEW OF PIPING ANALYSIS USING AUTOPIPE ...................................... 23
ANALYSIS ASSUMPTIONS .............................................................................. 24
BENDS AND ELBOWS ..................................................................................... 24
TEE ELEMENTS ............................................................................................... 25
AutoPIPE Basic Concepts 27

OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................... 27
PREREQUISITES .............................................................................................. 27
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 27
AUTOPIPE INTERFACE.................................................................................... 28
LOADING AN EXISTING MODEL............................................................... 28
SCREEN LAYOUT ...................................................................................... 29
AUTOPIPE MODELING CONCEPTS ................................................................. 32
UNDERSTANDING PIPE SEGMENTS......................................................... 32
RULES FOR DEFINING SEGMENTS ................................................................. 35
GRAPHICAL TEE ELEMENT....................................................................... 37
UNDERSTANDING THE ACTIVE POINT..................................................... 37
MODIFICATION OF PIPING GEOMETRY ......................................................... 39
MODULE ASSESSMENT .................................................................................. 43
Expansion Loop & Frame Supports 45

OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................... 45
PREREQUISITES .............................................................................................. 45
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 45
FEATURE MODEL DEFINITION ....................................................................... 46
CREATING THE MODEL GEOMETRY............................................................... 47
ADDING AN EXPANSION LOOP ...................................................................... 66
FINAL STRESS CHECK ..................................................................................... 81
ADDING A FRAME SUPPORT.......................................................................... 89
FRAME SUPPORT DESCRIPTION .............................................................. 90
DISCUSSION OF STATIC ANALYSIS SETS ....................................................... 102
Table of Contents 4 Apr-13

Table of Contents
ANALYZING ALL ANALYSIS SETS

SIMULTANEOUSLY ................................................................................ 105
MODULE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................ 106
Hanger Design & Equipment 107

OVERVIEW ................................................................................................... 107
PREREQUISITES ............................................................................................ 107
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 107
BUILD PUMP SUCTION PIPING .................................................................... 108
INSERTING AND SELECTING A HANGER ...................................................... 126
HANGER SELECTION PROCEDURE ......................................................... 130
ADD PUMP DISCHARGE LINE ....................................................................... 132
GENERATING A PUMP REPORT ................................................................... 143
COPY/PASTE AND EDIT/ROTATE OPERATIONS ........................................... 150
MANAGING SEGMENTS ............................................................................... 151
VALVE ACTUATORS ...................................................................................... 158
SEGMENT VIEWING CONTROLS .................................................................. 161
Earthquake, Wind, and Nonlinear Analysis 165

OVERVIEW ................................................................................................... 165
PREREQUISITES ............................................................................................ 165
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 165
MODEL DEFINITION ..................................................................................... 166
PIPING LOADS ....................................................................................... 166
PIPING GEOMETRY ................................................................................ 167
STARTING A NEW MODEL ........................................................................... 170
OCCASIONAL LOAD DEFINITIONS ................................................................ 192
STRESS AND ANALYSIS RESULTS .................................................................. 199
Nozzle Flexibility, Cut Short, & Trunnion Supports 209

OVERVIEW ................................................................................................... 209
PREREQUISITES ............................................................................................ 209
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 209
PIPING LOADS ....................................................................................... 210
PIPING GEOMETRY ................................................................................ 210
Apr-13 5 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
BUILD PIPING MODEL .................................................................................. 214

ADD NOZZLE FLEXIBILITY ELEMENT ............................................................. 235
BACKGROUND ON MODELING NOZZLE
FLEXIBILITY ............................................................................................ 235
ADD CUT SHORT OR COLD SPRING.............................................................. 239
STRESS RESULTS AND RESTRAINTS REPORT ................................................ 246
Test Problem 253

OVERVIEW ................................................................................................... 253
PREREQUISITES ............................................................................................ 253
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 253
PIPING LOADS ....................................................................................... 254
PIPING GEOMETRY ................................................................................ 254
Course Summary 257

REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 257
Table of Contents 6 Apr-13

Course Overview
Course Description
This course is intended for new and existing users. Our goal is to train students to
begin using Bentley AutoPIPE successfully on a project. A user experienced with
previous versions of Bentley AutoPIPE software will learn the concepts introduced
with the current version of the product as quickly as possible.
The intent of this course is to teach students how to model and solve stress analysis
problems using AutoPIPE. It is not the intent of this course to teach piping codes or
stress analysis, but the student will acquire more knowledge about stress analysis by
going through this course. There are several piping code specific classes offered by
ASME.
Target Audience
 New and existing users of AutoPIPE applications. Students should have a

fundamental knowledge of piping components, piping codes and stress analysis.
Students should also have a background in mechanical, structural or plant
engineering.
Prerequisites
 Three to six months experience with 3D CAD modeling

 Piping and associated equipment background
 Piping codes and stress analysis
 Experience in mechanical, structural or plant engineering
Apr-13 7 Course Overview

Copyright © 2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Objectives
 Learn about AutoPIPE capabilities, and new enhancements to the current

version.
 Learn about the supported piping codes and the difference between the
different editions of the program.
 Learn how to create piping segments, add bends, tees and length units.
 Learn how to use the keyboard commands.
 Learn how to do basic model building for a simple model with anchors, supports,
and expansion loops.
 Learn how to define pumps and produce pump reports.
 Learn how to use the copy, paste and rotate operations.
 Learn how to apply wind and earthquake loads and perform a nonlinear analysis,
and also show nozzle thermal movement and support lift-off.
 Learn how to model nozzle flexibility, cut short and trunnion supports.
 Learn how to model flexible joints, short radius elbows and elbows with larger
pipe thickness.
 Learn how to review a model that does not satisfy the given piping code, identify
the causes of overstress and add supports or loops to fix the problem.
Modules Included
 Getting to Know AutoPIPE

 AutoPIPE Basic Concepts
 Expansion Loop & Frame Supports
 Hanger Design & Equipment
 Earthquake, Wind, and Nonlinear Analysis
 Nozzle Flexibility, Cut Short, and Trunnion Supports
 Test Problem
Course Overview 8 Apr-13

System Requirements
Bentley requires a personal computer for each student in order to realize the
maximum benefit of the training courses. The following are system requirements for
optimal software performance.
You must have a CD drive or Internet access for product download and installation.
The following prerequisites are required for each of the modules included within the
application:
Processor: Intel Pentium-based PC 486 or higher

Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP Professional edition OR
Microsoft Windows Vista Business
Internet: Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 or greater
Memory: 128MB
Hard Disk: 174MB minimum free hard disk space
Input Device: Industry-standard input device supported by Windows
Output Device: Industry-standard output device supported by Windows
Video Graphics Card: Any industry-standard video card/monitor which supports
OpenGL 3D graphics
PDF Reader: Adobe® Acrobat Reader 5.0 or greater
Before you install any software, you should confirm that you have adequate
hardware and software capabilities to install and use the product.
Apr-13 9 Course Overview

Course Overview 10 Apr-13
Getting to Know AutoPIPE
Overview
Developed to meet the needs of companies involved in industrial piping system

design, AutoPIPE utilizes Windows-standard commands, object oriented graphics
technology, and CAD interfaces to enable users to create, modify, and review piping
and structural models and their results quickly and easily.
A graphical representation of the model is displayed as it is being developed,
providing instant visual feedback. AutoPIPE performs extensive error checking as the
data is being entered and alerts the user if the model does not comply with the
regulatory standards of piping design.
Using AutoPIPE’s object oriented graphical select options, users can insert, delete, or
modify pipe properties, supports, or offsets across an entire range of points with
one command. Graphical selection of ranges is also used for cut, copy, & paste
operations.
Prerequisites

Objectives
 Learn about AutoPIPE capabilities, and new enhancements to the current version
 Learn about supported piping codes and the difference between the different
editions of the program.
Apr-13 11 Getting to Know AutoPIPE

Feature Summary
Feature Summary
The following is a partial list of the features and capabilities of AutoPIPE. Refer to the
on-line help for a complete reference of features and functionality.
Properties and Component Libraries
AutoPIPE contains a comprehensive and extensible library of material properties and

piping & structural components including pipes, reducers, tees, valves, flanges,
beams, flexible connectors and other items. Supports include: anchors, spring and
constant force hangers, one-way restraints, limit stops, guides, snubbers and tie-
rods.
The material library includes temperature dependent properties and code
dependent allowables. AutoPIPE provides component libraries for ASME/ANSI, JIS,
DIN, and Nordic standards.
Hanger Design
AutoPIPE performs spring hanger design for one or more operating conditions. The
program selects hangers from a customizable manufacturer's library, which includes:
Anvil/Grinnell, Bergen-Patterson, Lisega, NPS, and others.
Structural Modeling in AutoPIPE
AutoPIPE provides built-in structural analysis with frame elements to enable users to
consider the mass and flexibility of structural supports as part of their piping
analysis. AutoPIPE provides structural modeling options for user specified beta
angles to orient beam local cross-section axes with global axes, rigid end lengths to
account for the connectivity of end points to other members in the structural
system, and end releases to model pinned connections. AutoPIPE’s unique two point
support elements allow the user to define the connection between pipe and
structural steel using gaps and friction at the same point if required.
17 countries of structural steel libraries are available with cross sectional properties
including AISC, DIN, Euro, Chinese, etc. Also available are American Aluminum
sections. A database of properties of commonly used structural steel materials and
generic stainless steel, aluminum, and concrete can be assigned to any section.
Users can easily define their own frame elements and steel materials to model
frame elements not included in the AutoPIPE database or add to the existing section
libraries.
Getting to Know AutoPIPE 12 Apr-13

Feature Summary
Frame structures are created and modified in interactive mode using AutoPIPE’s
graphical interface. In this manner, users can graphically copy, paste, or modify
structures with one operation using AutoPIPE’s graphical select options or by clicking
on a particular frame element.
Non-Linear Analysis Options
AutoPIPE provides directional supports, gaps, friction, bilinear spring supports and
nonlinear buried pipeline analysis. Users can specify both gaps and friction at a
support point to simulate real world boundary conditions. AutoPIPE provides 2-point
restraint functionality to define tie rods with gaps, pipe/structure interaction, and
other connectivity between any 2 points in the system.
AutoPIPE provides unique capabilities for nonlinear load sequencing. Users can, for
example, specify that wind, seismic, or other occasional loads are analyzed in
sequence immediately after the gravity load or specify that the occasional loads are
analyzed after thermal. In this manner, users can accurately calculate loads and
stresses for occasional loads acting on the operating position of the piping or the
ambient position of the piping. Load sequencing options also allow the user to
calculate gravity and thermal loads using nonlinear analysis and seismic loads using
linear analysis (as recommended by many design standards) in the same run.
Local Stress Calculations
AutoPIPE provides a link to Bentley’s WinNOZL for calculations of local shell stresses
per British Standard 5500 and Welding Research Council bulletins 107, 297, and 368,
using stress allowables and load combinations as specified by ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 1
and 2. Various piping load combinations on tanks can be examined in accordance
with the API 650 code.
Further, WinNOZL provides unique options for hillside nozzles and reinforcing pad
calculations. These are available for cylinders, spheres, cones, semi-ellipses, and
torispheres. The automatic importing of AutoPIPE piping loads saves time and
minimizes user errors.
Finite Element Theory
AutoPIPE is a finite element program used to analyze piping and structural systems
subjected to static and dynamic loads. Use of intelligent defaults allows the user to
analyze complex systems without in-depth knowledge of finite element theory.

Feature Summary
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic analysis capabilities include mode shapes and natural frequencies,

response spectra, phased harmonic load analysis, time history dynamic analysis and
force spectra analysis. For modal analysis, AutoPIPE can automatically insert mass
points along elements. Missing mass and zero period acceleration may be applied in
dynamic analysis. AutoPIPE satisfies NUREG/CR-1677 benchmark problems and
provides built-in NRC spectra, multiple support response spectrum analysis, seismic
anchor movements, and code case N411 capability.
AutoPIPE provides built-in fluid transient synthesizers for calculation of water
hammer, steam hammer, and relief valve forces, which are integrated with time
history dynamic analysis. Utilizing the Bentley PULS program, users can calculate
flow induced vibrations, or pulsations associated with reciprocating equipment, and
automatically transfer those harmonic loads directly into AutoPIPE to calculate
dynamic piping responses.
Post Processing
After analyzing a system, users can click on the graphics model to instantly view
stresses, loads, deflections, or mode shapes at any point. Color coded stresses,
animated vibrations, and pop-up windows enable the engineer to more quickly
identify and investigate critical areas without having to review a voluminous amount
of batch output data.
Output report options allow users to pick and choose which reports to generate,
with or without filters, for on-screen review or printing. Code stress combinations
are performed automatically. Unique filter options allow the user to generate
custom output reports based on user-defined stress, deflection, or load criteria.
AutoPIPE enables users to analyze multiple thermal, wind, seismic, wave, and
dynamic loads all in one analysis with Min/Max load summaries.
Using AutoPIPE’s graphical select options, users can graphically select points to be
included in the output report. As an example, a user could generate an output
report for only 2 points in a 1,000 point model.

Feature Summary
Piping Code Compliance
AutoPIPE checks and generates code compliance reports for the following piping
codes:
 ASME B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, B31.8
 ASME Section III Class 1, 2 & 3
 European EN13480
 Canadian CAN/CSA – Z662
 B31.4 Offshore
 B31.8 Offshore
 CSA-Z662 Offshore
 British Standards BS 806 and BS 7159 (GRP Piping Code)
 Swedish Piping Code (SPC), Method 2
 Norwegian Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and TBK 5-6
 Dutch Stoomwezen D1101
 JSME S NC1-PPC, Class 2 piping
 Japanese MITI 501, Class 3 piping, Japanese General Fire Protection code and
Japanese KHK
 French RCC-M and SNCT
CAD Interfaces
AutoPIPE can import CAD piping models from Bentley AutoPLANT, Bentley
PlantSpace and Intergraph PDS plant design systems.
AutoPIPE can export models back into AutoPLANT or export models in DXF format
into Microstation or AutoCAD. Import and export of piping models between CAD and
AutoPIPE can save man-hours in the creation and checking of piping and structural
models and prevent errors associated with manual entry of piping models.

New Features in AutoPIPE V8i (v9.1 and v9.2)
Advanced Capabilities for Varied Piping Environments
AutoPIPE provides unique capabilities for underground and subsea pipeline analysis,
dynamic loading, nonlinear restraints, and orthotropic piping analysis. Following is a
summary of advanced AutoPIPE capabilities:
Built-in wave loading, buried pipeline analysis, pipe/structure interaction, calculation
of local stresses, time history dynamic analysis, fluid transient synthesizers, gaps &
friction, relief valve load calculator, FRP/GRP pipe analysis, jacketed piping, thermal
transient analysis, 27 piping codes.
Analysis
 Add an option to set rigid anchor/support stiffness values (v9.1)

 Decouple pressure stiffening in modal analysis from one in static analysis (v9.1)
 Add absolute sum method for modal summation of missing mass modes (v9.1)
 Perform multiple analyses using Analysis Sets with different hot moduli (v9.1)
 Add thermal transient analysis (TTA) for ASME Class 1 (v9.1)
 Allow Ec/Eh ratio for expansion stresses to include all piping codes (v9.1)
 Add ‘Analyze All’ option to run user selected analyses (v9.1)
 Delete Analysis results (v9.1)
 Improved interactive code stress performance for one or multiple static analysis
sets (v9.2)
 Add hot modulus and Pressure Stiffening cases for SAM analysis (v9.2)
 Multiple Support Response Spectrum (v9.2)
 Add alpha and beta factor for mass and stiffness proportional damping (v9.2)
 Redesigned Dynamic Analysis graphical interface (v9.2)
Communication
 Add RSS news feed screen (v9.1)

Graphical Interface
 Consolidate code and non-code combinations into one Grid interface (v9.1)
 Show X, Y, Z direction on modal and displacement plots (v9.2)
Import/export
 Add option to import PCF files (SmartPlant) (v9.1)

 Update Caesar translator to read / write v5.1 format (v9.1)
Interoperability
 Save as version 9.0 DAT files from version 9.1 (v9.1)

 Add Vista Compatibility (‘Works with Vista’) (v9.1)
 Save as version 9.1 DAT files from version 9.2 (v9.2)
 Comprehensive ProjectWise integration (v9.2)
 Full Network File management with file locking (v9.2)
Libraries
 Update Yamashita hanger data in EQUIP.LIB file with Lisega hanger data (v9.1)
 Add Chinese GD material and pipe libraries (v9.1)
 Add API5L materials to ASME B31.1 material library (v9.1)
 Add low alloy material 1.4901 to European material library (v9.1)
 Add B366, B619, B622 & B464 materials to ASME B31.3 material library (v9.1)
 Extend Stainless Steel 304 thermal expansion to -425F (v9.2)
 Add additional cryogenic materials to B31.3 material library (v9.2)
 Add A182F304L and A403WP304L materials to AUTOB313 library (v9.2)
 Add A106GrB material to AUTODINM material library (v9.2)
 Add B88-C12200 copper pipe material to B311-05 and B311-07 material libraries
(v9.2)
 Updated Japanese AUTOJISM material library to JIS B 8265 (v9.2)
 Update B311-07 material library to include Inconel 625 materials (v9.2)

Modeling
 Ability to split and combine segments and reverse segment direction (v9.1)
 Allow inserting and editing of line numbers (v9.1)
 Add an option to renumber segments (v9.1)
 Add reference node note to Rotating equipment dialog (v9.1)
 Add ‘Fillet welded’ and ‘Double-welded slip-on’ joint end types (v9.1)
 Add actuator with COG weight to Valve (v9.1)
 Increase number of thermal and User load cases (v9.1)
 Add “Pulled” option to bend type (v9.1)
 Add Bolt weight to Flange dialog (v9.1)
 Generate multiple xtra data (v9.1)
 Enter spring figure and size on the spring hanger support dialog (v9.1)
 Connectivity Checker for unconnected coincident nodes (v9.1)
 Hide operating cases on the Pressure / Temperature input grid (v9.1)
 Add column to Segment grid to apply wind (v9.2)
 Increase response spectrum load cases to 50 (v9.2)
Piping codes
 Issue a warning for high D/T ratio for certain codes (v9.1)
 Add ASME III Class 1 Nuclear piping code (v9.1)
 Add JSME S NC1-PPC 2005 piping code (Japanese Nuclear Class 2) (v9.1)
 Update ASME B31.3 and B31.4 piping codes to 2006 edition (v9.1)
 Update ASME B31.1 piping code to 2007 edition (v9.1)
 Support multiple code years (v9.1)
 Allow pressure stiffening effect for ASME Class 2 and 3 (v9.2)
 Add 1989 NB, NC, ND code year (v9.2)
 Update ASME B31.8 piping code to 2007 edition (v9.2)
 Add 1986 ASME B31.1 code year (v9.2)

 Add ASME NB, NC, and ND 2001 edition, with 2003 addenda (v9.2)
 Add nuclear high energy and leakage crack criteria (v9.2)
Post Processing
 Option to display continuous string dimensioning including supports (v9.1)

 Add batch processing switch to export the results MDB file (v9.1)
 1992 + 93 Addenda NB NC ND (v9.1)
 Improvements to Stressiso edition 1.0 (Show line number, JSIF and Tee data,
save to DGN) (v9.1)
 Add option to select Total or Relative acceleration in response spectrum (v9.2)
 Add mode shape and frequency grid results (v9.2)
Reports
 Allow more than 80 columns for printed reports (v9.1)

 Print the occasional k-factor in the output report (v9.1)
 Add support Tag to spring hanger report (v9.1)
 Add interpolation method and damping ratio to output report (v9.1)
 New APIPVIEW Report Viewer with print preview, page and printing controls
(v9.2)
 Improved APIPVIEW load speed (v9.2)
 Print Frequency cut-off and spectrum reports (v9.2)
Security
 Add nuclear license for ASME III Class 1 piping code (v9.1)
 Add Academic licensing (v9.2)
General
 RSS feed to sort news items chronologically (v9.2)

 RSS feed client to launch by default first time AutoPIPE is loaded (v9.2)
 Add new menu “Online Resources” included BE Community link (v9.2)

AutoPIPE vs. AutoPIPE Plus vs. AutoPIPE Nuclear
The following is a list of features available in AutoPIPE, AutoPIPE Plus, and AutoPIPE
Nuclear.
Feature AutoPIPE AutoPIPE Plus AutoPIPE Nuclear
Hanger   
Static Linear   
Static Nonlinear   
Modal   
Response Spectrum   
(SRSS combination method only)
Harmonic  
Force Spectrum  
Time History  
SAM  
Buried Pipe  
NUREG combinations and  
Code Case 411 Spectrum
Static correction -  
Missing mass correction and ZPA
50 Response Spectrum load cases  

Static earthquake   
Wind – ASCE, UBC and User Profile   
Thermal Bowing   
Wave loading and buoyancy  
Fluid Transient Loads  
Relief Valve Loads  
Thermal Transient Analysis 

Feature AutoPIPE AutoPIPE Plus AutoPIPE Nuclear
Fatigue Analysis (Class 1) 

ASME B31.1 (multiple years)   
ASME B31.3, B31.4, and B31.8   
European EN13480   
B31.4 Offshore, B31.8 Offshore & CSA_Z662  
Offshore codes
ASME III Class 2 and Class 3 (multiple years)  

ASME III Class 1 (multiple years) 
JSME S NC1-PPC  
Canadian piping codes  
International piping codes  
Japanese KHK Level 2 piping code Note 1 
LoadSets for multiple static analyses  
General piping code   
Rotating Equipment reports   
Large model size   
Beam elements for modeling frames and supports   
Material and Component Library utilities   
STAAD Structural Libraries (17 countries)   
Note: A KHK2 add-on option is required to access this feature.

File Management
File Management
AutoPIPE program directory

 AutoPIPE program
 Configuration files (.CNF)
 AutoPIPE libraries (.LIB)
 Default unit files (.UNT)
 Mapping files (.MAP)
 Supplementary files
User’s working directory

 Model Data file (.DAT)
 Thermal Transient Data file (.TTI, .TTP, .TTC, .TPP, .GDL)
 Backup data files (.BAK)
 Result files (.EIG, .FSP, .HRM, .LIN, .RSP, .SAM, .TIM, .L**, .FLX, .MDB)
 Reports (.OUT, .CHK, .HGR, .RPT)
 Combination files (.CMB, .C**)
 Temporary files created during analysis
 User configuration files (.CNF)
 User defined libraries (.LIB)
 User defined unit files (.UNT)
 Stress Summary file (.XML)
 StressISO file (.DXF, .DWG, .DGN, .MDB)
 Thermal Transient Output files (.TSM, .TDL, .TTO)

Overview of Piping Analysis Using AutoPIPE
Overview of Piping Analysis Using AutoPIPE
Start from a drawing – Either on paper or a CAD file drawing

 Get applicable piping code and standards
 Piping specification sheets
Modeling
 Planning
 Piping layout - define geometry
 Specify material properties - Expansion, allowable stress and elasticity
 Supports and anchors
 Termination points - Equipment (Vessel, Pumps, etc.)
 The above 4 steps can be substituted by importing the CAD drawing from
AutoPLANT, PlantSPACE, Intergraph PDS, Aveva or CADWorx
 Operating conditions - pressure and temperature
 Nozzle movements
 Produce listing - recommend review by another person. Wrong model will
generate incorrect results
Analysis
 Expansion
 Deadweight
 Hanger selection
 Wind, Snow
 Seismic (static and dynamic)
 Upset conditions (equipment failure, valve closure, relief valve blow-off)
 Thermal Bowing
 Thermal Transient Analysis

Analysis Assumptions
Analysis Assumptions
The following are basic analysis assumptions

 AutoPIPE uses the Finite Element Analysis to solve for nodal displacements and
reactions to applied loads.
 AutoPIPE uses the 3D beam element for most components except for flexible
joints and bends. It also uses center line dimensions
 Elastic response is assumed. No yielding of pipe/beam material.
 Supports are nonlinear and may act one way or both ways and can have friction.
 Small deformation theory is assumed. (1st order only)
 Longitudinal bending deformations are assumed. AutoPIPE models “local stress”
like bending of pipe wall and stress concentration at tees and bends using piping
code approved stress intensification (SIF) and flexibility factors.
Bends and Elbows
 Elbows tend to become more flexible with increased in plane bending due to
ovaling. Imagine bending a water hose. As the hose is bent, the hose section
ovals (i.e becomes elliptical) and as it ovals it becomes easier to bend due to the
decrease in section modulus of the hose. The hose eventually buckles.
 Ovaling also changes stress distribution and maximum stress
 Internal pressure also stiffens the elbow. For example a pressurized water hose
is harder to bend. For steel pipes, this effect is only significant for large pipe
diameters.
 The change in section modulus due to ovaling is not considered. Instead,
flexibility factors and Stress Intensification Factors (SIFs) are used to capture
effects due to ovaling.
 ASME codes require different flexibility factor for elbows flanged at one and
both ends
 Flanges also affect SIF factors at the elbow
 AutoPIPE uses curved pipe element to model a bend
 Miters are modeled as bends with modified flexibility factors and SIFs
 Special bend components can be modeled as bends with user specified flexibility
factor and SIFs

Tee Elements
Tee Elements
 Tee component is modeled as single point connecting three pipes

 End points of a tee component are not modeled and the change in
thickness/diameter is ignored
 Tee’s type information is only used to determine SIF at the branch connection
per piping code.
 SIFs are used to capture local stresses at the branch-header junction and their
effect on strength due to cyclic thermal loading.
 Some codes (B31.3) do not provide any guidelines for use of SIFs at tees for
sustained loading and occasional loading. By default, AutoPIPE uses the SIF
calculated for the thermal loading case for the sustained and occasional loadings,
as well. The user can override these values if desired.
 SIFs for tees are empirical based on fatigue tests of a series of simple full size
tees. SIFs for other types of tees (reduced) are derived from this study.
 Piping codes do not specify SIFs for connections like laterals, Y's and crosses.
User must specify SIFs for code compliance. Some manufacturers may provide
methods of determining SIFs for their components. For a cross, AutoPIPE
automatically sets the Tee type to “Other” with in- and out-of-plane SIFs of 1.0.
 Reducing tees have similar characteristics to a vessel with a nozzle. Piping codes
often have a special method for calculating stresses at the reduced tee branch.

Tee Elements

AutoPIPE Basic Concepts
Overview
This module introduces you to the AutoPIPE interface and the concept of piping
segments. It will also show some basic tools in modifying the piping system.
Prerequisites

Objectives
 Learn how to create piping segments, add bends, tees and length units.
 Learn how to use the keyboard commands.
Apr-13 27 AutoPIPE Basic Concepts

AutoPIPE Interface
AutoPIPE Interface
Loading an Existing Model
 Exercise: Load an existing model

1. Select File > Open > AutoPIPE Database (*.dat). A dialog like the one shown
below is displayed.
2. Navigate to the directory where the file is stored. Select the desired filename
from the Files list, and then press Open. The previously saved model and its data
are now available for editing or report generation.
The AutoPIPE interface is designed to simplify the task of creating, modifying, and
reviewing models of any complexity.
AutoPIPE Basic Concepts 28 Apr-13

AutoPIPE Interface
Screen Layout
Take some time to familiarize yourself with AutoPIPE’s interface by examining the
areas of the screen annotated below.
Dialogs
Dialogs present and request information.
 Press OK to accept the values in a dialog.
 Some fields have an associated list of options from which the user can select. For
example, there is a limited set of piping codes, and the user can always select the
appropriate code from a list when the cursor is in the Piping Code field. This list is
contained inside the dialog itself, and is opened by pressing on the  adjacent to
that field.
 The units that apply to a particular field are displayed in the status bar in the
bottom right hand corner of the screen.
 To advance from field to field in a dialog, press the Tab key. Pressing OK on the
dialog is the equivalent of pressing Enter. You can also advance the cursor by
simply using the mouse to select the desired location.
 Options which are toggled ON are indicated by a . Positioning the cursor in that
field and then pressing the left mouse button toggles the ON/OFF state.

AutoPIPE Interface
 Press the F1 key on any dialog field to obtain help on a particular field or
parameter. To obtain “big picture” dialog help, press the Help button.
Keyboard Equivalents
As you begin creating a model, you’ll soon become familiar with AutoPIPE’s use of
dialogs to gather information from the user. Although the mouse can be used to
navigate through the fields of a dialog, many users prefer the keyboard alternatives.
Refer to the table below.
Task Keyboard
Advance to next field
Return to previous field
Accept values and close dialog
Cancel values and close dialog
Units Format
As you move from field to field in a dialog, the units that apply to that field are listed
in the status bar in the bottom right hand corner of your screen. To accommodate
the varied needs of our users, AutoPIPE allows special characters to be used to
decipher the field format and convert these to decimal equivalents. The types of
input which are allowed when inputting English units are illustrated in the table
below:
Decimal Feet Feet-Inches
2.2708 2’3.25”
2’3.25
2’3”1/4
2-3-1/4
1.0417 1’.5”
1’.5
1’0”1/2
1-0.5
1-0-1/2

AutoPIPE Interface
Decimal Feet Feet-Inches
0.0625 0.75”
0’.75
0’0”3/4
0-0.75
0-0-3/4
1.0833 1’1”
1’1
13”
0’13
1-1
1-1-0
Note: Only the coordinates in “Offset” fields (i.e., “Length”,“DX/DY/DZ”) use

architectural units. You can have AutoPIPE display ft-in units by setting
“Use feet-inches display format” in Tools > Model Options > Edit.
Menu Structure
All AutoPIPE commands can be accessed from the menu system. For a detailed
description of the capabilities and functionality of a specific command, refer to the
AutoPIPE On-line Help Menu Reference. The top menu that is displayed above the
drawing area depends on the current mode of the program:
 The standard menu is displayed when building or editing a model
 AutoPIPE can be placed in a Worksheet Mode, which displays a model’s data in
spreadsheet format.
 Note that each of these menus has a toolbar associated with it.
Toolbars
AutoPIPE has three types of toolbars: command, view and components. Command
toolbars are always docked directly beneath the main menu, and cannot be moved
from this location. The component and view toolbars, on the other hand, can be
moved from their position along the right and left side of the screen respectively and
positioned as a “floating toolbar” in the modeling area of the screen. To reposition
one of these toolbars, simply “drag” the title bar of the toolbar into the screen area.
The toolbar will resize.
Hint: If you forget the use of a particular button, position your cursor over it
and wait a second or two. A ToolTip description is displayed beneath the
button.

AutoPIPE Modeling Concepts
Hotkeys
A number of AutoPIPE commands can be accessed directly from the keyboard using
hotkeys. In AutoPIPE, hotkeys are executed by holding down the control (Ctrl) key
and then pressing a letter key. Note that these hotkeys are displayed in the
AutoPIPE pull-down menus next to the item they execute. Additionally, AutoPIPE
uses the function keys for some operations.
Experienced users of AutoPIPE have come to appreciate the speed and efficiency
with which detailed, data-rich models can be created, modified, and reviewed. If you
are a novice user, it is important to understand some basic concepts of the program:
 Models are created from individual pipe segments
 Components are attached to the active point (cursor location)
 The piping system geometry and properties can be modified
Understanding Pipe Segments
Each piping system is divided into a number of segments. As an example, the sample
model shown on the facing page contains five segments labeled A through E. Piping
models are entered into the program segment by segment. They may be extended
or modified at any time by either adding more segments or changing existing ones.
The segments are labeled automatically (A through E in the example). If more than
twenty-six segments are entered, the additional ones are labeled AA, AB, AC and so
on.
Although most of the piping segment definition is handled automatically with
AutoPIPE, in some circumstances it is advantageous to plan the model in advance
and divide it into logical “segments” before creating the system (see ‘Rules for
defining Pipe Segments’). Typically, a segment would begin and end at anchor points
or a branch connection. However, as shown in the figure on the following page, at
point D02, a pipeline may be divided into two or more contiguous segments.
Whenever a tee/branch is inserted, AutoPIPE automatically assigns a new segment
identifier. Each new segment begins with a different alpha character, making it
easier for node numbering and easier to keep track of segments when reviewing
input listings or output results.
When defining a new system, AutoPIPE automatically displays the first Segment
dialog (the first segment is segment A). In this dialog, the user must specify starting
X, Y, Z coordinates of the Segment and input a Pipe Identifier name. A Pipe Identifier
is used to assign properties. The Pipe Identifier can be any name that the user

wishes to use. It is a good idea to choose a meaningful name such as the first few
letters of a line ID or something like 8”std (indicating 8” nominal diameter, standard
schedule wall thickness) to help you keep track of pipe properties when reviewing
the model.
These properties will be applied to all components attached to that pipe identifier
until otherwise specified by inputting a new pipe identifier name in one of the
component dialogs. After inputting a new Pipe Identifier name, the Pipe properties
dialog will automatically be displayed for input. For example, if you define a Pipe
Identifier as a 4-inch line, then all following components will default to those same
properties until the user types in a new Pipe Identifier name on a component dialog.
A segment can be made up of multiple pipe identifiers.
Existing pipe properties can be easily modified using either Modify > Properties of
Pipe Identifier (which modifies that Pipe Identifier throughout the entire model,
wherever it was used) or by graphical selection of a range of points and Modify >
Pipe Properties Over Range.
Note: AutoPIPE makes extensive use of dialogs to obtain user input. A
discussion of techniques for navigating throughout the fields of a dialog is
provided later in this chapter.


Rules for Defining Segments
A number of rules govern the definition of piping segments; they are listed as
follows:
 Each segment has a forward and backward direction and is entered as a
sequence of points. AutoPIPE automatically keeps track of the local axis of the
segment, making it convenient to insert intermediate points or components
using the Length field. These points are automatically assigned alphanumeric
names (which the user can override), with a maximum of four characters each.
For example, in the previous figure, segment B is defined by points A03, B01,
B02, B03, B04, and B05, all of which have default names. The default increment
in point names is 1. This increment can be changed under Tools > Model Options
> Edit. AutoPIPE can automatically renumber point names after editing using the
Renumber icon or Edit > Renumber.
 Wind loads and Hydrotest can be turned on and off on a segment by segment
basis, so keep that in mind when creating your model. Also, AutoPIPE provides
options to view the model and graphically select, delete, or view output results
on a segment by segment basis.
 Global coordinates must be entered for the first point of the first segment
(default global coordinates of Segment A are (0, 0, 0)). AutoPIPE automatically
displays the first segment dialog for the user. This is point A00 in the example.
Then, each point along the segment is typically located by offsets from the
preceding point, until the whole segment has been defined (e.g. points A00 to
A06 for segment A).
 Subsequent segments typically begin at points which have been defined
previously (point A03 in segment B is an example). These points are either
branch points or continuation points (see below). Since these points have
already been defined, entering coordinate data for them is not necessary.
 Although Subsequent segments typically begin or end at an existing point, this is
not necessary for the program to function correctly. It is often more convenient
to start a disconnected segment in space using Insert > Segment or by clicking on
the Segment icon, typing in the name of the first point (in this case, make sure
that the name of the first point on the segment is not the name of a previously
defined point), and assigning the starting X, Y, Z coordinates of that new
Segment. For example, it may be more convenient to define suction and
discharge sections as disconnected segments without having to model the
equipment (see Pump Modeling Example in AutoPIPE on-line help). Also, the
ability to handle disconnected segments is a big advantage when importing
sections from a CAD model.

 A continuation point is established when a new segment is defined to begin at

the end point of an existing segment (see point D02 in the previous figure). This
is typically done to divide a long length of pipe into shorter segments or to turn
on and off wind loads or hydrotest on a segment by segment basis.
 A tee branch connection point is any point which joins two or more pipe
segments, and requires a multiple pipe connection (see points A03 and B05 in
the previous figure) such as a tee or cross. A continuation point can be made into
a branch point using Modify > Convert Point to > Tee.
 Cut and paste automatically creates a new segment.
 AutoPIPE offers enhanced controls for viewing segments. You can hide selected
segments in the current view, or choose to hide all other segments and only view
the selected segments. In very complicated models with numerous elements,
sometimes it may be difficult to view or select components within a segment
that need to be modified. These features greatly improve the ability to make the
necessary modifications by allowing the segment to be isolated in the view.
 AutoPIPE offers numerous segment management controls. Segments can be
split, joined, reversed, and re-ordered. Suppose that you wish to begin a new
segment at a point midway between two existing points. This may represent the
location where the piping system exits a building. Using the split option to
create a new segment at that point allows selective application of loads such as a
wind load, which may only act on a portion of the piping.
It is possible to have many segments in a model with no apparent logic to the
direction of their point numbering. For example, this may be the case if a model
is imported from a CAD program, such as AutoPLANT or PlantSpace. In this
instance, the model may have been created in a manner that suited typical CAD
drafting conventions, with no consideration given to logical flow of the piping
segments. For these cases, the numbering of points within a segment can be
reversed. In addition to being able to reverse the direction of segments,
AutoPIPE allows re-ordering of segments. Again, suppose some segments within
a model are arranged in an illogical manner. Simply selecting Edit > Segment >
Reorder provides the chance to order the segments in a more logical manner.
When defining a segment, proceed from point to point along the segment. Check
that everything at the current point has been specified before moving on to the next
point.

Graphical Tee Element
In older versions of AutoPIPE, users would have to insert a new segment at an

existing run point in order to insert a tee branch connection. Now, with the graphical
Tee element, this procedure is no longer required (although users can still input a
tee branch by inserting a segment at a run point if desired).
The Tee element automates the insertion of tees and includes the offset distance
from the previous point. For example, if a tee point is to be inserted on a header 5
feet away from the current point (active point), the user clicks on the Tee icon or
Insert > Tee and inputs an offset of 5 feet as well as the tee type information for
stress intensification purposes. The Tee element will automatically assign a new
segment once the user begins to input the branch. AutoPIPE will keep this point a
tee for stress intensification, even if the user does not create a branch. In some
cases, users may choose not to input small diameter vent or drain pipe branches,
but still want the stress intensification factor at the tee connection point. AutoPIPE
displays a graphical symbol at Tee points enabling users to visually review tee
locations. Users can also click on Tee arrows to easily switch between the header
and branch side of the tee.
Users can convert an existing run point to a Tee using Modify > Convert point to >
Tee command.
Understanding the Active Point
After defining and inserting a segment, you’ll notice that a small crosshair appears in
the drawing area. This crosshair represents the currently active point. The active
point is also displayed in the status area immediately below the drawing area.
When placing components, you should remain aware of the active point. After
selecting a component type for insertion, AutoPIPE will automatically assume that
you want the starting point of the component to be inserted at the active point. By
default, AutoPIPE will increment the point to the next value and concatenate this
with the letter that defines the current segment. For example, if you are inserting a
run point on Segment A that contains nothing but an anchor point, the Run Point
dialog will contain the value A01 in the Name of Point field.
To designate an existing point as the active point, simply click on it with the mouse.
The crosshairs should redisplay over that point and the Active Point status area
should reflect the new point as well. In a complex model, you can click on the Go To

Point icon and type in your desired active point name. You can also use the arrow
keys to control the location of the active point as described below.
It is important to note that a given point may have two or more different segments.
For example, in the Pipe Segments figure previously shown, point A03 is a tee
connection point, and is made up of point A03 segment A and point A03 segment B.
The active point name and segment location are displayed in the bottom right hand
corner of your screen. In order to toggle between multiple segments on the same
Point location, it is usually more convenient to use the up and down arrow keys (see
following section on keyboard commands).
Controlling the Active Point with the Keyboard

As an alternative to the mouse, the “Active Point” crosshairs can be controlled using
the keyboard.
Key Task
 Move to the next point in the current segment (forward

segment direction).
 Move to the previous point in the current segment (backward

segment direction).
 When at a segment junction, move to the next segment that

connects to the current point (more than 2 segments are
possible).
 When at a segment junction, move to the previous segment

that connects to the current point (more than 2 segments are
possible).
Move to the first point of the next segment.
Move to the last point of the previous segment.
Move to the next intermediate soil point for the current soil
region.
Move to the previous intermediate soil point for the current

soil region.

Modification of Piping Geometry
It is not necessary for a piping system to be defined completely in a single AutoPIPE

session, because AutoPIPE allows a wide variety of additions, deletions, and changes
to be made. In particular:
 New segments can be added at any time.
 Previously defined segments can be extended at any time.
 Existing segments can be modified, or can be deleted and replaced.
 A complete system, or sections of a system, can be copied within the same job or
between separate jobs with automatic renumbering.
 Components can be inserted, deleted, or modified at any time.
Warning: As noted in the following sections, changes in data can lead to a
variety of inconsistencies. AutoPIPE will detect most inconsistencies,
and will display warning or error messages. However, AutoPIPE may
not detect all of the possible inconsistencies. Users must take care in
making changes, and must review the changes carefully, to insure
that the modified geometry and properties are correct.
Basic Tasks
This section lists simple techniques for accomplishing the following:
 Executing a command
 Selecting a component
 Inserting a component
 Modifying a component
 Deleting a component
 Selecting a range of components (creating a selection set)

Executing a Command
Commands can be executed in one of four ways:
 Click on one of the icons in a toolbar.
 Select a command from the menu system
 Keyboard hotkeys. These can typically be accessed by typing the Ctrl key plus
another key, although other keys, such as function keys, may be used as
hotkeys. The appropriate hotkey combination for a command appears
adjacent to the command name on the main menu.
 Keyboard shortcut commands. Each menu item in the main menu has one
underlined letter in the menu name. Pressing that letter on the keyboard
will open that menu. Then, most commands on a menu also have an
underlined letter. Pressing that letter on the keyboard will then execute that
command. As an example, to insert a bend, simply type I to open the Insert
menu, then B. The keyboard shortcut commands require memorization of
certain key combinations, but are an extremely efficient method of input.
Selecting Points and Components

 Click on it with the mouse. By clicking on the outer edge of a component, the
component turns red to indicate that it is selected. If it is a two-point
component such as a valve or flexible joint, the red indicates that the
beginning point and end point of a two-point component have been
selected.
 Graphically select a range of points (see following ‘Selecting a Range of
Points’ section)
Inserting a Point or Component

 Position the cursor on the desired point by clicking on it, and then click on
one of the component icons from the toolbar. To insert an intermediate run
point, or multiple run points, click on the Pipe Run icon.
 Position the cursor on the insertion point, and then select the desired
component from the Insert menu.
 Users can graphically select a range to insert across ranges of points with one
command (see ‘Selecting a Range’)
 Place the cursor on the desired point, then use the keyboard equivalent
menu commands to key-in the insertion
 Position the cursor over the desired component icon, press and hold the left
mouse button, then “drag” the icon off the toolbar and “drop” it onto the
desired point by releasing the mouse button. This is known as the “drag and
drop” technique.

Modifying Points or Components

Use one of the techniques below to modify points or components.
 Using the mouse, double click on the graphical representation of the
component to open its associated dialog. Double click on a point to modify
point offsets.
 Position the cursor on one of the points, or select a range of points, then
right-click the component to be modified from the toolbar.
 Click on one of the points associated with the component, then select the
component name from the Modify menu.
 Users can graphically select a range to modify across a range of points with
one command (see ‘Selecting a Range’)
 Display the Input grids then select the appropriate grid tab and modify the
value in the cell(s). Double clicking a row in the Input grids will display the
Modify dialog. Note: Ctrl+Enter, Copy/Paste or Copy Down can be used to
change values over multiple cells.
Deleting Points or Components

Use one of the techniques below to delete existing points or components:
 Select the unwanted component with the mouse then press the Delete key
on the keyboard.
 Select the unwanted component then press the Delete icon on the command
toolbar.
 Position the cursor on one of the points, or select a range of points, then
hold down the [Shift] and right-click the component to be deleted from the
toolbar.
 Graphically select a range, and then select the corresponding component
name from the Delete menu to delete across an entire range of points with
one command (see Selecting a Range).
 Select the unwanted component then select the Edit > Delete menu
command.
 Select it with the mouse or position the active point at that location, then
select the corresponding component name from the Delete menu.
 Select the appropriate row in the Input Grids and Press the Delete key on the
keyboard.
Note: Multiple rows can be deleted at one time.

Selecting a Range (Creating a Selection Set)

Selection of ranges is a powerful tool within AutoPIPE that users should become
familiar with. By graphically selecting ranges of points, users can insert, modify, or
delete components, properties, loads, and other data across ranges of points with
one command or graphically select points to be included in the output reports. Also,
selection of ranges is required in order to graphically cut, copy, or paste.
There are several methods available to graphically select ranges of points. By using
icons or the Select menu or Input Grids, users can select by a number of different
criteria such as by segment, point names, component type, pipe diameter and other
parameters. In addition, users can create a mouse zoom box Window and click on
the Select all points in Window icon to select a range. Another common method
used to select a range is to click on the first point in the range, press and hold the
[Shift] key, then click on the last point in the range. The selection set will highlight in
red. This is the same technique used to select ranges in Word, Excel, and other
popular Windows programs.
To create a selection set that includes components that are not part of a contiguous
run, use the [Ctrl] key as follows: To add more components to this set, or delete
points from this set press and hold the [Ctrl] key and select additional elements. The
[Ctrl] selection method allows you to select a set of components that are not
continuous. Alternatively, Select > Point enables buttons that can add or subtract
from the selection set on a point by point basis.
The Select > Range command, another method of creating a selection set, allows the
user to input “From” and “To” points inside a dialog.
In any Input Grid tab, selecting a group of rows or cells (same column) using [Ctrl] or
[Shift] keys will highlight the selected points in red on the graphic. Note: The point
symbol and names will be highlighted when selecting from the Points or
Pres/Temp/PipeID tabs. These two tabs enable selection of all points in the model.
The Pres/Temp/PipeID tab also provides a range selection up to and including the
bend near or far points. All other grid tabs will highlight the component symbol and
the Thermal Anchor Movements tab will highlight the anchor symbol on the graphic.

Module Assessment
Module Assessment
Assessment is often equated with evaluation, but the two concepts are different.
Assessment is used to determine what an individual knows or can do. Complete the
assessment to see what you have gained from completing this module.
http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/656813/apfund?quiz=basic

Module Assessment

Expansion Loop & Frame
Supports
Overview
In this module you will build a simple stress model. The model will be analyzed and
will be found to be overstressed. You will find the cause of overstress and add an
expansion loop to alleviate the problem. During this exercise you will learn the
essential tools for performing piping stress analysis.
Prerequisites

Objectives
 Learn how to do basic model building for a simple one pipeline model with
anchors and supports. Add a thermal expansion loop and simple frame support.
Apr-13 45 Expansion Loop & Frame Supports

Feature Model Definition
Feature Model Definition
In this section you will learn the basics of building a new AutoPIPE model. You will be
taught the basic dialogs and commands needed to start a new system. The model
will consist of pipes, bends, anchors, vertical supports and guide supports. You will
learn how to add piping points and supports, insert pipe spans, and insert supports
at multiple points. You will consider both dead weight (Gravity) and thermal loads.
You will be using ASME B31.3 piping code for Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery
Piping throughout this training.
The model you will build is shown below:
Expansion Loop & Frame Supports 46 Apr-13

Creating the Model Geometry
 Exercise 1: Starting a New Model

1. From the Windows’ Start menu, select AutoPIPE V8i or select the icon from the
Bentley AutoPIPE program group.
2. The AutoPIPE application opens. The starting screen is shown below.
3. Select File > New to open the New dialog shown below.

4. In the Save in drop-down list, navigate to the directory in which you wish to save
the new file. Enter Sample1a in the File name field and press Save. This will
trigger four initial dialogs for each new model. These dialogs are General Model
Options for entering the piping code, units used and installation temperature,
the Segment dialog for defining the global coordinates of the starting point, the
Pipe Properties dialog for defining the first pipe cross section, and the Operating
Pressure & Temperature dialog for defining the design pressure and
temperature. Follow the instructions carefully as these steps cannot be undone
except by re-starting the model again.
5. In the General Model Options dialog, select ASME B31.3 Process from the Piping
Code drop-down list. Enter the remaining values as shown below and then press
OK.

Note: You can set the number of operating thermal/pressure cases and the
temperature at installation (i.e. at the time when supports and anchors
are set).
Note: When using DIN specs, select AUTODIN as a component library instead of
AUTOPIPE.
6. The Segment dialog will open. In this dialog you can enter the global coordinates
for the starting point in the model. Type 6 {1800} for the pipe elevation DY above
the ground at A00. (Assuming the ground at the origin with elevation 0). Type
8”STD {200STD} in the Pipe data identifier field at A00, and then press OK.
7. The Pipe Properties dialog will open since the pipe name 8”STD {200STD} is new
to the system. Select 8.000 {200} from the Nominal diameter drop-down, enter 1
for the Specific gravity of contents and select A53-B for the Pipe Material as
shown in the following figure. Press OK.

Note: To enter schedules in mm, you need to select AUTODIN as the

component library in Tools/Model Options/General. For large pipe sizes,
use NS (Non-Standard) as nominal diameter.
8. Once you accept the Pipe Properties dialog, the Operating Pressure &
Temperature dialog will display. Type 250 {1.70} in the Pressure field and 700
{370} in the Temperature field as follows. Press OK.
9. The point A00 appears in the middle of the view port as shown below.

 Exercise 2: Adding Piping Points and Supports

1. Now you will start routing the system. You will start with a rigid anchor at A00.
Select Insert > Anchor or click on the icon. Press OK to accept the default rigid
anchor properties.
2. Next you will insert a 20’ {6000 mm} pipe to A01. Select Insert > Run and type -
20 {-6000} in the DZ field as shown below. Press OK.

3. The model will appear as shown below.
4. Next you will add a vertical support “V-stop”. Select Insert > Support. Select V-
stop from the Support type drop-down as shown below.

5. Set the Gap above pipe to 0.000. Accept all the other default gap and friction
settings (all zeros) and then press OK. The view will be updated as shown in the
following figure:
The support shows restraint below as well as above the pipe. This is true when
the gaps are set to zero. If the gap above the pipe is non zero, AutoPIPE will
show a plate symbol at the gap location. Also if the gap is greater than the pipe
diameter the restraint will disappear. The setting for disappearance of the
restraint can be adjusted under View > Settings > Support Gap Scale.

6. Next you will insert the pipe up to A02. Select Insert > Run to open the Run Point
dialog. Type 10 {3000} in the Length field. You do not need to fill in the offsets as
long as you are not changing the direction of the pipe. When you press the Tab
key, you will notice the offsets are updated correctly as follows. Press OK to
accept.
7. Once you accept the dialog, the program graphics will be updated as follows.
8. Next you will add a vertical support “V-stop” at A02. Select Insert > Support.
Select V-stop from the Support type drop-down as shown below.

9. Accept the default gap and friction settings (all zeros). Press OK. The view will be
updated as follows.

 Exercise 3: Inserting Multiple Pipe Spans

1. You will now use the Insert > Run command to insert 4 runs of 20 feet
{6000mm}. Select Insert > Run. Use the Shift-Tab key combination to move the
cursor back to the Generate Points field and then type 4. Use the Tab key to
move to the Length field and type 20 {6000}. You can use the Tab key again to
display the updated offsets.
2. The graphics will be updated when you press OK. Select View > All icon to view
the full model as shown in the following figure.

 Exercise 4: Inserting Supports at Multiple Points
To insert supports
1. You will now add two V-stops at A04 and A05. Use Ctrl-Click to select A04 and
repeat to pick A05. Selecting consecutive points also selects the pipe between
the points, which is expected.
2. Select Insert > Support, and then select V-stop from the Support type drop-
down. Press OK to insert the supports using the default settings in the Support
dialog as shown in the following figure.

3. You will now add the two guides at A03 and A06. First click on point A03 to clear
the selection or use Select > Clear. This is very important as you do not want to
insert guides at A04 and A05. Then use the Ctrl-Click to select A03 and repeat to
select A06. The point names will be highlighted in red.
4. Select Insert > Support, and then select Guide from the Support type drop-down.
5. Press OK to place the support using the default gap settings and friction as
shown below.

To insert a Bend
1. Next you will insert the bend at A07.
Note: When inserting bends using the Insert > Bend command or the icon
the bend point should not exist in the model. If the bend point is already
present, use the Modify > Convert Point to > Bend or in the top
toolbar instead. In either case the bend component is inserted in two or
more steps. The following describes the two available methods to insert
the bend.
FIRST METHOD
1. Insert the line leading to the bend point A07 using the Insert > Bend
command or the icon

2. Insert the line from the bend point A07 to bend point A08 using the
Insert > Bend command or the icon

(Note: When A08 is not a bend point, use the Insert > Run command or
the icon to create the end of the bend.)

SECOND METHOD
1. Insert the line leading to bend point A07 using the Insert > Run
command or the icon

2. Insert the line following the bend point (A07 to A08) using the Insert >
Run command or the icon

3. Click on A07
4. Use the Modify > Convert Point to > Bend command or the icon
to convert the kink point at A07 to a bend.
5. Adjust the radius and/or add midpoint by double clicking at the bend
point A07.
Although the second method is more intuitive, it actually takes more

time. In step 2 of the second method, you would need to zero out the
offsets as AutoPIPE assumes you are going in the same direction as the
previous pipe.
2. Click on A06 to clear the selection range and select A06 as the insertion point.
Select Insert > Bend to open the Bend Point dialog. Type 5 {1500} in the Length
field and press OK to accept the default long radius (1.5D). Press Help to review
the information pertaining to the bend element.
Note: You can type over the radius field to set an arbitrary radius, e.g. type 40
{1000} to specify a 5D radius (5x8=40 inches) {5x200=1000}.
3. Next zoom on the bend point by creating a window around the bend point. This
can be done by clicking on one corner and, while holding down the left mouse
button, drag to form the window as shown below. Right-click to zoom into the
windowed area. You can also zoom by selecting the View > Box Zoom command.

4. The resulting graphics will show as follows:
5. You can change from single line view to solid view using the View > Solid Model
View command.

6. Notice the pipe leading to the bend point is shown in a different color to indicate
the bend is not finished. Next you will insert the bend point at A08. Select Insert
> Bend to insert the bend. Type -3 {-900} in the DY field and then press OK.
7. The model is updated to reflect the insertion of line A07 to A08 as shown below.
Notice that the line is shown in a different color to indicate an unfinished bend
at point A08.

8. The last point, A09, is a run point. Use Insert > Run or click on the icon to insert
the run point A09. Type 10 {3000} in the DX field and press OK.
9. The model is updated as shown below:

To insert an anchor
1. The last step is to insert the rigid anchor at A09. Select Insert > Anchor and then
press OK to accept the default values in the Anchor dialog.
2. Now the model should look as follows.

3. The model geometry has been completed. Select View > All to display the full
model.

Adding an Expansion Loop
Now that the piping is constructed and supports are placed, you need to perform a
stress check per the ASME B31.3 piping code. You will learn how to identify the
loading that causes the overstress. Examination of the deflected shape will help you
rectify the problem by adding an expansion loop. After reviewing the stress results
of the new geometry you will learn how to support the expansion loop.
 Exercise 1: Performing the Stress Check
1. Before the stress check can be performed, the system needs to be analyzed to
determine forces, moments and displacements due to the loads prescribed. The
loads you have in this case are due to dead weight and thermal/pressure load.
Select Load > Static Analysis Sets to enable the load cases that will be used for
the static analysis.
Note: The Analysis Sets dialog can be used to define multiple static analyses
(analysis sets) and provide references to these results from separate
analyses during post-processing.
2. Select Analysis Set no. 1 and press the Modify button to open the Static Analysis
Load Cases dialog. Notice that the load case Gravity is already checked for
analysis. Enable T1 and disable the Gaps/Friction/Soil option. Press the OK
button to accept the static analysis load cases.
Note: Refer to the end of this chapter for a discussion on Static Analysis Sets.

3. Press the OK button in the Analysis Sets dialog to accept the modified analysis
set. Then select Analyze > Static to start the static analysis. Static analysis will
cause assembly of the stiffness matrix of piping points and bends and will impose
gravity and thermal loads to determine the pipe displacements and reactions.
The Static Analysis dialog opens to show the progress of the static analysis. Press
OK when the analysis is done.
Note: Selecting Analyze > Static will analyze all selected static analysis sets, i.e.
static analysis sets with the Analyze option enabled.
4. You are ready to examine the stresses per the code. Select Result > Code
Stresses.
5. Press OK in the Code Stresses dialog to get the color coded stress plot shown in
the next figure. Since you selected the default All combination, AutoPIPE will
plot a stress envelope of all load combinations. It will also highlight the
maximum stress point and will show the load combination that caused the
highest stress.


Notice the program places the cursor at the point of maximum stress A09. Also it
displays in the top left corner of the plot the name of the load combination Amb
to T1 (EXP) that causes the maximum stress. The stress ratio 3.89 {3.93} is shown
in red next to the point name. The Stresses dialog shows the actual stress,
allowable stress and stress ratio for all three stress combinations.
6. Now you will see the lower stress points by pressing the back arrow from the
VCR buttons on the top toolbar. The next point will be A07 N+ with a stress ratio
of 2.37 {2.38}. Pressing the back arrow again will show the next highest stress
point as A08 F- with a stress ratio of 1.93 {1.92}. At all these points, the
combination Amb to T1 is the cause of the overstress.
7. Now that you know the cause of this overstress, you will plot the deflected
shape corresponding to this stress. Select Result > Displacement from the menu.
The Deflected Shape dialog displays. In order to see the displacement for Amb to
T1, select Thermal 1 for the equivalent non-code load combination. Enable the
Animate load case checkbox as shown below.
8. Once you click OK, the deflected shape for thermal load will be animated.

9. The maximum displacement is clearly at the bend point A07. Click on A07 N to
get the displacement.
Note: Bend point A07 is not a real point on the pipe, it is just a geometric node
and could lie outside the bend sometimes. For this reason, no
displacements or stresses are defined for A07. In AutoPIPE we refer to
A07 as the bend Tangent Intersection Point, i.e. the point where the two
bend tangents intersect. It holds all the geometric bend data, such as
bend radius which in turn defines the near (N) and far (F) and mid (M)
points of the bend.

Notice the maximum displacement is relatively large at 6.26 inches {155.7 mm}.
Actually, AutoPIPE exaggerates the displacement when plotting the deflected shape
for clarity.
Notice also that the cause of this stress is that all the thermal expansion in the line
A00 to A07 is acting on the piping between points A07 and A09. A logical way to
reduce thermal stress is to make the piping more flexible to help accommodate the
unavoidable thermal movements. Some ways of making the piping flexible are to
add expansion loops or expansion joints. Expansion loops are more common, but
you need space to accommodate these loops. Expansion joints are handy when no
room is available for loops, but they tend to be more expensive and do require more
maintenance.
 Exercise 2: Adding an Expansion Loop
It is clear that an expansion loop is a logical choice. The question is where the
expansion loop should be placed. Typically, expansion loops are placed at the middle
or at equal distances to accommodate the large thermal displacements. You will
insert the expansion loop between points A03 and A04. Although it seems logical to
delete the pipe A03 to A04 and start constructing the loop, this is not a
recommended method in AutoPIPE as it will split the piping into two segments. You
will use another approach; we call it the rubber-band procedure. We think of the
pipe A03-A04 as a rubber-band and you will attempt to form the loop by stretching
the rubber-band. The expansion loop is shown below. The steps to construct the
WxLxH=10x20x3 {3000x6000x900} loop are as follows:

1. It is recommended that you start at the upstream point when adding the loop.
Click at A03
2. Insert a run point A10 at 5’ {1500} from A03 (just enter a length of 5’). Use the
command IR or Insert > Run to insert the run.
3. Insert a bend point A11 at DY= 3’ {900}. Use the command IB or Insert > Bend to
insert the bend.
4. Insert a bend point A12 at DX= -20’ {-6000}
5. Insert a bend point A13 at DZ= -10’ {-3000}
6. Insert a bend point A14 at DX= 20’ {6000}
7. Insert a bend point A15 at DY= -3’ {-900}
8. Convert the starting point A10 to a bend using the icon or use Modify > Convert
point to > Bend.
9. Use the View > Show > Length command to display the pipe lengths. You can use
Tools > Model Options > Edit and select Use ft-in display format to display
dimensions as shown above. (English Units Only)
Note: The use of keyboard shortcuts allows a faster entry of data points. To see
all keyboard commands, press the I key to open the Insert menu, and
notice how the menu commands now have one letter underlined. This
indicates the key to press for the command.
Now that the expansion loop is added, let us check the thermal stresses again.
10. Run Analyze > Static and accept default cases.
11. Select Result > Code Stresses and select Amb to T1 load combination as shown
below.
12. The resulting stress plot will be shown as follows.

13. You need to make a full check of all loads including sustained stress, or Gravity
and longitudinal pressure stress. This can easily be done by repeating the code
stress check and selecting the load combination All as follows.

14. The resulting stress plot will show as follows.

Notice the maximum stress ratio is 1.71 {1.65} at node A11 N. The cause of this
overstress is shown as usual on the top left corner GR + MaxP (SUS) or the
sustained stress. To visualize the problem you will look at the deflected shape for
GR case which is the closest non-code combination to the code combination
GR+MaxP.
15. Select Result > Displacement and then select Gravity load combination as
follows.
16. The deflected shape will show as follows.

 Exercise 3: Supporting the Expansion Loop

1. Click on A11 and press IR on the keyboard to insert a run point for the support.
Type 15 {4500} in the Length field and press OK.
The run point is added as shown in the following figure. (English Units Shown)

2. Type IS at the command line and select V-Stop as a support type. Set the Gap
above pipe to 0.
3. Press OK to place the support as shown in the following figure. (English Units
Shown)

4. Now click on A13 and type IR. Type 5 {1500} in the Length field.
5. Press OK to place the run point as shown below. (English Units Shown)

6. Type IS and insert a V-STOP support at A17.
7. Press OK to place the support as shown below. (English Units Shown).


Final Stress Check
Final Stress Check
Now that the loop appears well supported, you will attempt to perform a stress
check and generate a stress report.
 Exercise 1: Final Stress Check
1. Select Analyze > Static to perform a static analysis of the existing load cases.
Press OK.
2. Select Result > Code Stresses to display the code stress dialog. Select the All
combination and then press OK.
3. The stress plot is shown as follows. Select View > Show > Point Names to
remove node names from the plot. Select View > Show > Length to remove
element length.

Final Stress Check
The maximum stress ratio is 0.43 {0.43} at point A13 N+. It is caused by the
combination Amb to T1.

Final Stress Check
 Exercise 2: Generating a Stress Report

1. Select Result > Output Report and enable the check box for all sub-reports. Do
not enable the Sort stresses option.
Note: The Batch Report dialog is only displayed when selecting this command
from the Main Menu. If the command is accessed by using the toolbar
icon, the Output Report will be immediately displayed using the current
selections in this dialog (which were made the last time that this dialog
was opened in the current session of AutoPIPE, or the default settings if
this dialog has not been opened yet in the current AutoPIPE session).

Final Stress Check
2. Press OK to generate the report. Scroll down to the COMPONENT DATA listing
for point A11 as shown. Notice that AutoPIPE lists the SIF and flexibility for the
pipe bend at A11.

Final Stress Check
3. Now scroll down to the support data listing.

Final Stress Check
4. And the bend data listing.
5. These Model Input listing reports can also be viewed directly using Tools >
Model Input Listing and can be edited using the input grid.

Final Stress Check
6. Scroll down to the Support Forces report. Note that T1 is not an appropriate
case for supports as it represents the change in support reactions between cold
and hot cases. For supports you typically want the cold reactions given by GR
and the hot reactions given by GRT1. You will learn later how to disable load
combinations from the reports.

Final Stress Check
7. Now scroll down to Code Compliance report. Notice that AutoPIPE defined all
the necessary load cases for the code check. These are the sustained, expansion
and hoop stresses.

Adding a Frame Support
8. Points A11 N+ and A11 F- are inside the bend and will have an SIF typically larger
than 1.00. Points A11 N- and A11 F+ are outside the bend and will typical have
an SIF of 1.00 and hence a lower stress.
9. Use File > Save to save a copy of the sample1a model.
Here you will see how to model a frame support. Frame supports are often not
needed for performing static analysis. However, they are very useful when
performing dynamic analysis as the stiffness and mass of the support could change
system resonance frequencies. Frame elements are often used when trying to match
the measured frequency response of the system. You will learn the difference
between pipe and frame elements, and how to simulate support stiffness and mass
by using a frame support.
Although pipe elements are modeled using beam elements, frame elements are very
different in many ways.
 Frame elements cannot have pressure or temperature data applied
 Frame elements cannot have a stress (AISC or LRFD) check performed. You can
review beam displacements and forces but not stresses.
 Mass points or intermediate points cannot be inserted to a frame.
 Frame element section moments of inertia vary with direction (Ix and Iy are
usually different). The beta angle of the frame determines its orientation.
 Frame element design is based on buckling criteria which is not the case for most
piping codes.
 Since you cannot add pipes to the mid point of a bend, frame elements can be
useful in modeling dummies, trunnions or base elbow supports. If temperature is
important, you can add a short frame and then connect another pipe. You can
also make a tee next to (not at) the Near or Far point of the bend for adding an
elbow support as a branch.
 Frame elements do not have a segment assigned.

Frame Support Description
You will replace the guide at A03 with the frame as shown below. You still need to
have the guide to connect the pipe to the frame. The pipe is assumed resting on the
frame support. Since AutoPIPE uses center line dimensions (as in line mode), the
frame node (3) should be 8.31” {211 mm} below the pipe point A03. The distance is
the average of the OD of the pipe (8.625” {219 mm}) and the depth of the beam (8”
{203 mm}).

 Exercise 1: Inserting the First Frame Element

The best way to start building the frame is to start with frame element M1 joining
nodes 3 and 4. Since you need the coordinates of node 3 we need the global
coordinates of node A03.
1. In order to determine the coordinates of point A03, click on point A03 and use
the View > Point Properties command. The Point Properties dialog appears as
follows:
2. Since the point 3 is 0.69 {211MM} below A03, the Y coordinate should be 6 –
0.69 = 5.31 ft {1800 -211 = 1589MM}.
3. Select Insert > Beam Section Properties.
4. The Beam Section Properties dialog displays.

5. Select Standard from Section type section and STEEL from the Material name
drop-down list.
6. Click the Select button in the Section type area to open the Section Profile
Database dialog. In this dialog; select W shape from the American country
section, W8X24 from Select Beam list and Single Section from Type Specification
as shown below.

7. Click OK to close the Section Profile Database dialog.

8. Click OK to close the Beam Section Properties dialog.
9. Select Insert > Frame and type 3 in the From Point I field. Tab to the Y field and
enter 5.31 {1589}. Type -50 {-15000} in the Z field. Type 4 in the To Point J field.
Type 8 {2500} in the DX field. Select W8x24 for Section ID. The Beta angle causes
a rotation of the beam and is not needed here.

10. Press OK to insert the beam. Then zoom in on the beam by creating a window
around the beam. This can be done by clicking on one corner and, while holding
down the left mouse button, drag to form the window as shown below. Right-
click to zoom into the windowed area. You can also zoom by selecting the View >
Box Zoom command.
11. The beam is constructed as shown in the following figure.

 Exercise 2: Inserting the Remaining Frame Elements

The first beam is typically the hardest to construct.
1. To construct beam 4-5, click on point 4 and then select Insert > Frame. Type 5 in
the To Point J field. Tab to the DY field and type -8 {-2500}. Press OK and the
beam will be inserted as shown.

2. Now continue in the same manner to place beam 3-2. Click on point A03 and
then select Insert > Frame. Type 3 in the From Point I field. Type 2 in the To Point
J field. Tab to the DX field and enter -8 {-2500}. Press OK and the beam will be
placed as shown below.

3. Click on point 2 and then Select Insert > Frame. Type 1 in the To Point J field. Tab
to the DY field and type -8 {-2500}. Press OK and the beam will appear as shown
in the following figure.

 Exercise 3: Supporting the Frame

It may seem funny that you need to support the frame, which itself is acting as a
support. In AutoPIPE, the frame element is not a support and hence needs to be
supported. If you did not support the frame you would get an unstable system
message during the analysis.
This frame assembly needs anchors at nodes 1 and 5.
1. Click on node 1 and select Insert > Anchor and press OK. Repeat to insert
another anchor at node 5. The plot will be updated as follows:

 Exercise 4: Connecting the Pipe to the Frame Assembly

You also need to connect the pipe point A03 to point 3 on the frame. Otherwise, the
frame and the pipe system are completely independent. This can be done simply by
modifying the current guide support at A03.
1. Double click on the symbol for the guide support at point A03. You will notice
the Connected to field is set to Ground. This is the default value for all supports,
but it is not true here. Specify node 3 as the Connected to point as shown in the
next figure.

2. Press OK. The graphics will be updated and you will notice a slight change in the
guide symbol as shown in the following figure.
3. This completes the model for the frame support.

 Exercise 5: Another Stress Check
Now that you have added the frame support you will check to see if the static
analysis results will be affected. So you will run another static analysis and follow
this with a code stress check.
1. Select View > All to display the full model.
2. Select Analyze > Static.
3. Select Result > Code Stresses to display the Code Stresses dialog and select the
default All combination.
4. The stress plot is shown as follows:

Note: Notice the stresses are almost identical with those obtained without the
frame support. The frame support effect is minimal on static analysis
results.

Discussion of Static Analysis Sets
In prior editions of AutoPIPE, a static analysis could only be run on one set of
parameters at a single time. For example, a set of load cases could be selected, such
as thermal, wind, earthquake, etc., and a static analysis run. If results were also
required for a different set of loads, a separate analysis with different load
selections had to be run. Results were only available for the latest analysis. Now,
AutoPIPE V8i offers the ability to create multiple static analysis sets and perform an
analysis for all of them simultaneously.
1. Select Loads > Static Analysis Sets from the Main Menu to display the new
Analysis Sets dialog.
2. Select the Create Default Sets button in order to create default analysis sets as
shown.
3. Some settings for each analysis set can be selected directly on this dialog. The
Analyze checkboxes are used to include an analysis set in an upcoming static
analysis. The Pressure Stiffness and Hot Modulus load cases can be selected from
the corresponding columns. There are checkboxes available to include Pressure
Extension cases and Non-Linear analysis, and to Ignore Friction for the seismic
and gravity cases.
The Initial State Occasional column allows specification of the loading scenario
that is present on the system when occasional loads, such as wind or seismic, are
applied. This is the Load Sequencing feature of AutoPIPE that is not available in
many other commercial piping analysis programs. For example, you can specify
that seismic loads act on the system when only the gravity load is present; or,
you can apply the seismic load when the operating case, including temperature,
is present in the system.

4. Although many items can be controlled in this dialog, other parameters, such as
the load cases to include in an analysis set, must be selected in another manner.
To see a more comprehensive list of available selections for an analysis set,
highlight Analysis Set No. 1 in the list and select the Modify button. The Static
Analysis Load Cases dialog appears as shown.
Hint: You can also open the dialog to modify an analysis set by double-clicking
the analysis set in the list.
5. In addition to specifying the load cases to be included in an analysis set, this

dialog provides options for including Cut-short analysis, Hydrotest, and Thermal
bowing in the analysis. As on the previous dialog, the Hot modulus case, Pressure
stiffening and pressure extension case, and non-linear analysis can be selected
from this dialog as well. For Analysis Set No. 1, the only options selected are to
include Gravity loads, with the pipe contents, the T1 thermal load case, and to
perform a non-linear analysis at the supports.
6. Click Cancel to return to the Analysis Sets dialog.
7. There is only one analysis set included by default for this model. Additional
analysis sets can be manually created using the New button. An essentially
unlimited number (actually 999) of analysis sets can be created in this manner.
8. This dialog also contains options to delete selected or all analysis sets, to
renumber analysis sets, and to copy an existing analysis set using the Duplicate
button.
9. The Results column indicates if results are available for an analysis set, i.e. an
analysis has been performed that includes that analysis set.

10. Color-coded warning messages appear at times in this dialog regarding the status
of the model. When changes are made to an analysis set, it is colored blue in this
dialog until those changes are saved. If an analysis has been run and an analysis
set is later changed, it is highlighted yellow to indicate that those results are not
updated to the current analysis sets. If an analysis has been run and changes are
later made to the model, the analysis sets are highlighted pink to indicate that
the results are not updated to the current model.
11. Click OK to accept the default analysis sets data and to return to the Main
Window.

Analyzing All Analysis Sets Simultaneously
1. Select Analyze > Analyze All from the Main Menu.

The Analyze All dialog appears, showing all of the analysis types that are
available to be analyzed in this model. The Select analyses automatically
checkbox is enabled indicating that all available analysis types will be included in
the analysis.
2. Disable the Select analyses automatically checkbox. Now, the list of available
analysis types is active allowing control over the types of analyses that will be
included.
For this model, Static is the only type of analysis that will be included. Accept the
default selections by clicking OK.
3. The Static Analysis dialog appears briefly, indicating that a successful analysis has
been performed.

Module Assessment
Module Assessment
http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/656813/apfund?quiz=exploop

Hanger Design & Equipment
Overview
In this module you will build a new piping model. This module contains an example
system with an API 610 pump and a spring hanger. It shows how to define the pump
and produce the pump report.
Prerequisites

Objectives
 Learn how to define pumps and produce pump reports.

 Learn how to use the copy, paste and rotate operations.
 Learn how to perform a spring hanger automated design and produce hanger
reports.
Apr-13 107 Hanger Design & Equipment

Build Pump Suction Piping
In this lesson you will define the problem and start a new model. You will set the
node number increments and add anchor and piping points to the model. You will
also learn how to add a tee junction and branching pipe, change a length of pipe,
and insert a hanger.
The following shows the initial piping model SAMPLE2.
Property Value
Piping Code B31.3
Pressure 150 psi {1.00 N/mm2}
Temperature 500 Deg.F {260 Deg C}
Material A106 Grade B
Corrosion Allowance 0.06” {1.5 mm}
Insulation 2” Wool {50mm}
Contents Spec. Grav. 1.0
Main Pipe 6” STD {150STD}
Branch Pipe 4” STD, Welding Tee {100 STD}
Valve GATE 150#, WN FLANGES
Hanger Initially undesigned
Hanger Design & Equipment 108 Apr-13


1. Select File > New, and type sample2 in the File Name field and press Save as
shown below.
2. In the General Model Options dialog, select B31.3 Process as the piping code as
shown below and press OK.

3. In the Segment dialog, type 6STD {150STD} in the Pipe Data Identifier field as
shown and then press OK.
4. Since the pipe is new, the Pipe Properties dialog will appear to enter the pipe
cross section properties. As you enter the values shown below, notice how the
units for the active field are shown in the lower right corner of the main
AutoPIPE window. Select 6 {150} from the Nominal Diameter drop-down, type
0.06 {1.50} in the Corrosion Allow field, type 2 {50} in the Insulation Thickness
field, and select Wool from the Insulation Material drop-down. Type 1 in the
Specific Gravity field and select A106-B from the Pipe Material drop-down. Press
OK to continue.

5. The Operating Pressure & Temperature dialog will automatically display to enter
the pressure and temperature, which is dependent on the material properties.
Type 150 {1.00} in the Pressure field and 500 {260} in the Temperature field.
Press the Tab key and notice how the material properties are updated based on
the material library.

6. Press OK and the model will appear as shown in the following figure:

 Exercise 2: Set Default Node Numbering

1. Now you will set the node name increment to 5 so that default names become
A00, A05, A10, etc. Select Tools > Model Options > Edit to display the Edit Model
Options dialog. Type 5 in the Default point name offset field, and then press OK.
2. A confirmation dialog will appear. Press Yes to accept the changes.

 Exercise 3: Add Segment At Piping Points

Here you will add all segment A piping points. You will start by adding the anchor at
A00 and then add piping points and bends along the segment.
1. Select Insert > Anchor. Press OK to accept rigid anchor properties.
2. Select Insert > Tee. Type 10 {3000} in the Offset -DX field and then press OK to
add a tee point 10’ {3000mm} away from A00.

Note: Alternatively, this point could be inserted as a Run point and converted
later to a Tee using the Modify > Convert Point To > Tee command. When
this command is used, the Tee type defaults to Welding and the Tee point
will have to be edited in order to select a different Tee type.
3. Select View > Solid Model View and the plot will appear as shown below.
4. Now you will insert a bend point at A10. Select Insert > Bend and set the Length
field to 5’ {1500} as shown.

5. The piping geometry is updated as shown below.
6. Note that line A05-A10 is shown with a light color to indicate that the bend is not
finished. The bend will be drawn when the pipe or bend following it is drawn.
Now you will insert the bend point at A15. Select Insert > Bend. Type -3 {-900} in
DY field and then press OK.
7. The updated graphics will show the completed bend at A10, but not at A15 as
shown.

8. Now you will complete segment A by placing a run point at A20. Select Insert >
Run and type 5 {1500} in the DZ field as shown. Press OK to continue.
9. Select Insert > Anchor to insert a rigid anchor at A20 as shown below.

 Exercise 4: Add Branch Pipe

In this lesson you will add the branch piping with bends, valves and flanges.
1. Zoom around the tee point at A05. To zoom, click and keep the mouse pressed
while dragging it to form a box. Now right-click to perform the zoom. You will
notice 3 blue arrows are created next to the tee point. Select the branch arrow
to make it active. It will highlight in red, as shown in the figure below.
2. After selecting the branch arrow, notice that the segment name in the bottom of
the dialog changes from A to *B* to indicate a new segment B. Now, since you
are on segment B, any runs or bends inserted will belong to this new segment.
Select Insert > Run to insert a run point. Type 1.5 {450} in the DY field and type
4STD {100STD} in the Pipe Identifier field to create a reducing tee.
3. Since the Pipe Identifier 4STD {100STD} is new, the Pipe Properties dialog is
displayed. Select 4.000 {100} from the Nominal Diameter dropdown and then
press OK.

4. Select Insert > Bend to display the Bend Point dialog shown below.
5. Type 1.5 {450} in the DY field and press OK.

6. After panning and zooming the window the piping will appear as follows. Notice
that the pipe B05 to B10 is shown in lighter color to indicate an incomplete bend.
The bend is completed when the next run point B15 is inserted.
7. Select Insert > Run to insert a pipe run from B10 to B15. Type -2 {-600} in the DZ
field.

8. Press OK to update the model as shown below.
AutoPIPE does not allow insertion of a component like a valve (reducer,

expansion joint or nozzle) after bend or tee points. In order to insert these
components a run point is necessary. In this case, B15 can serve as our
starting point for the valve. You could not have done that at B10.
To insert the valve and flanges

1. Now you will insert the flanged gate valve with 150# rating. Select Insert > Valve.
Select the valve Type GATE-F, and the Pressure rating as 150. Notice the valve
length, weight and surface area factor are retrieved from the AutoPIPE library. If
you need to know what a surface area factor is press F1 while in the surface area
factor box to see help on this box.

2. Press OK to place the valve. To insert the mating flanges for the valve, you must
first select the valve and then insert both flanges at the same time. Select the
beginning of the valve (B15), hold down the Shift key, then click on the end point
(B20) of the valve. You will see the entire valve highlighted in red.
3. Select Insert > Flange to insert both mating flanges. Select the Flange type
WELDNECK from the drop-down and the Pressure Rating 150 and then press OK.
4. The model is updated as shown below.


To insert a pipe run

1. Now you will insert a pipe run from the valve to the anchor. First, you need to
clear the selection. This can be done easily by clicking on B20. Select Insert > Run
to add the pipe. To accept the default length, 2.0 {600}, press OK.
2. The model is updated as shown below.
3. Select View > All.

4. Select Insert > Anchor and then press OK to add a rigid anchor as shown in the
following figure.
5. Select View > Show > Length to display the pipe lengths. (English Units
Displayed)

 Exercise 5: Change the Length of Pipe A10 to A15

You will now learn various ways to change a pipe length in AutoPIPE. You will update
a length from 3’ {900mm} to 15’ {4500mm}. By far the easiest and most logical way
is to use the input grid. But we will also discuss other options.
1. If the Review Component Data dialog is not shown already, select the Edit >
Grids command to open the dialog. This dialog is often referred to as the Input
Grid.
2. Change the length of the A10 to A15 run using one of the following methods:
 Locate the row with From point A10. Click in the Length field and type 15
{4500} to replace the old value of 3 {900}.
Note: Notice that while editing, a pencil icon appears to the left of the row to
indicate that the row is being edited. Also notice that point A15 in the
model is highlighted in red.
Press Enter to move out of the Length field and apply the change. You will
notice that the length is updated in the model.
 Select the pipe A15 to A20 and use the Edit > Move/Stretch command and
type -12 {-3600} in the DY field.
 Double click on the end point of run A15 and change the length to 15 {4500}
and make sure to check the option Apply offset to following points.

Inserting and Selecting a Hanger
 Exercise 1: Insert Hanger and Perform Hanger Design

In this lesson you will learn to add a hanger support and perform a hanger design.
1. Now you will insert the undesigned hanger at A10 N (Near or first node on the
bend). Select A10 N and then select Insert > Support. Select Spring from the
Support type drop-down, and notice the Undesigned check box is enabled by
default. This will allow you to perform the hanger design in AutoPIPE.
2. Press OK and the model will be updated as shown below.

3. Now that the hanger is present, you can design the hanger. In order to perform a
proper design for the hanger, you need to free supports close to the hanger. To
set a hanger release for anchors at A20 and B20 in the Y direction, double-click
the edge of the anchor A20. Enable the Y checkbox in the Release for hanger
selection group, and then press OK.
4. Repeat the same for anchor B25. The release will cause the hanger to carry more
gravity load and hence a larger size hanger will typically be selected. This hanger
release is only applied when Analyze > Hanger Selection is performed. When
using Analyze > Static, the actual anchor stiffness is used.
5. Select Analyze > Hanger Selection. The Hanger dialog will appear as shown
below.
Note: The Hanger dialog only appears if the command is selected from the
Main Menu. If the toolbar icon is used, the Hanger Selection routine is
automatically performed using either the current selections (which were
made the last time this dialog was opened in the current AutoPIPE
session) or the default settings (if the dialog has not yet been opened in
the current AutoPIPE session).

The rigid hanger criterion is used for deciding whether to use a rigid hanger
(V-stop) versus a spring hanger. AutoPIPE will select a rigid hanger if the
thermal movement at the support location is less than 0.100 inches
{2.54mm} per the default setting and this is a reasonable value for design.
The Load variation ratio is the ratio of the difference between hot and cold
spring loads to the hot load value. A 25% variation between cold and hot
load is a reasonable value. You may select a smaller value for some systems.
If AutoPIPE cannot find a hanger that satisfies the load variation, it will select
a Constant support (which has a zero variation between hot and cold loads).
The difference between hot and cold loads is the main reason for selecting a
hanger. If a hanger is replaced with a rigid support, lift-off could occur under
operating thermal load. This will cause the hot load to be zero and the cold
load to be large. When the hot load is zero, the weight of the piping under
hot conditions will be supported on the adjacent equipment nozzles causing
an overstress at these locations.
After the analysis is done, the program will show a test file of the possible
spring hangers. The first hanger listed is the one assigned by AutoPIPE. You
would need to either manually set the spring rate and cold load or change
the load variation ratio to force selection of another spring.

6. After you accept the Hanger dialog the hanger report will be shown as follows:

The selected hanger has a spring rate of 520 lb/in {91.1 N/mm} and a cold
preload of 1343.1 lb {5880.3 N}. These values will be automatically entered in
the Hanger dialog. Notice that if the load variation is set to 10%, the second
hanger will be selected. Note also that the hot load (1109.9 lbs) {4859.5 N} is the
same for all selected springs and the same applies to thermal movement (0.448
inches) {11.209 mm}.
Hanger Selection Procedure
 Only gravity (dead weight) and thermal loading are analyzed.

 A rigid restraint (V-Stop) replaces the hanger for the gravity (GR) load case
and anchor releases are applied. The calculated support reaction is the "hot
load" to be carried by the hanger. The hot load value in this case is 1109.9 lbs
{4859.5 N}.
 The rigid restraint is removed for thermal load cases (T1-T?) and no anchors
are released. The magnitude of vertical thermal displacement is the free
travel distance. The calculated thermal movement in the vertical direction at
A10 N is 0.448 inches {11.209 mm} in this case.
 If the supported point moves up under gravity load, a spring is not required.
 If the travel distance is less than the specified "rigid hanger displacement
criterion", a rigid restraint is selected.
 Using the calculated hot load and travel distance, the cold load is calculated
from the specified spring manufacturer table. If both hot and cold loads are
within a spring's operating range, that spring is selected. Otherwise, the next
size in the table is checked.
Cold Preload = Hot Load + Movement * Spring Rate
 "Spring load variation" of the selected spring is checked against the user
specified "permissible load variation".
Load Variation = (Cold Preload – Hot Load) / Hot Load
 If no spring is found, the process is repeated for multiple springs.
 If no spring is found, a constant force hanger is selected.
 All possible springs are reported.
 A Static analysis must be performed after the Hanger run


Add Pump Discharge Line
Next, you will build the pump discharge, which is disconnected from the pump
suction line. You will start by inserting a new segment and add the piping starting at
the discharge 3” nozzle. You will then insert a 3x4 {80x100} expander, a check valve
and a gate valve as shown. The discharge pressure is 200 psi {1.40 N/mm2}. The ANSI
A40 pump dimensions are given as well. The pump center as required by API 610 is
along the shaft, midway between the pedestals (or pump supports). For a proper
check of pumps, both suction and discharge piping should be included in the same
AutoPIPE model. You will learn how to change the design pressure for a discharge
line, how to generate a pump report, and how to perform edit operations.

 Exercise 1: Add a New Disconnected Segment

1. Select Insert > Segment and fill in the data as in the following table. You will use
B25 as your reference point for coordinates of the disconnected point C00.
Name Description
Name of first point C00
Offset from which point B25
DY 12.5” {317.5}
DZ -4” {-101.6}
Pipe data identifier 3STD {80STD}

2. Press OK.
3. Once you accept the Segment dialog, the Pipe Properties dialog will be displayed
to enter properties of the new identifier 3STD {80STD}. Select 3.000 {80} from
the Nominal Diameter drop-down as shown below, and then press OK.

4. Notice that the cursor is placed at the starting point C00 of the new segment as
shown below.
To add pipe and an expander

1. Now you will add the pipe, C00-C05, and then insert the 3x4 {80x100} expander.
Select Insert > Run and define the pipe run as shown below. Press OK when
done.

2. The view will be updated as shown in the following figure.
3. Next you will add a 3x4 {80X100} expander. Select Insert > Reducer. Type a
Length of 6” {150} and select 4STD {100STD} pipe identifier as shown below.
4. Press OK to update the model as shown below.

If the Operating Pressure & Temperature dialog displays, press OK to accept the
default settings.

To add check and gate valves

It is common to have check and gate valves in the discharge piping. First, you will
insert the check valve followed with a gate valve. You will assume that these
valves are butt welded.
1. Select Insert > Valve. Select SCHECK-B from the Type drop-down and 150 from
the Pressure rating drop-down. The length and weight are retrieved from the
AutoPIPE.lib file. Press OK.
2. Select Insert > Valve to inset a gate valve. Select GATE-B from the Type drop-
down and 150 from the Pressure rating drop-down. Tab and set the Length field
to 1.00 {300}. Press OK to close.

3. The model will be updated as shown below.

To add the bend, run and anchor

1. Select Insert > Bend. Press OK to accept the default length of 1.00 ft {300 mm}
as shown below.
2. Select Insert > Run to complete the bend and insert the attached pipe to C30.
Type 5’ {1500} in the DX field. Press OK to close.
3. To insert rigid anchors at C00 and C30, use Ctrl-Click to select C00 and C30. This
will make the node names highlight in red. Select Insert > Anchor to add rigid
anchors at these two points simultaneously.


 Exercise 2: Change Design Pressure for Discharge Line

Now you will learn how to update the design pressure for the discharge line. The
discharge pressure is 200 psi {1.40 N/mm2}, so you will select the discharge
piping and change the design pressure.
1. To select the segment, click on C00 and then use Shift-Click on C30. This will
highlight segment C in red.
2. Select Modify > Operating Pressure & Temperature. Type 200 {1.40} in the
Pressure field to update the discharge pressure and then press OK.
3. A note will display about updating valve data. Press OK.

4. Click on the Show Pressure icon in the View toolbar to display the operating
pressure. Press OK to accept the default.

5. Finally, select View > Reset Show Options to clear the pressure display.
This will finalize the input for the discharge piping. In the next section you will enter
the API 610 pump properties and generate a pump report.

Generating a Pump Report
In this section you will add the ANSI 4x3 (A40) pump and you will use an API 610
pump report to check the loads on the suction and discharge nozzles and also at the
center of the pump. The ANSI pump dimensions are given below:
The pump will not appear in the graphic. You can specify the properties but it will
not appear on the dialog like other AutoPIPE components. You will look at cold (GR)
and hot (GR+T1) reactions. First you will define the pump properties and then
analyze the model and generate a pump report.

 Exercise 1: Specify Pump Properties

1. Select Tools > Rotating Equipment and then specify the following data. Type
P101 for Equipment ID and then select Pump from the Type drop-down.
2. Type B25 in the Suction Point field, and then select End from the Location drop-
down, since the suction nozzle is at the end of the shaft.
3. Type C00 in the Discharge Point field, and then select Top from the Location
drop-down to indicate the top of the shaft. Keep the default Table 2 factor as
2.00. Specify the Pump Orientation as Horizontal with its Shaft Axis in the Global
Z direction.
4. Since you cannot have a point for the center of the pump, the pump center is
defined relative to the suction nozzle B25. So type B25 in the Reference Point
field and specify DZ as -0.85 feet {-260 mm} as shown below. Press OK to close.

 Exercise 2: Analyze and Show Pump Report

1. Select Load > Analysis Sets. Select analysis set no. 1 and press the Modify
button.
2. To analyze the system for static gravity and thermal loads, enable T1 and disable
Gaps/Friction/Soil option, then press OK to accept all other default data as
shown below.

3. Perform the analysis by selecting Analyze > Static. The Static Analysis dialog
appears, indicating that the analysis was successful. Press OK to close this dialog.

4. Select Tools > Combinations to look at the load cases, code combinations, and
non-code combinations typically used for support or nozzle loads.
5. Select the Non-Code Comb tab, and then press the Reset Defaults Only button
to display the non-code combinations.
6. Notice that there are three Non-Code load cases: Gravity (or GR), Thermal 1 (or
T1) and GRT1. GR is the cold reaction load, GRT1 is the hot reaction load while T1
= (GRT1) – GR is the difference between hot and cold loads. This difference T1,
while useful for estimating code expansion stress range, is meaningless for pump
nozzle loads. Therefore, you are going to disable T1 in the output report. T1 is
typically used to show deflections causing the code combination Amb to T1
stress. Disable T1 as shown in the following figure, and then press OK.

7. Select Result > Output Report. Disable the Select/Unselect all reports check
box, and enable the Equipment check box as shown below. Press OK.
Note: In order to edit the options available on the Batch Report dialog, it must
be accessed by using the command in the Main Menu. Use of the toolbar
icon automatically displays the output report using the current selections
on the Batch Report dialog (i.e. the selections made the last time the
dialog was open during the current session of AutoPIPE, or the default
selections if the dialog has not been opened during the current session).
8. The output will show the details for the reaction loads and will give a “*”
whenever a certain reaction exceeds the API 610 allowable. For the cold
reactions GR, the loads appear below the allowable stress; while for the hot
reaction GRT1, it is much higher than the allowable load. This ratio is 13.10
{13.27} for the My reaction.

Note: The AutoPIPE pump report shows all reaction forces and moments in
terms of the local API 610 axes, in which z is the vertical axis and x is the
shaft axis. The transformation from global to local axes is defined at the
top of the pump report. For example, the moment Mz actually stands for
global Y moment MY in AutoPIPE since Y is the vertical axis for this model.

Copy/Paste and Edit/Rotate Operations
Compressor and turbine reports can be generated in the same manner. For
these reports, the center of the equipment is not required and that simplifies
the calculations and limits it to the inlet and exit nozzles.
Copy/Paste and Edit/Rotate Operations
In this exercise you will add an intermediate point to start another branch thru a
copy/paste operation. You will then rotate part of the copied piping. The original
and final piping are shown below.
 Exercise 1: Copy and rotate the model segment

1. Add an intermediate point A25 between A00 and A05. Click on A00 and select
the Insert > Run command. Accept the default length of 5 ft {1500mm}.
2. Select the two segments B and C by using the Select > Segment command and
clicking on one point in segment B and another in segment C. Click Finish.
3. Use Edit > Copy and specify A05 as the reference point where copied objects are
to be connected.
4. Unselect all points by clicking on A25 and to signify the insertion point for the
pasted object.
5. Use Edit > Paste and select the default to connect to selected points.
6. Select segment E and follow by Edit > Rotate.
7. Select E00 as the center of rotation and specify 180 degree rotation around the
vertical Y axis.

Managing Segments
8. You would need to add a new pump P102. For this click on Tools > Rotating
Equipment and select P101. Rename P101 to P102 and modify the suction
nozzle, the discharge nozzle and the reference points.
Managing Segments
AutoPIPE offers numerous segment management controls. Segments can be split,

joined, reversed, and re-ordered. This exercise demonstrates the use of each of
these controls.
 Exercise 1: Splitting Segments
The current model should appear as shown in the following figure.
Suppose that you wish to begin a new segment at a point midway between
existing points A05 and A10. This may represent the location where the piping
system exits a building. Creating a new segment at that point allows selective
application of loads such as wind load, which may only act on a portion of the
piping.

Managing Segments
1. In order to split the segment, you must first create a point at the desired
location. Click on point A05 to make it the active point (verify your selection by
looking in the status bar).
Warning: Segments can only be split at run points. Segments cannot be split at
bends, tees, valves, or other components.
2. Select Insert > Run, then press OK to accept the default length value of 2.50 ft.
{750 mm} as shown.
3. With the newly created point A30 now as the active point, select Edit > Segment
> Split.
Note: All of the segment management commands are only accessible from the
Main Menu. There are no toolbar icons for these commands.
4. A new segment F is created as shown.

Managing Segments
 Exercise 2: Joining Segments

Segments can also be joined, if desired.
1. With point A30 still as the active point, select Edit > Segment > Join.
Segment F is deleted.
The piping components that were in Segment F have now been joined to
Segment A, as shown.
Note: Joining segments also has the effect of renumbering the points in the
newly created segment.

Managing Segments
 Exercise 3: Reversing Segments

It is possible to have many segments in a model with no apparent logic to the
direction of their point numbering. For example, this may be the case if a model is
imported from a CAD program, such as AutoPLANT or PlantSpace.
In this instance, the model may have been created in a manner that suited typical
CAD drafting conventions, with no consideration given to logical flow of the piping
segments. For these cases, the numbering of points within a segment can be
reversed.
In this model, Segments C and E represent discharge piping for two pumps, with
points C00 and E00, respectively, being the pump discharge points. Suppose that you
wish to reverse the segment numbering so that the pump discharge point is the last
point of each segment.
1. Click on any point in Segment C to make it the active point.
2. Select Edit > Segment > Reverse.
3. Next, click any point in Segment E to make it the active point.
4. Select Edit > Segment > Reverse. Both segments C and E are reversed as shown.
5. To verify that AutoPIPE appropriately applied the segment reversal to the pump
discharge points, select Tools > Rotating Equipment from the Main Menu.

Managing Segments
6. Select P101 from the Equipment ID: list and verify that the Discharge Point has
been changed to C30, as shown.

Managing Segments
 Exercise 4: Re-ordering Segments

As mentioned previously, segments within a model may sometimes be arranged in
an illogical manner. In addition to being able to reverse the direction of segments,
AutoPIPE allows re-ordering of segments. For this example, suppose that you wish to
switch the naming of segments C and D. This exercise demonstrates how to
accomplish this.
1. Select Edit > Segment > Reorder from the Main Menu to display the Reorder
Segments dialog as shown.
2. For Segment C, replace the value in the Order column with the number 4.
3. For Segment D, replace the value in the Order column with the number 3. The
Reorder Segments dialog now appears as shown.

Managing Segments
4. Click Reorder, then Close to return to the Main Window.

5. Segments C and D have been re-ordered as shown.

Valve Actuators
Valve Actuators
AutoPIPE provides the ability to input information regarding valve actuators directly
in the Valve dialog. This allows for more realistic modeling of eccentric loads on the
valve due to the weight and location of the actuator.
 Exercise 1: Entering Valve Actuator Information
1. Double-click the valve at point B15-B20 to open the Valve dialog as shown. The
two lines highlighted in the figure below (English units shown) are used to input
information regarding the valve actuator.
2. Disable the Actuator Auto: checkbox. The other fields are now available for
editing.
3. Enter 300 {150} in the Actuator Weight: field and 3 {1000} in the Actuator – DX:
field. Leave the Symbol: checkbox disabled, as shown.

Valve Actuators
4. Click OK. The valve now appears as shown.
5. Double-click the valve again to reopen the Valve dialog.

6. This time, enable the Symbol: checkbox as shown.

Valve Actuators
7. Click OK. The valve now appears with the generic actuator symbol shown,
instead of the flywheel.

Segment Viewing Controls
AutoPIPE has enhanced controls for viewing segments. You can hide selected
segments in the current view, or choose to hide all other segments and only view
the selected segments. In very complicated models with numerous elements,
sometimes it may be difficult to view or select components within a segment that
need to be modified. These features greatly improve the ability to make the
necessary modifications by allowing the segment to be isolated in the view.
 Exercise 1: Hiding Selected/Un-Selected Segments
1. Using the Select > Segment command, click on any point in segment E to select
that segment, as shown.
2. Click Finish in the Select Segments to Add dialog.

3. Next, select the Edit > Segment > Hide Selected command.
4. Segment E is removed from the view, but all other segments are still visible, as
shown.

5. Now, select the Edit > Segment > Show All command to restore the view.
Segment E is still selected.
6. Next, select the Edit > Segment > Hide Un-Selected command.
7. Segment E remains visible, but all other segments are now hidden, as shown.
8. Select the Edit > Segment > Show All command again to restore the view.

 Exercise 2: Using the Input Grid to Hide/Show Segments

Viewing of individual segments can also be controlled by using the Input Grid.
1. Select the Edit > Grids command to open the Review Component Data dialog
(commonly referred to as the Input Grid).
2. Select the Segment tab at the bottom of this dialog.
Hint: You may need to use the arrow keys in the lower-left corner of this dialog
in order to locate the Segment tab.
3. The dialog now appears as shown.
4. The checkboxes in the Show column can be used to hide or show individual
segments in the view. Enable the checkbox to show a segment in the view;
disable the checkbox to hide the segment in the view.

Module Assessment
Module Assessment
http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/656813/apfund?quiz=hanger

Earthquake, Wind, and
Nonlinear Analysis
Overview
In this module you will learn how to perform nonlinear analysis due to support gaps
and friction. You will also learn how to set up loads for earthquake and wind loads.
Application of Vessel thermal movements will also be addressed.
Prerequisites

Objectives
 Learn how to apply nozzle thermal movement, wind, and earthquake loadings,
then perform a nonlinear analysis and observe support lift-off.
Apr-13 165 Earthquake, Wind, and Nonlinear Analysis

Model Definition
Model Definition
This section describes sample3 model characteristics.
Piping Loads
Property Value
Temperature 650 Deg.F {340˚ C}

Dy = 0.375” @ A00 {9.5 mm}
Dy = 0.500” @ A15 {12.7 mm}
Earthquake load E1: X=0.3g, Y=0.2g

E2:Y=-0.2g, Z=0.3g
Wind load W1: Wind in X direction

W2: Wind in Z direction
Ground Elevation = 10’ below A00 {3000
mm}
ASCE Wind Profile
Location: California near coastline
Importance Factor = 1
Earthquake, Wind, and Nonlinear Analysis 166 Apr-13

Model Definition
Piping Geometry
Property Value
Piping Code B31.3
Material A53 Grade B
Corrosion 0.05” {1.30 mm}

Allowance
Insulation 2” Calcium Silicate {50 mm]
Contents Spec. 0.86

Grav.
Main Pipe 6” STD {150 mm}
Valve NS, BW connection,

Weight=165 lb {75 kg}, Surface Area
Factor=4.3

Model Definition
(Imperial Units)

Model Definition
(SI Units)

Starting a New Model
In this exercise you will build the model. You will learn how to start a new model,
specify vessel thermal anchor movement, and add the rest of the piping system.
 Exercise 1: Start a New Model
1. Select File > New. Type sample3 in the File name field, and then press Save.
2. In the General Options dialog, select B31.3 Process in the Piping Code field as
shown in the following figure and then press OK.

3. In the Segment dialog, type 6STD {150STD} in the Pipe data identifier field as
shown and press OK.
4. Since the pipe is new, the Pipe Properties dialog will follow to enter the pipe
cross section properties as shown. Select 6.000 {150} from the Nominal
Diameter drop-down, type 0.05 {1.30} in the Corrosion Allow field, 2 {50} in the
Insulation Thickness field, and select Calc from the Insulation Material drop-
down. Also type 0.86 in the Specific Gravity field and select A53-B from the Pipe
Material drop-down. Press OK when done.

the pressure and temperature dependent material properties. Type 125 {0.9} in
the Pressure field and 650 {340} in the Temperature field. Press the Tab key and
notice how the material properties are updated based on the material library.
6. Press OK to continue.

 Exercise 2: Vessel Thermal Movement

Now you will learn how to add a vessel at A00 with its thermal upward movement.
1. Select Insert > Anchor and type 0.375 {9.5} in the thermal anchor movement DY.
The thermal movement can be estimated by multiplying the thermal expansion
coefficient of the vessel material by the length of the vessel and the change in
temperature. For radial growth of the vessel, the vessel radius is used instead of
the vessel length. Press OK to accept rigid anchor properties

 Exercise 3: Add Piping Geometry up to the Guide Support

In this exercise you will add all of the piping up to the guide support.
1. Select Insert > Bend and type 2 {600} for the DY offset and press OK. This will
cause AutoPIPE to add a bend point 2’ {600 mm} away from A00.
2. Select View > Solid Model View and the plot will look as follows. Note that the
bend is not finished and is plotted in a lighter color .The bend will be completed
after the connecting pipe or bend is drawn.
3. Now you will insert another bend point at A02. Select Insert > Bend and type -
3’6” {-1000} in the DZ field as shown below. Press OK to close.

4. The piping geometry is updated as shown below.
5. Note how the bend at A01 is completed, but the new bend at A02 is not. Now
you will insert the bend point at A03. Select Insert > Bend and type 4’3” {1300}
in DX field as shown below. Press OK to close.
6. The updated graphics will show the completed bend at A02, but not at A03 as
shown in the following figure.

7. Now you will insert another bend point at A04. Select Insert > Bend and type -4
{-1200} in the DY field as shown. Press OK to close.
8. The piping geometry is updated as follows.
9. Next you need to insert the pipe run leading to the guide support. Select Insert >
Run and type -1 {-300} in the DZ field as shown below. Press OK to close.

10. The piping geometry is updated as follows.

 Exercise 4: Add Guide Supports and Valve

In this section you will add both guides with a friction factor of 0.35 and 1000 inch
{1000 mm} upward gap. You will also add the non-standard valve in between.
1. With A05 as the active point, select Insert > Support. Select Guide from the
Support type drop-down. Type 1000 in the Gap up field and 0.35 in the Friction
coefficient field as shown below, and then press OK.
2. The piping is updated as shown below:
Notice that the upward support is removed for large gaps greater than the
pipe diameter. This setting can be changed using View > Settings > Support
Gap Scale.

3. Now you need to insert the valve, but you first need to insert a pipe run up to
the start of the valve. Select Insert > Run and type 2 {600} in the Length field as
shown. Press OK to close.
5. Now you are ready to insert the valve. Select Insert > Valve and select NS for
valve Type from the drop-down, 150 for Pressure rating. Type 1.50 {450} in the
Length field, 165 {75} in the Valve Weight field, 4.3 in the Surface area factor
field and select Butt Weld in the Joint End Type field as shown below. Press OK.

7. Now you will add a pipe run point needed to insert the second guide support.
Select Insert > Run to insert a pipe run and type 2 {600} in the Length field. Press
OK to close.

9. Select Insert > Support. Select Guide from the Support type drop-down to insert
the second guide support. Since this support is identical to the previous one,
press OK to accept the default settings as shown below.

10. The piping is updated as shown below.

 Exercise 5: Add the Rest of the Piping

Now that the support is inserted you will continue with the rest of the piping points
and supports.
1. Select Insert > Bend to insert a bend point at A09. Type 1.0 {300} in the Length
field as shown, and then press OK.
3. Insert another bend at A10. Type -4 {-1200} in the DX field. Press OK to close.

5. Select Insert > Bend and type 12 {3600} in the DY field as shown. Press OK to
close.

7. Select Insert > Run to add a run point up to the vertical support point A12. Type
-4 {-1200} in the DZ field as shown. Press OK to close.

9. Select Insert > Support. Select V-stop from the Support type drop-down to insert
a vertical support. Type 0 in the Gap above pipe field and 0.3 in the Friction
coefficient field as shown. Press OK to close.

11. Select Insert > Run to add a run point up to the second vertical support point
A13. Type 18 {5500} in the Length field as shown. Press OK to close.

13. Select Insert > Support. Select V-stop from the Support type drop-down to insert
a vertical support. Type 1.0 {25} in the Gap above pipe field and 0.3 in the
Friction coefficient field as shown. Press OK to close.

15. Select Insert > Bend and type 4 {1200} in the Length field as shown. Press OK to
close.
17. Select Insert > Run to add a run point up to the vessel at A15. Type -1.5 {-450} in
the DY field as shown. Press OK to close.

19. Select Insert > Anchor and enter the thermal anchor movement DY as 0.5 {12.7}
as shown. Press OK to continue.

This completes the piping geometry. Next you will add Earthquake and Wind
loads.

Occasional Load Definitions
In this lesson you will define the earthquake and wind loads.
 Exercise 1: Earthquake Loading Background and Definition
Earthquake loads are typically defined using building codes such as the IBC
(International Building Code). The load intensity depends on the location of the site,
the soil conditions, the vibrational period of the system, and the importance factor.
The code provides a procedure to estimate the earthquake loads as a function of the
mass of the structure. A typical equation for building structures is given by:
F = a*W
Where
a = Combination of several factors such as zone, soil, period and
importance
W = Weight of building floor where force is applied
Since any ground movement will induce forces of the amplitude (Ground
Acceleration)*Mass, the term “a” is the equivalent earthquake ground acceleration.
AutoPIPE allows you to enter this equivalent earthquake acceleration using the Load
> Static Earthquake command. AutoPIPE units for ground acceleration are g’s. For
example, if E1 is 0.3g in the x-direction, then AutoPIPE will apply a static load in the
x-direction to every mass point in the system. The magnitude of this x-force is
0.3g*Mass at the point. This is equivalent to applying 30% of the weight at the node
in the horizontal x-direction. Horizontal earthquake movement is often accompanied
by vertical movement, which has a magnitude that is typically less than 2/3 of the
horizontal movement. Thus, it is common to include both a horizontal and a vertical
component of load to an earthquake load case.
For piping supported on buildings, the earthquake forces are also proportional to
the height of the supporting point, since points above ground are expected to move
more than points near the ground. This effect of changes in equivalent earthquake
load with height can be applied using the Static Point EQ factor or the Static Member
EQ factor, found on the Insert > Xtra Data menu. This is typically applied to a range of
points around the supported point.
To define earthquake loads

In this problem, we will assume the design acceleration is a=0.3g and, hence, we will
define 2 earthquake load cases E1 and E2 for both horizontal directions. We will
assume a vertical acceleration of 0.2g (0.3g*2/3 = 0.2g) in each load case.

1. Select Load > Static Earthquake and then type 2 in the Number of earthquake
load cases field. For Case E1 enter X, Y and Z accelerations of 0.3, 0.2 and 0.0. For
Case E2 enter 0.0, 0.2 and 0.3 as follows. Press OK to close.
2. AutoPIPE has three ways of applying earthquake loads. The easiest is the static
earthquake load shown here. The other two methods are Response Spectrum
and Time History analysis. These two other methods require dynamic analysis,
including estimation of resonance frequencies and mode shapes. System
frequencies will change during support lift-off. This frequency change due to
support lift-off cannot be captured in AutoPIPE and is a limitation of the Modal
Analysis procedure used in AutoPIPE. For this reason AutoPIPE will close all gaps
and set friction to zero during all dynamic analysis. The advantage of Static
Earthquake Analysis is that support lift-off can be simulated and the analysis
procedure is usually faster and simpler.

 Exercise 2: Wind load definition

Both the UBC (Uniform Building Code) and ASCE (American Society of Civil
Engineers) provide methods of estimating wind loads on tubular structures.
AutoPIPE has both procedures implemented for easier application of the Wind
loads. Wind loads depend on the terrain (coast, city center) and map location.
Load Properties
Wind load W1: Wind in X direction

W2: Wind in Z direction
Ground Elevation = 10’ {3000 mm} below
A00
ASCE Wind Profile
Location: California near coastline
Importance Factor = 1
To define wind loads

1. Start the Wind load by selecting Load > Wind and type 2 in the Number of wind
cases. Type -10 {-3000} as the Ground elevation for wind and accept the other
default values by pressing OK. If you need some information about any
parameter, just click on the box and type F1 for help. The wind shape factor is
used only for the Profile method, since the shape factor is defined in both the
UBC and ASCE methods. The ASCE method requires the wind application method
to be Projected, which means both normal and longitudinal wind force
components are applied.
2. Once you accept this dialog, the Wind Profile dialog will show each of the
individual wind load cases. You will notice W1 case is displayed on the first line.
Select ASCE for the Wind specification type as follows:

3. Move the cursor into the Basic Wind Speed field, and then press F1 to display the
following help.

4. From this you can clearly see that the basic wind speed is 85 mph {136.8 km/hr}
in California. For other locations in the US you can click on the link for a map of
the US. To find what exposure category to use, again press F1 to display its help
information.
For coastal terrain, Exposure D would be the appropriate one to use.
5. Again you can consult online help for Gust effect factor (G). The value of 0.85 is
used in most cases and is valid for structures with frequencies > 1 Hz. This factor
can also be used to apply wind speed up over hills (Kzt) for piping on an isolated
hill.
6. The Force coefficient (Cf) is the equivalent of Wind Shape Factor. Since pipes are
rounded, they attract less wind force than a flat plate of the same projected
wind area. Typical variations of wind shape factor are 0.5 to 1.2. The Automatic
option will produce a shape factor of 0.70 in most cases. The analysis summary
will show the variation of the shape factor with height. AutoPIPE does not apply
wind load on frames and, if needed, these should be applied using the
concentrated or distributed load option.
7. Now complete the wind load data. Type 85.00 {136.79} in the Basic wind speed
at 33 ft (10 m) field, type D in the Exposure category field, type 0.85 in the Gust
effect factor (G) field, type Automatic in the Force coefficient (Cf) field, type 1.00
in the Importance factor (I) field and select Global X as the Wind direction as
shown in the following figure.

8. When you press OK, the Wind case W2 will appear. Since the two cases are
identical except for wind direction, select ASCE from the drop-down to display
the options, and then select Global Z as the Wind direction, and press OK.
9. Now that we have defined the wind loads, let us look at the wind load summary.
Select Tools > Model Input Listing and disable all sub-report check boxes, except
for Loads summary as shown below. Press OK.

10. The resulting file will appear as shown below.

Stress and Analysis Results
In this section you will perform the static analysis and review the resulting stress.
You will learn how to analyze non-linear static loads, interpret the stress results, and
get support lift-off.
 Exercise 1: Perform a Static Nonlinear Analysis
1. Select Load > Analysis Sets. Select analysis set no. 1 and then press Modify to
see all of the available load cases for analysis.
2. Click to check in load cases T1, E1, E2, W1, W2 and Gaps/Friction/Soil as shown
below.

3. When OK is pressed, the Nonlinear Analysis dialog will display as shown below.
4. The first set of options is for nonlinear iteration control. The Friction scale factor
is for scaling support friction values in the model. Many codes require that
friction be ignored for earthquake analysis. The Initial case for Occasional loads
is defaulted to GR. This means that Wind and Earthquake loads are applied in the
cold condition (at ambient temperature). In order to apply all occasional loads
under the hot condition we could use OP1 as the initial state. Press OK to accept
the default nonlinear options.
5. Press OK to close the Analysis Sets dialog. Then select Analyze > Static to run
the static analysis.
6. The following message will display during the analysis to indicate support lift-off
due to operating loads. Press OK.
7. At the end of the analysis press OK.


 Exercise 2: Stress Results

At the end of the analysis let us look at the stress results.
1. Use Result > Code Stresses and the following dialog will be displayed.
2. Press OK and the stress results will be shown as below.

3. Note that the maximum stress ratio is 0.51{0.51} at node A11 N+. The cause of
this stress ratio is load case Amb to T1as shown on the top left corner of the plot.

 Exercise 3: Support Lift-off

Since the system has support lift-off, it is important to identify these support points.
The following exercise will show you how to identify such points.
1. Select Result > Grids. Select the Support tab and disable all load cases except
GT1. Scroll the horizontal bar on the bottom to see GlobalDY data column.
Notice that the support A13 with positive Y movement of 0.42 in. {10.58 mm}
indicating lift-off. When you have too many supports, you can double-click on
the GlobalDY title to sort supports with increasing or decreasing support
movement. Click on the left of the line with support point A13 and you will see
the support point highlighted in the model.

Note: The reaction load combinations are GE1, GE2 and GW1, and they indicate
occasional loads at ambient temperature. These can be changed to
operating temperature GT1E1, GT1E2, etc. if the analysis is rerun with
default initial state for occasional loads as OP1 in the Nonlinear Analysis
dialog.
2. Select Result > Output Report to generate an output report. Select Support,
Code Compliance and Analysis Summary as shown.

This concludes this exercise.

Module Assessment
Module Assessment
http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/656813/apfund?quiz=earth

Module Assessment

Nozzle Flexibility, Cut Short, &
Trunnion Supports
Overview
In this module you will learn how to model nozzle flexibility, flexible anchors and
flexible joints and how to add cut short and trunnion supports. You will also learn
how to add a bend with a thicker pipe than the adjacent pipe and how to construct a
45-deg bend and short radius bends.
Prerequisites

Objectives
 Learn how to model nozzle flexibility, cut short and trunnion supports.
 Learn how to model flexible joints, short radius elbows and elbows with larger
pipe thickness.
Apr-13 209 Nozzle Flexibility, Cut Short, & Trunnion Supports

Model definition
Model definition
In this section we will present the sample4 model characteristics. The system
geometry and piping loads will be specified as shown below.
Piping Loads
Property Value
Temperature 300 Deg.F {150˚ C}
Cut short or Cold spring 0.5” {10 mm} between hanger and 45-deg bend
Piping Geometry
Property Value
Piping Code B31.3
Material CS
Cold allowable Sc = 12000 psi {80 N/mm2}
2
Hot allowable Sh=12000 psi {80 N/mm }
Corrosion Allowance None
Insulation None
Main Pipe 8” STD {200 STD}
Flexible Joint Length = 6” {150 mm}

2
Axial Stiffness = 1000 lb/in {200 N/mm }
2
Y-shear Stiffness = 1250 lb/in {200 N/mm }
2
Z-shear Stiffness = 1250 lb/in {200 N/mm }
Torsional Stiffness = 6000 ft-lb/deg {8000 N-
m/deg}
Y-bending Stiffness = 3000 ft-lb/deg {4000 N-
m/deg}
Z-bending Stiffness = 3000 ft-lb/deg {4000 N-
m/deg}
Weight = 20 lb {10kg}
Nozzle Flexibility, Cut Short, & Trunnion Supports 210 Apr-13

Model definition
Property Value
Pressure Area = 50 sq. in {325 cm2}
Nozzle Data Use WRC 297 flexibility method

Vessel Diameter = 5.0 ft {1500 mm}
Vessel Thickness = 0.75” {20 mm}
L1 = L2 = 5 ft {1500 mm}
Trunnion Use P4 frame – 2 ft {600 mm} long at midpoint of

bend
Hanger Data Cold Load = 1550 lb, K=250 lb/in {7000 N, K=45
N/mm}
Place at bend Near Point
Elbow with hanger 8” Sch 80 pipe {200 sch 80}
Flanges Assume all 150# Slip-On flanges

Model definition
(Imperial Units Shown)

Model definition
(SI Units)

Build Piping Model
Build Piping Model
You will start a new system sample4 by selecting File > New from the menu. You will
learn how to add a flexible anchor and a flexible joint. You will learn how to add a
trunnion or base support elbow. You will learn how to add a 45-deg bend, and a
short radius bend. You will also learn how to add a designed hanger support, add
bend flanges, and change pipe data for the elbow.
1. Select File > New. Type sample4 in the File name field, and then press Save.
2. In the General Model Options dialog, select B31.3 Process as the Piping Code as
shown below and press OK.

Build Piping Model
3. In the Segment dialog, type 8STD {200STD} in the Pipe data identifier field as
shown and press OK.
4. Since the pipe is new, the Pipe Properties dialog will follow to enter the pipe
cross section properties as shown. Select 8 {200} from the Nominal Diameter
drop-down, type 0.85 in the Specific gravity of contents field and select CS in the
Pipe Material field. Type 12000 {80} in the Cold allowable field and 30000 {200}
for the Minimum yield field. Press OK when done.

Build Piping Model
the temperature and temperature dependent material properties. Enter 150
{1.0} for the pressure, 300 {150} for the temperature and 12000 {80} for the hot
allowable as shown below.
6. Press OK.

Build Piping Model
 Exercise 2: Flexible Anchor and Flexible Joint

1. Select Insert > Anchor and select Flexible from the Anchor Type drop-down. In
the Trans. Stiff. field type 150000 {25000} for X, 250000 {45000} for the Y and
250000 {45000} for Z stiffness. Press OK to close.

Build Piping Model
2. Select Insert > Flange and select Slip-On from the Flange type drop-down, 150
from Pressure rating and Double-Welded Slip On from the Joint End Type field as
follows. Press OK to close.
3. Select Insert > Run and type -1 {-300} in DZ field as shown. Press OK to close.

Build Piping Model
4. Select View > Solid Model View and use pan and zoom to set view as shown
below.
5. Starting from current point A01, Select Insert > Flexible Joint and enter the data
as shown. Press OK to close.

Build Piping Model
6. The model appears as shown.

Build Piping Model
 Exercise 3: Add Trunnion or Base Elbow Support at Bend

1. Select Insert > Bend and type 1 {400} in the Length field and check the Midpoint
option. You need a midpoint so you can connect the trunnion support at the
middle of the elbow. Use the default location of the midpoint at 50.0% along the
bend. Press OK to close.
2. Select Insert > Bend and type 6 {1800} in the DY field as shown. Press OK to
close.

Build Piping Model
3. Select Insert > Beam Section Properties.

4. The Beam Section Properties dialog displays (English units shown).
5. Select Standard from Section type section and STEEL as the Material name.

Build Piping Model
6. Click the Select button to open the Section Profile Database dialog. In this dialog,
select Pipe from American country section and PIPE4SCH40 from the Select
Beam field as shown below.
7. Click OK to close the Section Profile Database dialog.

8. Click OK to close the Beam Section Properties dialog.
9. Now click on point A03 M (bend midpoint). Make sure the point name shown at
the bottom of the screen is A03 M and then select Insert > Frame. Tab to the To
Point J field and type in 1. Tab again and type -2 {-600} in the DY field. Select
PIPE4SCH40 from the Section ID drop-down and press OK.

Build Piping Model
10. Now click on the end of the frame (Point 1) and then select Insert > Anchor.
Press OK to accept rigid anchor properties. The frame with the anchor support
will appear as shown below.

Build Piping Model
 Exercise 4: Add 45-deg Bend

1. Click on A04 and select Insert > Bend and type 2 {600} in the DX and -2 {-600} in
the DZ fields as shown to make the 45-deg bend. The 45-deg bend entry does
not differ from any other bend, the only difference is that you will have two
offsets to enter and these offsets are equal for 45-deg bend. Press OK.

Build Piping Model
2. The next point is a run point, so you will use Insert > Run to insert run point
A06. Type -6 {-1800} in the DZ field and then press OK.

Build Piping Model
3. Now use Insert > Bend to insert run point A07. Type 6 {1800} in the Length field
and press OK.

Build Piping Model
 Exercise 5: Add Short Radius Bend

1. Select Insert > Bend and select Short for the Radius of the bend. This means the
bend radius is equal to the Nominal Diameter of the pipe. The radius for a long
radius bend is 1.50 times the Nominal Diameter. You need to remember to set
the radius back to long as the default for bend radius will change to short after
this insert operation. Type -4.5 {-1350} in the DY fields as shown in the following
figure, and then press OK.
2. Select Insert > Bend and select Long for the bend Radius. Type 4.5 {1350} in the
DX field, and then press OK.

Build Piping Model
3. Select Insert > Run and type -1.5 {-450} in DY field as shown below. Press OK.

Build Piping Model
 Exercise 6: Add a Designed Hanger Support

1. Click on A07 N and then select Insert > Support. Select Spring from the Support
type drop-down to insert a spring hanger. Disable the Undesigned checkbox.
Type 1550 {7000} in the Cold load field and 250 {45} in the Spring rate field as
shown below, and then press OK.

Build Piping Model

Build Piping Model
 Exercise 7: Change Pipe Data for the Schedule 80 Bend

The bend is already inserted using a STD schedule. You will select the completed
bend and attempt to change the pipe properties for the bend. You will keep the
schedule as is for the rest of the piping.
1. Click on A07 N and then use Shift-Click at A07 F. You will see the bend
highlighted in red.
2. Select Modify > Pipe Properties Over Range. The Pipe Properties dialog will
appear. Type 8SCH80 {200SCH80} in the Pipe Identifier field. Select 8.000 {200}
from the Nominal Diameter drop-down, and select 80 from the Schedule drop-
down as shown below.
You will see a warning message when you press OK to this dialog. This warns
you that the cold allowable data is not available for the generic CS material.

Build Piping Model
Press OK to close the Warning dialog, and then press OK again to close the
Pipe Properties dialog.
 Exercise 8: Add flanges for the bend
In AutoPIPE there is no flanged bend as a separate component. In order to insert a
flanged bend you need two flanges on each side of the bend. The flanges have to be
located at the Near (N) or Far (F) points or at a point with the same coordinates as
these two points. Although the weight of the flange may not be exactly at the Near
or Far points, the flanges need to be inserted there if they are to be considered in
the calculation of the bend flexibility and stress intensification factor. A flanged bend
is typically stiffer since it is restricted from ovalling while bending. The increased
stiffness leads to smaller stress intensification factors (SIF) for the bend. The bend
report in the Model Input Listing lists the number of flanges connected to the bend
for SIF and flexibility considerations. It is important to review this report as the
usage of the bend is meant to give more flexibility to the piping.
1. You will insert flanges at both ends of a bend at the same time. First select both
points on the bend by clicking on A08 N and then using Shift-Click at A08 F. You
will see the bend highlighted in red.
2. Select Insert > Flange. Select Slip-On for the Flange type, 150 for Pressure rating
and Double-Welded Slip-On as Joint End Type as follows. Press OK.
3. One flange will be inserted at A08 N and another at A08 F.

Build Piping Model
4. Repeat the last step above to insert mating flanges. There will be a total of 4
flanges when the bend is flanged at both ends. The result is shown below:

Add Nozzle Flexibility Element
Here you will learn about modeling nozzle flexibility and how to add a flexible
nozzle.
Background on Modeling Nozzle Flexibility
The addition of a nozzle flexibility element is meant to model the vessel shell
flexibility. Assuming a rigid nozzle would attract too large of reaction forces at the
nozzle and would be too conservative for vessel design. The AutoPIPE nozzle
flexibility element makes it very easy to estimate shell flexibility using several
methods. For cylindrical vessels, the WRC297 and Bijlaard are the preferred
methods. For cylindrical tanks with large diameters (order of 100 feet), the API 650
method is the preferred method. For reduced tee branches, the ASME class I piping
formula is appropriate. For nozzles on spherical or tori-spherical heads, the Spherical
method is the most appropriate and is based on Bijlaard and is also part of the
BD5500 British piping code.
The nozzle element is a modified and simplified expansion joint element. While the
expansion joint element has 6 stiffnesses, the nozzle element has only 3 stiffnesses.
The three stiffness are: radial, circumferential bending and longitudinal bending.
Two shear stiffnesses and the torsion stiffness are not applied to the nozzle element.
Also for the nozzle element, the radial load due to pressure is not added as in the
case of the flexible joint. The radial pressure thrust can be added automatically in
WinNozl when calculating nozzle stresses.
AutoPIPE will not calculate stresses in the nozzle or the connected vessel. It is
recommended that the anchor reaction forces calculated in AutoPIPE be used in
WinNozl for evaluating nozzle as well as vessel or shell stresses per the applicable
ASME Div I or II, BD5500, KHK and API 650 codes. AutoPIPE can transmit these forces
directly to WinNozl to minimize errors.
When modeling the nozzle, the length between the nozzle flange and vessel wall
should be modeled as a pipe element. The nozzle element should always be short;
and the shorter it is the more accurate the model. It should be centered at the wall
of the shell since it is meant to model the bending flexibility of the shell wall. The
best way to model the nozzle flexibility element is to start it at outer face of the
vessel and end it the inner face. The total length will then be the vessel thickness.

 Exercise 1: Adding a Flexible Nozzle

1. Click on A10 and select Insert > Flange. Select Slip-On for the flange Type, 150
for Pressure rating and Double-Welded Slip-On as the Joint End Type. Press OK
to close.
2. Repeat Insert > Flange to insert a second mating flange.
3. Use Insert > Run and type 3” {75} in the Length field to model the pipe between
the mating flanges and the vessel face A10 to A11.
4. Click on View > Single Line View to change to single line view and zoom as
shown.

5. Select Insert > Nozzle. Enter the nozzle data as shown below, and then press OK.

6. Adding a nozzle flexibility element is not enough. You need to support the end of
the nozzle element using an anchor. There is no automatic support added to the
nozzle. So select Insert > Anchor and then select Rigid and press OK.
7. Select View > Solid Model View.

Add cut short or cold spring
8. Select View > All to get full model view as follows.
Cut short, often referred to as cold spring, is the process of cutting short the pipe by
a small amount so as to distribute the load evenly between hot and cold conditions.
Since the pipe is short, it is pulled together using a large reaction force equivalent to
the cold spring load in the pipe. For example, if a vessel is expected to grow by 2.0
inches {50 mm} under hot conditions, it would have a high hot reaction at the nozzle
while the cold reaction may be very low. It is common practice to specify about half
the hot movement as a cut short in order to even out the hot and cold loads. This
concept can only apply to equipment and support reactions which are often subject
to a different piping code, e.g. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

In all ASME B31 piping codes, the effect of cold spring should not be taken into
account when calculating the expansion stresses. This is attributed to the fact that
the B31expansion stresses already assume yielding since the allowable stress range
can reach 2.5*Sh or:
(1.25*Sc+0.25*Sh) + (Sh-SL)
Where Sh and Sc are the material hot and cold allowable stresses respectively and SL
is the calculated sustained stress at the point. 2.5Sh can be attained when Sc=Sh and
SL is zero.
Under yielding conditions, any initial stresses due to cold spring are expected to
dissipate and a permanent plastic deformation will take place. This is the reason why
many engineers are surprised when disconnecting the pipe a few years later about
the lack of any spring forces that existed at cold conditions during construction.
The question remains how do we account for cold spring and to which load case
should it be added?
One approach is to apply it to the default load case GR. In this way it will
automatically apply to both cold and hot conditions, since AutoPIPE uses GR as an
initial state for thermal loads.
But why should we add it if the code does not allow it?
That is true. You should never use stress results with cut-short analysis on. For this
reason you would need to perform two separate analyses.
The first analysis is without cut short, in which you review the code stresses and
produce the code stress report.
The second analysis is with cut-short, in which you exclude code stress results and
only report support reactions and nozzle loads for hot and cold conditions.
Alternatively, performing two separate analyses may be avoided by including cut-
short under a separate user case U1. In this manner, the cut short will not enter into
the code stress calculations unless the load case U1 is added to the sustained and
expansion stresses, which should not be done. Instead, U1 can be added to non-
code combinations as follows:
Cold reactions: GR+U1
Hot reactions: GRTP1+U1

 Exercise 1: Add Cut-Short to a pipe

In this example you will use the last approach as it will help us demonstrate how to
add new user non-code combinations.
1. Select point A06 and then select Insert > Xtra Data > Cut short to insert a cut
short at A06. Select U1 for the Load case to combine with, and enter 0.5 {10} for
the Enter amount of cut short, as shown. Press OK to close.
2. Since load combinations are not defined until after the analysis is done, you will
add the new load combinations after performing the first analysis.

 Exercise 2: Perform static analysis with cut short

Now that the model is completed, let us analyze the system. Since there is a flexible
joint in the model that will open under pressure, you need to include the axial
pressure forces that will open the flexible joint. This can be done by enabling
pressure analysis.
1. Select Load > Static Analysis Sets to start the Analysis Sets dialog. Select analysis
set no. 1 and press Modify.
2. Enable T1, U1 and Cut-short analysis and disable Gaps/Friction/Soil. Both U1

and cut-short analysis need to be enabled for inclusion of cut short analysis.
Note that cut-short analysis will automatically disable every time you perform a
static analysis.
3. Click the Calculate pressure extension cases option in order to generate a
separate pressure case P1. Press OK when done.

4. Select Analyze > Static to run the static analysis.

 Exercise 3: Setting load combinations for cut short
In this section you will set up load combinations needed for cut short analysis. As
mentioned earlier you need the cold reaction GR+U1 and the hot reaction
GRTP1+U1. Now let us look at the default non-code cases and identify the cases you
need.
1. Select Tools > Combinations to open the Load Combinations dialog. Then select
the Non-Code Comb tab.
Note: If the GRTP1 and GRTP1+U1 combinations are not displayed on the Non-
Code Comb tab, reset the default combinations by pressing the Reset
Defaults Only button.

2. You can see that the combination for hot reaction is available, but not the cold
reaction GR+U1. You also see combinations that are not needed (Gravity,
Thermal 1, and User 1) and so you will attempt to disable these later. Press the
New button and type GR+U1 in the Combination name field and set the other
data as follows. Press OK to close.
3. Now disable the checkbox in the print column of each combination you would
like to exclude in your report. The Load Combination dialog should look as
follows.
4. Now repeat the same for code combinations by selecting the Code Comb tab.
Uncheck the case Sus.+U1 as it is not applicable since we cannot add cut short to
code stresses. Also the case Max Range is redundant since it is the same as Amb
to T1. Press OK to close the Load Combination dialog.


Stress Results and Restraints Report
You will review the stress results both interactively and through an output report.
You will learn how to interpret the stress results, review the expansion joint
displacement due to pressure, and interpret the restraints report.
 Exercise 1: Stress Results
1. Use Results > Code Stresses and the stress plot will be shown, as below. Press
OK to close.

The maximum stress ratio is 0.55 {0.55} and is caused by GR+Max P as shown at
the top left corner. The maximum stress occurs at point A03M.

 Exercise 2: Expansion joint displacement

1. Next we will show the expansion of the flexible joint due to pressure. Select
Result > Displacement and then select load case Pressure 1 as follows.
Note: The list of combinations in the drop-down list can be filtered by

enabling/disabling the Print option in the Load Combination dialog.
2. You can estimate the flexible joint opening by subtracting the displacement at
point A01 from that at point A02 for case P1. Next we will look at the output
report.

 Exercise 3: Output report

In this exercise you will review the output report.
1. Select Result > Output Report and select the sub-reports as follows
2. The output report will show as follows.

This concludes this exercise.

Module Assessment
Module Assessment
http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/656813/apfund?quiz=noz

Test Problem
Overview
This is a test problem. You are expected to model the system on your own. Then,
you will perform a stress analysis on the model as provided. You will find that the
system fails under two load conditions. You are expected to modify the system to
meet the code requirements. The code stress ratio should not exceed 90%.
Prerequisites

Objectives
 Learn how to review a model that does not satisfy the given piping code, identify
the causes of overstress and add supports or loops to fix the problem.
Apr-13 253 Test Problem

Model definition
Model definition
Piping Loads
Property Value
Pressure 250 psi for 8” {200 mm} lines

300 psi for 10” {250 mm} lines
Temperature 300˚ F {150˚ C} F for 8” {200 mm} lines

400˚ F {200˚ C} for 10” {250 mm} lines
Thermal movement DX=0.5” {12.5 mm}, DY=1.0” {25 mm} @A00
Piping Geometry
Property Value
Piping Code B31.3
Material CS
2
Cold allowable Sc = 11000 psi {75 N/mm }
Hot allowable Sh=10000 psi {70 N/mm2}
Corrosion Allowance 0.05” {1.3 mm}
Insulation 2” {50 mm} Calcium Silicate
Pipe sizes 8” {200 mm} SCH 40 and 10” {250 mm} SCH
40
Valve 300#, 785 lbs {360 Kg}, GATE-B
Nozzle data WRC 297

Nozzle length = 0.4” {10 mm}
Vessel Radius = 2’ {610 mm}
Vessel thickness = 0.4” {10 mm}
Test Problem 254 Apr-13

Model definition
(Imperial Units)
Apr-13 255 Test Problem

Model definition
(SI Units)
Test Problem 256 Apr-13

Course Summary
Review
You have now completed the AutoPIPE V8i Fundamentals course and learned how to
create piping models, run stress analyses in accordance with specific piping codes,
and make modifications to a test model.
Apr-13 257 Course Summary

Review
Course Summary 258 Apr-13


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AutoPIPE Fundamentals

United States Patent Nos. 5,8.15,415 and 5,784,068 and 6,199,125.

©2000-2008 Bentley Systems, Incorporated.

Copyright © April-2013 Bentley Systems Incorporated

Getting to Know AutoPIPE 11

Apr-13 3 Table of Contents

PIPING CODES ......................................................................................... 18

AutoPIPE Basic Concepts 27

Expansion Loop & Frame Supports 45

Table of Contents 4 Apr-13

ANALYZING ALL ANALYSIS SETS

Hanger Design & Equipment 107

Earthquake, Wind, and Nonlinear Analysis 165

Nozzle Flexibility, Cut Short, & Trunnion Supports 209

Apr-13 5 Table of Contents

BUILD PIPING MODEL .................................................................................. 214

Test Problem 253

Course Summary 257

Table of Contents 6 Apr-13

 New and existing users of AutoPIPE applications. Students should have a

 Three to six months experience with 3D CAD modeling

Apr-13 7 Course Overview

 Learn about AutoPIPE capabilities, and new enhancements to the current

 Getting to Know AutoPIPE

Course Overview 8 Apr-13

Processor: Intel Pentium-based PC 486 or higher

Apr-13 9 Course Overview

Developed to meet the needs of companies involved in industrial piping system

 Three to six months experience with 3D CAD modeling

Apr-13 11 Getting to Know AutoPIPE

Properties and Component Libraries

AutoPIPE contains a comprehensive and extensible library of material properties and

Structural Modeling in AutoPIPE

Getting to Know AutoPIPE 12 Apr-13

Non-Linear Analysis Options

Local Stress Calculations

Finite Element Theory

Apr-13 13 Getting to Know AutoPIPE

Dynamic analysis capabilities include mode shapes and natural frequencies,

Getting to Know AutoPIPE 14 Apr-13

Piping Code Compliance

Apr-13 15 Getting to Know AutoPIPE

Advanced Capabilities for Varied Piping Environments

New Features in AutoPIPE V8i (v9.1 and v9.2)

 Add an option to set rigid anchor/support stiffness values (v9.1)

 Add RSS news feed screen (v9.1)

Getting to Know AutoPIPE 16 Apr-13

 Add option to import PCF files (SmartPlant) (v9.1)

 Save as version 9.0 DAT files from version 9.1 (v9.1)

Apr-13 17 Getting to Know AutoPIPE

Getting to Know AutoPIPE 18 Apr-13

 Option to display continuous string dimensioning including supports (v9.1)

 Allow more than 80 columns for printed reports (v9.1)

 RSS feed to sort news items chronologically (v9.2)

Apr-13 19 Getting to Know AutoPIPE

AutoPIPE vs. AutoPIPE Plus vs. AutoPIPE Nuclear

Feature AutoPIPE AutoPIPE Plus AutoPIPE Nuclear

50 Response Spectrum load cases  

Getting to Know AutoPIPE 20 Apr-13

Feature AutoPIPE AutoPIPE Plus AutoPIPE Nuclear

Fatigue Analysis (Class 1) 

ASME III Class 2 and Class 3 (multiple years)  

Note: A KHK2 add-on option is required to access this feature.

Apr-13 21 Getting to Know AutoPIPE