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Process Piping is the piping that convey fluids under pressure or vacuum inside the boundaries of a
Chemical plant, Petroleum refinery, Gas Processing plant, Petrochemical, Pharmaceutical, Textile,
Paper, Semiconductor & Cryogenic Plants falls under the scope of ASME B 31.3*
Process piping is a complex arrangement of pipes, valves, support clamps, other related components
and control instrumentation.
Pipe: It is a pressure tight cylinder which is used to carry fluid from one place to another. It carries
fluid as well as it pressure. Materials which are carried by pipes are
Standards: Can be defined as a set of technical definitions and guidelines for designers and
manufactures. Piping standards define application design and construction rules and requirement for
piping component. There are two types of standard: dimensional standard and pressure integrity
standard. Standards are considered voluntary because they serve as guidelines, not having the force
of law.
Piping codes provides specific design criteria such as permissible material of construction,
allowable working stress and load set that must be considered in design. In addition, rules are
provided to determine the minimum wall thickness and structural behaviors due to the effect of
internal pressure, dead weight, seismic load, live load, thermal expansion and other imposed internal
or external load.
ASME B 31 CODE
The ASME B31 code for pressure piping consists of a number of individually published sections,
each an American National Standard, under the direction of ASME committee B31, code for
pressure piping.
The code set forth engineering requirements deemed necessary for safe design and construction of
pressure piping.
Piping systems are like arteries and veins. Piping includes pipe, flange, fittings, bolting, gasket,
valves and the pressure containing portions of other piping components. It also includes pipe
hangers and supports and other supports and other item necessary to prevent over stressing.
1. They transport water from the source of water supply to the point of distribution, convey
waste from residential etc
2. Pipelines carry crude oil from oil wells to tank for storage or to refineries for processing.
3. The natural gas transportation and distribution lines convey natural gas from the source and
storage tank farms to point of utilization.
5. The piping system in thermal power convey high-pressure and high-temperature steam to
generate electricity
Pipe Sizing
Just as manufacturing methods differ, there are also different ways to categorize the size of a pipe.
Pipe is identified by three different size categories: Nominal pipe size, outside diameter, and inside
diameter
Iron pipe size (IPS). It is used for representing diameter of pipe. It is dimensionless size designator
of the pipe which represents the inside diameter „ID‟ of the pipe.
OD = ID + 2t
OD = Outside diameter
T = thickness
Nominal pipe size (NPS). It is a dimensionless size designator of the pipe which represents the
outside diameter of the pipe e.g. NPS 6” means outside diameter of 65/8
NPS O.D
1 15/16
2 23/8
3 31/2
4 41/2
6 65/8
8 85/8
10 103/4
12 123/4
14 14
Note: Up to NPS 12” the OD is greater than the NPS while from NPS ≥ 14 are equal to the OD.
Thickness of pipe: Wall thickness is a term used to describe the thickness of the metal used to
make a pipe. It is represented by calling out the schedule number. Schedule number is denoted by
„SN‟
SN = 100 x p
S
P = Internal pressure (psi or kg/cm3)
S = allowable stress
Example
NPS 6”
SCH NOS 20 = 0.206”
SCH NOS 40 = 0.403”
Socket Weld
In a socket weld, the pipe is inserted into the socket, backed off slightly to make a gap between the
end of the pipe and the bottom of the socket, and the weld is made around the outside diameter of
the socket to the outside diameter of the pipe. The gap at the bottom of the pipe prevents thermal
expansion from stressing the joint during or after welding.
Threaded Joint
All these welded joints if 100% radiographer is equal to the seamless pipe efficiency.
N.B. Radiography is a method used to know the defect or flaws of a welding.
Pipes are classified into different classes based on P.T rating. There are 7 types of P.T ratings.
(1) 150# (2) 300# (3) 400# (4) 600# (5) 900# (6) 1500#
(7) 2500#.
(#)- Symbol for rating or class.
Sample Problem 1
Determine the flange rating/class for a new piping system to be installed at existing plant.
• Pipe Material: 11/4 CR- ½ Mo • Design Temperature: 700°F • Design Pressure: 500 psig
• Find allowable design pressure at intersection of design temperature and Group number
Check Class 150.
PIPE SYMBOL
NOTE
1. The most common material used for pipe is carbon steel (CS) 800oF or 427oC maximum.
2. Low allow steel- It can be used above 800F< 1200
3. Stainless steel- It can be used above 1200oF ≤ 2400oF.
The purpose of fitting is to make the piping system more flexible. Flexibility in a piping system is
the ability of the pipe to absorb thermal growth.
1. Elbow- used for directional changes 2. Reducers- used for changing pipe size
3. Tee- used for branching of the main
TYPES OF ELBOWS
90O ELBOW
1½ X NPS
Drafting Symbols
A rise symbol for pipe is used to show the rise of the pipe and fittings in th
drawing when the pipe is coming towards your view.
1 x NPS
NPS 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14
R 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14
Long radius elbow is the most commonly used elbow in piping, unless otherwise stated in the
drawing, the elbow is always considered as long radius elbow.
MITER.
It is made by cutting pipes into angular pieces and then welding together all
those pieces. Miters are used for large bore pipes. Miters cannot be used for
high temp and pressure. Miter can be made at site and are cheaper than the
manufactured elbow. We have, single miter, two miter, three miter etc
depending on the number of weld joint
Note: that there are two NPS valves for the reducing elbow but we make use of the larger value for
calculating the radius of the elbow.
Drafting symbol
450 Elbow
S Drafting symbol
WELD TEE
It is used to make a branching from the main pipe (Header). There
are two types.
1. Straight tee or equal tee.
2. Reducing tee.
NPS 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14
OD 23/8 31 / 2 41 / 2 65/8 85/8 3 3
10 /4 12 /4 14
Centre to 21/2 33 / 8 41 / 8 55/8 7 81/2 10 11
End dimension
STUB IN A hole is bored in the header equal to the body of the branch pipe. Here the branch
size is two or more size lesser than the header size.
Example
Header size NPS = 4
Branch size NPS = 2 or NPS 1
STUB ON In this type of branch connection a hole is bored in the header which is equal to the ID
of the branch pipe.
A stub- on is used when the branch size is one size less
than the header or equal to the header e.g. Header =
NPS4
Branch = NPS 3 or NPS 4.
A stub-in uses only one welding where as Tee has got three welds
Reinforcement Pad- A steel ring is cut from a plate with a hole equal to the branch `OD` which is
to be reinforced. It is then slipped into the branch and then welded to the branch and then welded to
the branch and header.
Drafting symbols
Reinforcement saddled-
It is a purchase fitting and it has got extra short neck to give
extra support to the branch pipe
Drafting symbols
WELD OLET: It is used for butt welded branch connection. Can withstand higher pressure
compare to a stub in. This is a purchased fitting
SOCKET OLET: It is used to make a branch connection for small bore pipes.
THREAD OLET:
ELBOW OLET
LATEROLET
RETURNS:
It is used to make a turn off angle of 1800 in
the pipe. It is equal to combining two 900
elbows
REDUCERS: It is used either to reduce or expand the pipe size. They are of two types.
1. Concentric Reducer
2. Eccentric Reducer
NPS 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14
O.D 23/8 31/2 41/2 65/8 85/8 3 3
10 /4 12 /4 14
End to 3 31/2 4 51/2 6 7 8 13
End
Eccentric Reducer Eccentric reducers can be used anywhere in the piping system. It is costlier than
concentric reducer. It is used on the pipe rack to balance the pipeline and also at the suction side of
the pump.
Eccentric reducers are always used with flat on top on the suction side of the pump to prevent
cavitation. Cavitation means that cavities or bubbles are forming in the liquid that we're pumping.
These cavities form at the low pressure or suction side of the pump, causing several things to
happen all at once. The cavities or bubbles will collapse when they pass into the higher regions of
pressure, causing noise, vibration, and damage to the impellers
The reducers are used on the suction and discharge sided of the pump as the pump nozzles are
always of less size compare to its attached external piping.
It is used to make branches of small bore pipe from large bore headers. A
hole is bored in the header which is equal to the OD of the half coupling
Half Coupling: and then it is inserted into the hole and welded to the header. Half
coupling is used to join large bore header with small bore branch
connection.
One side is beveled & the other is threaded. It is generally used for (1) Sampling lines. (2) Vent
lines (3) Drain lines (4) Instrument connection.
PLUGS
It is used to close the open end of a pipe. Plugs are manufactured for
screwed fittings only
Swages are larger than reducers. The ends of the swages are defined as:
Spool: A piece of pipe which is used to connect piping components is called a spool.
Fitting make up: When fittings are directly welded to one another
Sockets and screw classes or rating (#) are classified into 4 classes
(i) class 2000
(ii) class 3000
(iii) class 6000
(iv) class 9000
Class 2000: It is used for screw fitting and the corresponding pipe size is schedule 80 or extra
strong.
Class 3000: It is used for screw as well as socket welded fitting and the corresponding pipe size is
socket / sch 80 (xs) and thread / sch 160.
Class 6000: It is used for socket weld as well as screwed fitting and the corresponding pipe size for
socket weld is sch 160 while threaded is (extra extra strong)
Class 9000: Used for only socket weld fitting and the schedule of the pipe used for this fitting is
double extra strong.
N.B – class 2000 and 3000 are the most used classes of them all.
The dimensional style used for screw & socket welded fitting is ASME B16.11, MOC (material of
construction) for screw & socket welded fitting is ASTM A105 – forged carbon steel fitting ASTM
or SA 105 for elevated temperature.
Cryogenic is services relating to very low temperature. For cryogenic service, ice formation in the
pipe can choke the branch hole if it is taken from the bottom of the header. A cryogenic liquid with
which many people are familiar is liquid nitrogen
FLANGE
It is used to join two pipes or pipes and fittings or pipe and other component. It is used in piping when
frequent dismantling is required. It is also at places where welding is not permitted due to fire hazards
or where dismantling is needed for maintenance of piping components. A flange joint contains three
Component (1) Flanges (2) Gasket (3) Nut & bolts
Flanges are the point of potential leakage when the bending stress in the piping system is high. The
dimensional standards of flanges are specified by ASME B16.1 for cast iron flanges and ASME B16.5
for stainless steel flange. The P-T rating for cast iron flanges are 25#, 75#, 125#, and 250#. The P.T
rating for steel flanges are of seven (7) types (1) 150# (2) 300# (3) 400# (4) 600# (5) 900 (6)
1500# (7) 2500#.
Maximum operating condition- This is the maximum temperature and pressure reached during the
process.
Design condition- This is the temperature & pressure for which the material is designed
TYPES OF FLANGES
Slip on flange
Used for big or large bore pipes. Weld neck flange is used for butt welded connection (large bore
pipe)
It is the first choice for critical pipeline for high temperature & pressure. Primarily used for vessel
& equipment nozzle.
Where
NPS 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14
O = Flange OD
O 61/2 81/4 10 121/2 15 171/2 201/2 23
T = Flange thickness
T 7/8 11/8 11 / 4 17/16 15/8 17/8 2 21/8
L = Length of the flange
L 23/4 31/8 33 / 8 37 / 8 43/8 45/8 51/8 55/8
A socket weld flange is used for size less than 2” (small bore).
It is used for non- critical pipeline and utilities. It is not used
for corrosive services like dil H2so4. Examples of utilities
are portable water, raw water, steam, sewage, borne,
condensate e.t.c.
Threaded flange
REDUCING FLANGE:
Reducing flanges are designed for use in
changing diameters in a piping system. A reducing
flange comprises a flange with one specified
diameter having a bore of a different and
smaller, diameter. Except for the bore and
hub dimensions, the reducing flange will
have dimensions of the larger pipe size.
.
Orifice Flange.
Orifice flanges are widely used in conjunction with orifice
meters for measuring the rate of flow of liquids and gases.
They are basically the same as standard welding neck and
slip-on flanges except for the provision of radial, tapped
holes in the flange ring for meter connections and additional
bolts to act as jack screws to facilitate separating the flanges
for inspection or replacement of the orifice plate. The
specific requirement for the installation of an orifice
flange is to provide 15 X diameter straight pipe length
at upstream side of the orifice and 5 X diameter straight
pipe at downstream of orifice.
*Raised face is the most used and preferred flange type in the process industry.
*In a ring type joint, a metallic ring is used in the deep groove which is cut into the flange face.
It is generally used in the piping system for 900# and above classes. It uses a metallic ring
instead of a gasket.
ABBREVATIONS OF FLANGES
1. WNRF- Weld Neck Raised Face
2. WNFF- Weld Neck Flat Face
3. SORF- Slip-On Raised Face
4. SWRF- Socket weld Raised Face
5. SOFF- Slip-on Flat Face.
GASKET
It is used to provide a leak proof flange joint. The thickness of the gasket is taken as 1/8” or 3mm.
Gaskets are metallic as well as non metallic. The dimensional standard for metallic gasket is given
as ASME B16.20. The dimensional standard for non metallic gasket is given as ASME B16.21
The material for non- metallic gasket is compressed asbestos fiber (CAF).
Metallic gasket comes in stainless steel. The types of metallic gasket are
(1) Ring type joint (RTJ)
(2) Spiral wound gasket.
TYPES OF GASKET
1. Full Face 2. Spiral wound
3. Octagonal Ring type 4. Metal jacketed & inside bolt
Machine Bolts: Has threads on one side and a head on the other side.
VALVES
Valves are used to
(1) Isolate (on / off) (2) Throttling or regulation or control (3) direction control.
GATE VALVE
GLOBE VALVE
Check Value
BALL VALVE
A ball valve is used for isolation purpose. It is also used for throttling
purpose in low pressure services. It creates a leak proof seal. Ball
valves do not use a hand wheel but instead use a wrench to control
the flow. A 90° turn of the wrench opens or closes the valve.
Plug Valve
Control Valve
A control valve assembly has drain valve to dram the fluid in the case of control valve
maintenance.
There can either be one or two drain lines.
Control valve assembly as different arrangement depending on the conditions and the process
requirement. If the space is less, the isolation valves are located in the vertical line. Else they can
be located in the horizontal line also. Should be at 2” height from grade level on pipe rack.
VALVES
(1) Pipe
(5) Gaskets
Strainers (filters):
They remove suspended particles from the piping system that
would otherwise damage your downstream equipments with no
additional pressure drop. Typical locations for strainers are
before control valves, pumps and turbine. We have Y type,
basket type, T type and dual strainers
Steam trap: It is used to remove the condense air from the steam line. It is installed at
regular intervals in the steam line.
Flame trap: It is a device which allows gas to pass through it but stops a flame in order to
prevent large fire or explosion.
Float valve: is a mechanism, or machine for filling water tanks, such as those found in flush
toilets, while avoiding overflow.
For pipelines carrying liquid, we are to make sure that air is allowed to vent out of the line when
the line is filled with liquid. To achieve this, a vent connection with valve is provided at the top
most point of the pipeline. Also arrangement is kept in the pipeline so that liquid can be drained
out if required. To achieve this, a drain connection with valve is provided at the lowest point of the
pipeline. Pipes are usually slopped towards low point.
Mechanical equipments are used to store, start, stop, heat, cool, transfer, mix and separate the
commodity flowing in the piping system.
HORIZONTAL VESSEL
A shell and tube exchanger consists of a tube bundle which is inserted in the shell. The heat is
transferred between two different fluids flowing in the shell as well as the tube. The tube bundle
which is in shell and tube heat exchanger as to be removed for maintenance purpose. So it is shown
in the drawing by mean of a rectangle with a cross also called drop out area. This space in the plant
should not be occupied by either piping or any other equipment. The space should always be kept
empty. The tube bundle is removed by means of a crane which is placed on top of the heat
exchanger by means of a mono rail.
PUMPS
Pumps, similar to the one shown below, are mechanical devices used to move fluids under pressure
from one location to another. Pumps accelerate the speed at which a commodity travels within a
pipe, thereby increasing its rate of flow. Pumps used in piping facilities will be one of the following
classifications: centrifugal, reciprocating, or rotary.
Centrifugal Pump:
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump
that uses a rotating impeller to increase the
pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly
used to move liquids through a piping system.
The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near
to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the
impeller, flowing radially outward into a
diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where
it exits into the downstream piping system.
Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge
through smaller heads. Centrifugal pump is
the most commonly used pump, in the process
or power industry. It is of 2 types.
RE – BOILER
It is used to cool the liquids coming out of the heat exchanger. It is of different types (1) Natural
Draft Cooling Tower (CF) (2) Natural Induced Draft Cooling Tower (3) Forced Draft Cooling
Tower (4) Induced Draft Cooling Tower.
STORAGE TANK
It is used to store raw material, semi finished product and product of a plant. Storage tanks are placed in
the tank farm area of the plant. The tank farm area occupies about 50% of the plant area in the refinery.
Types of storage tank of (1) Elliptical Head (2) Conical head (3) Floating Roof.
Conical Head Tank: - As a convention, it is placed outside of the building of the process plant. It is
directly placed or the foundation.
Floating Roof: - The floating roof of this tank, adjust itself depending on the amount of fluid present in
the tank. It is used to avoid evaporation of the fluid inside the tank. The liquid stored are generally
flammable. The layout standard for the storage tank layout is API – 650
DYKE WALL: - It is used to contain the leakages in the tank for which it is used. The height of the
dyke wall is obtained based on the volume of the liquid present in the tank.
BUND- A retaining wall designed to contain the contents of a tank or a storage vessel in the event of a
rupture or other emergency. A bund is also used all around the pump to contain the spillages of the
pump. Bunding is a legal requirement in many countries particularly around tanks, storage vessels and
other plant that contain liquids which may be dangerous or hazardous to the environment.
REACTOR: reactors are stationary vessels and can be classified as batch, semi batch, or continuous. A
reactor is design to allow chemicals to mix together under specific conditions by means of a catalyst. It
uses an agitator or mixer to mix the material inside it. The height of the agitator is 2/3 the length of the
reactor
SUPPORT
EQUIPMENT SUPPORT
Lugs have got larger welding area compare to leg support. So they are used for supporting large
diameter vessel compare to leg support.
PIPING SUPPORTS
Primary Support-Is a support which comes in contact with the pipe e.g. Shoe, Guide, U-Bolt, line
stop.
Secondary Support- It is the one which supports the primary support e.g. „L‟, „T‟, Goal post e.t.c.
Standard support: All primary & secondary supports which are present in the support standard are
called standard support.
Non- standard support (special pipe support [SPS]) – As per code, for weights beyond 250kg we
go for special pipe supports. For making SPS we have to make the sketch of the type of support and
give to the structural design engineer. For example, a shoe support used for a slope line is a non –
standard support.
PRIMARY SUPPORTS
SHOE
3. U-BOLT
4. GUILD:
Hold-Down Guide
N.B: The entire guide used are either of 0mm gap between them and pipe or of 3mm gap.
For small size pipes it will be a thick plate and as the size increase, it will be either an angle or an I-
Beam
SECONDARY SUPPORTS
1. Cantilever
2. ‘L’ Shape
Bracing is provided with the secondary support to sustain more loads. It is used generally to
support small pipe size.
4. F- Shape
5. Goal Post
Goal post are used when the loads of the pipes are high which
cannot be handle by a „L‟, „T‟ or invented „L‟ type of support.
Bracings are also added to be the goal post to add extra straight to
it.
A pick up support is used to support small bore lines or small line with the help of larger lines which
are routed beside them. A pick up support is needed for the smaller size line as there support span is
less when compare to the large size lines.
N.B: A vessel cleat is a thick plate which is welded to the equipment to provide support to the pipes
or it is also used to provide support to the steel which is used under the platforms.
Supports are also taken from the structure of the platform by welding the secondary support to the
platform structure.
SPRING SUPPORT
Variable spring- The Variable Support is a spring loaded device used for the support of piping and
equipment where normal vertical movement is anticipated. It is an assembly of spring contained in a
box which as got a plate at the top side of the spring to support the secondary or primary support of
pipe.
Two things can happen if a spring support is not used to absorb the thermal expansion (1) either the
pipe gets stress when the stress is in the allowable limit. (2) The pipe may fail when the stress
exceeds the allowable limit of the material.
Constant spring
A constant spring support is a type of pipe support used when there is vertical movement due to
thermal expansion at locations where transfer of stress is critical. Constant spring supports are
designed to provide a "constant" resistance throughout a specified travel range at critical points in a
piping system. These devices are used to avoid transfer of stress from support to support or to
critical connections of the piping equipment. Constant springs are costlier and bulky than the
variable spring.
Hangers are used to support the pipe from its top side. There two types of hanger support
(1) Pipe hanger (2) spring hanger.
Pipe Hanger: A pipe hanger will have movement only in the lateral direction of pipe.
A spring hanger: Has movement in the lateral direction as well as in the vertical direction.
The spring can either absorb or expand.
Rest Support: This kind of support has five degree of freedom (3 rotational and 2 translations)
Anchor Support: This type of support has got zero degree of movement.
Process Flow Diagram (PFD). It is a simple illustration that uses process symbols to describe the
primary flow path through a unit. A process flow diagram provides a quick snapshot of the
operating unit. Flow diagrams include all primary equipment and flows.
It shows relationships between major components in a system. A PFD also tabulate process design
values for the components in different operating modes, typical minimum, normal and maximum
values. A PFD does not show minor components, the piping systems, piping ratings and
designations.
Indicator of the flow arrow is always required on the drawing because without the flow arrow, the
starting and end point of a particular pipeline or the process can not be known.
The PFD also indicates the maximum operating and the design condition for the process.
A piping and instrumentation drawing is more complex. The P&ID includes a graphic
representation of equipment, piping and instrumentation. Modern process control can be clearly
inserted into the drawing to provide a process technician with a complete picture of electronic and
instrument system. Process operator can look at their process and see how the engineering
department has automated the unit. Pressure, temperature, flow, and level control loops are all
included on the unit P&ID
The pattern followed for line numbering is main line first then branch line, then sub branch line.
(MOC)
Example
(1) 10” – IA – 1050 – CXI – IH100 insulation thickness
hot insulation
(2) 8” – P – 1021 – AX3 – IC
NOTE:
The series of the tags number should be the same e.g V – 101, T – 102
Tag numbers should be given to all the piping components.
The sizes of the PI & TI are not required on the P & ID. If given, ignore them.
Sizes of the instruments should be as per details given by instrument vendor data or as given by
instrument Engr.
Nozzles number may or may not be there on P & ID. If not present on P & ID, get it from process
data sheet or equipment vendor data.
Nozzles size and line size can be different it need not be the same.
For matching nozzle number on P & ID
(a) Compare the flow direction.
(b) Compare the service.
In a P & ID the equipment details i.e. the dimension of the equipment as well as its tag number are
mentioned on the top side of equipment.
Never try to match nozzle size to decide the nozzle number.
HOLD – Sufficient information is not available. Instructing the contractor to await a later revision
of the drawing.
If the nozzles are shown one below the other in a P & ID. It means that the upper nozzle is either at
the same level or above the lower nozzle.
Line list: It gives the details of all the line in the plant. Examples of the details are line size, line
number, service, MOC, P&ID number and the design condition or the maximum operating
condition.
Battery Limit: It defines the scope of work
INSTRUMENTS
Instrument Types
Gauges. Gauges are instruments that measure the liquid level inside a vessel or the temperature and
or pressure in the piping system. Level, temperature, or pressure gauges are locally mounted to
enable plant operators to obtain a visual reading.
Controllers. Devices used to maintain a specified liquid level, temperature, pressure, or flow inside
a vessel or piping system. They activate the control valve that regulates the level, temperature,
pressure, and flow in and out of the vessel.
Indicators. Devices used to indicate the liquid level, temperature, pressure or flow rate inside a
piping system.
Recorders. Devices used to record the liquid level, temperature, pressure, and flow rate inside a
vessel or piping system throughout a certain shift or period of time.
These same instruments may be found in combination such as Level Recording Controller. Here the
instrument not only records the liquid level but also sends a signal to a control valve to control the
liquid level inside the vessel
Instrument Symbols
LM Local Mounted
BM Board Mounted
FA Flow Alarm
FE Flow Element
FI Flow Indicator
FR Flow Recorder
FRC Flow Recorded & Controller
LA Level Alarm
LAH Level Alarm High
LAL Level Alarm Low
LI Level Indicator
LG Level Gauge
LC Level Controller
LRC Level recorder & Controller Pressure Instruments
PC Pressure Controller
PI Pressure Indicator
PG Pressure Gauge
PR Pressure Recorder
PIC Pressure Indicator & Controller
PRC Pressure Recorder & Controller
PSV Pressure Safety Value
PRV Pressure Relief Value
TI Temp Indicator
TA Temp Alarm
5. Capillary x x x x
N.B: In a flow diagram, the type of connection or the type of joint is not shown. While in a piping
drawing, the type of joint is to be shown.
Class work: draw the piping drawing of the flow diagram given on the board.
Class work
A piping specification gives the details of design, fabrication & construction of the entire piping
component. It is used to know the pound rating of the piping component. It gives the corrosion
allowance for that particular class and MOC. It gives the design condition for the particular class.
A piping specification sheet is prepared for every class. It gives the details of type of end
connection, schedule number, MOC of the piping components, dimensional standard reference, type
of manufacturing based on the sizes for all the piping component.
Stress calculation is done using the information provided in the piping specification.
It gives the branching table for every class.
½ SW
” T
¾ SW SW
” T T
1” SW SW SW
T T T
1
1 SW SW SW SW
/4 T T T T
1 SW SW SW
SW SW
½ T T T T
T
2” HC HC HC
HC HC B
WT
21 HC HC HC HC HC B B
/2
3” HC HC HC HC HC B B B
4” HC HC HC HC HC B B B B
5” HC HC HC HC HC B B B B B
6” HC HC HC HC HC B B B B B B
8” HC HC HC HC HC W W B B B B B
10 HC HC HC HC HC W W W B B B B B
”
12 HC HC HC HC HC W W W B B B B B B
1. Safety
2. Constructability (economics)
3. Maintainability
4. Operability.
Safety: Follow the codes as far as possible. Codes are rules and regulation made by the government
as mandatory. Use statutory regulation for making all the drawing of the project (plot plan, piping
G.A, Equip layout).
Constructability: It should be possible to construct piping easily, within a short time and
economically.
Maintainability: Every equipment has its own requirement for maintenance. A piping GA should
take care of the entire maintenance requirement for all the components in the plant. Instrument
should be located for easy reading and approach for maintenance. Provide platform where ever
required. Enough space should be kept for the maintenance of all equipment.
Operability: It should be possible to operate the plant easily as well as safely. Locate valves at
operating level (knee level to chest level). For valves which are not at operating level, provide either
platform or chain operators. Providing only ladders is not acceptable.
Various requirements dictate the location of equipment and supporting facilities within the
conventional operating plant, and so many factors must be considered when the designer is locating
equipment. Such considerations are
1. Plant Layout specification: This document highlights spacing requirements for equipments
and access width and elevation clearances for operator and maintenance access.
2. Economic Piping: In order to minimize the cost of piping, material should be located in
process sequence and close enough to suit safety needs, access requirements, and piping
flexibility. To do this, the designer first identify the alloy or heavy wall piping and route
them as short as possible.
3. Process Requirements: Equipment often must be located in a specific position to support the
plant‟s process operation (e.g. for pressure drop, line pocketing, and gravity feed).
4. Common Operations: Equipment that requires continuous operator attention or share
common utility and maintenance facilities should be located in the same are. For example,
compressors, Pumps and heat exchanger.
5. Real Estate availability: Generally, most new process units are built within an existing
facility in which a piece of land is dedicated to the new expansion. Older process units,
which have undergone many expansion, often leave a less than desirable piece of real estate
for new facility. This can be a problem for inline horizontal arrangement.
6. Climate Condition: Weather conditions could influence the location of equipment. In
severely cold climate, equipments should be housed. Also, the wind can influence the
location of such equipment as furnaces, cooling tower and stacks.
It is used as the origin from which the intersecting North, South or East/ West line are
leveled as co-ordinates using numerical valves.
It is the reference point for the entire facility or the plant.
It is located in a remote area in the plan, so that it does not get damage
Control point co-ordinates are 0-0”,0‟-0”
The North arrow in the layout should be placed in the top right corner of the drawing or in
the top left corner of the drawing.
The details of the abbreviations in the drawing are provided on the right side of the drawing
in the form of notes and legends.
Equipment Location drawing: It is a drawing that shows the exact floor plan for location of
equipment in relation to the plan‟s physical boundaries.
Piping or
Equipment Centre line elevation CL EL + 110‟ -0”
Flange –face of flange (for vertical lines only) F.O.F EL 112‟ -0”
LIST OF FACILITIES
1. Process plant
2. Utilities : Boiler, cooling tower, air separation unit, chilling unit, air compressor or dryer unit,
gas generation unit, demineralized water plant, drinking water plan, effluent treatment plant, air
conditioning unit, process air compression etc.
3. Power facilities: (1) Diesel generation unit (2) coal generation plant (3) sub stations (4) motor
control centre (5) switch yards (6) Thermal plant.
4. Fire Fighting System: (1) Raw and fire water storages (2) pump house for the fire water (3)
office for the fire officers
5. Storages – (1) raw materials (liquids only) (2) semi finished product (3) product (4) By-
product.
6. Compressed gas storages: storages for gases like L.P.G, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen etc.
7. Warehouse: For storing raw materials, semi finished product and final products which are solid
and which required a roof for storages.
1. Administrative 8. Toilets
2. Canteen 9. Library
3. Security cabin 10. Guest House
4. Health center 11 Training center
5. R & D building 12 Weigh bride cabin
6. Workshop 13 Control room: To take care of control requirement for
7. Parking area th
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NOTE: Mechanical equipments within the facility are typically too small to be represented on a site
plan. Therefore the complete facility is usually divided into smaller areas called units. Each unit can
then be drawn separately on drawings called unit plot plans.
Unit plot plans are generally defined by imaginary lines called battery limits. Battery limits are used
to establish a unit's boundaries. Unit plot plans show the location of all the buildings, equipment,
pipe racks, and other items of importance in the unit. True north and plant north are also shown. The
purpose of this drawing is not to show detail, but rather, the arrangement of various components to
be erected in the unit. The piping group is typically responsible for the development of the unit plot
plan. Unit plot plans are developed using the mechanical flow diagram, client specifications, codes,
and input from the client's engineers, and the plant manager who will ultimately oversee the
operation of the facility.
A piping G.A contains the details of all the equipments of the plant, pipes, fittings, flanges,
gasket, nuts & bolts, valves, instruments special piping item, supports, elevations of the
pipelines either with centerline or with bottom of pipe elevators.
The drops are shown by the drop symbol and the rise is shown by rise symbol.
The length of the pipes can only be known by the elevations mentioned in the drawing.
The north arrow most always be shown on the top right side corner of the drawing.
As the G.A drawing is the top view of the whole equipment and piping arrangement in the
plan, maintenance area for very equipment should be left empty i.e. no piping should be
going in that area.
1. P&ID
2. Plot plan
3. Equipment layout
4. Process data sheet (PDS)
5. Line list
6. Piping specification.
1. Draw the area limits or a battery limits by using match lines with respect to the control point.
2. Fill the title block information.
3. Place the North arrow on the top right hand corner of the drawing sheet.
1. Maintain a minimum of 3ft clearance around pumps & equip for access & maintaence purpose.
2. Provide minimum of 5ft 6inches space at the motor.
3. Avoid lot of piping on the suction side of the pump.
4. Valve hand wheels should be located away from the pumps.
5. Section line of the pump should be as short as possible and as straight as possible to avoid
cavitation problems.
6. Use long radius elbows on the suction line of the pump.
7. In suction line, straight pipe = 3 x NPS to avoid the turbulence in the suction line.
8. Use eccentric reducers with FSU or FOT (flat side up or flat on top) on the suction side of the
pump. If it is not used, provide a vent on the suction side of the pump to remove the vapor formed in
the line.
10. A gate valve should be provided (isolation valve) along with the NRV (non-return valve) in the
discharge line of the pump.
11. The NRV should be placed before the gate valve in the discharge line of the pump.
12. Slope the suction line slightly towards the pump suction nozzle.
13. A strainer should be used at the suction side of the pump to arrest the foreign particles which are
entrained with the section liquid.
1. The vessels must be able to withstand the temps & pressures which are present during the
process.
2. Vessels will have internal (i.e. internal parts eg tray)
3. The space between two adjacent tower or column should be 2-4 times their diameter.
4. This space should be provided for the top of the column to the bottom of it for lowering the
piping component from the top of the vessel by davits and crains.
5. Route the pipe from the highest point of the column first & also route the largest diameter pipe
first.
6. Keep access ways, ladders and platforms on one side of the column, freeing the other side of the
column for and pipes
7. The vertical run of the pipe from the top of the column to the bottom of it should be either away
from the platform of the column or by providing a hole in the platform
8. Inlets and outlets should be on the opposite ends for the horizontal vessel
9. Tank inlet should be placed at the topside (access way in the vessel means manhole) and outlet
and the bottom side of the tank.
10. The tank and the vessel should have vents and drains to relieve it from excess pressure and
unwanted liquids.
11. A P S V should be placed on the top of the vessels to relieve it from excess pressure
ISOMETRIES
It give the three dimensional representative of the orthogonal view (2D view) by giving the
details of length, width and height.
In isometric the North direction is shown to the up and right direction or to the up and left
direction
Vertical lines are shown in isometric for pipes going up or down.
The angle of the North is taken as 300 to the horizontal
Always show the north arrow for clarifying the north for that particular isometric
Isometric drawing is made for every single line of the project.
Isometric is used for fabrication purpose and for preparing the final material take off (MTO)
Isometrics are drawn in two dimensions but it represents three dimension of the figure they
are drawn from.
A minimum of one view is required to draw the isometrics and it is generally the top view. A
second view is taken when the isometric can not be drawn from the top view.
The elbows are shown with square corners on isometrics.
All the elevations of that particular line are to be shown in the isometrics with a call out.
If the line deviates from the four main director (E.W.N.S). The offset of the line is shown by
hatching & mentioning the angle of offset and also the type of offset (horizontal / vertical)
For horizontal offset we use „H‟ and for vertical offset we use „V‟
If there are two offset, one horizontal & the other vertical at the same point of the line than it
is shown by two hatching triangle at the same point.
The welding or the type of connections as to be shown on the isometric for the different
piping component.
All isometric drawings are single drawing.
An isometric is not drawn to scale but in proportion.
It is the process of calculating the strains and resultant stresses in piping systems to determine if the
system
Has adequate support to resist load such as pressure, weight, earthquake and wind.
has sufficient flexibility to safely accommodate changes in length resulting from temperature
variations
exerts sufficiently low reaction forces at restraints and equipment
The code establishes general rules for the evaluation of flexibility in the piping layout. The code
also sets up allowable range for expansion stresses in the code book. Design of piping system during
expansion shall follow these data and shall observe the following.
Stress developed in the piping system operating at design temperature shall not exceed the
code allowable stresses
Expansion loads transmitted by the piping to equipment shall not exceed those specified by
the equipment vendor and in no case shall misalignment, distortion or strains on connected
equipment result from excessive trust and movement of the piping.
t = PD
2(SE+PY)
tm t CA
tnom = tm
0.875
Sample Problem
Design temperature: 650°F, Design pressure: 1,380 psig. Pipe outside diameter: 14 in.
Solution
t= PD
2(SE+PY)
t= 0.577 in.
Tnom = 0.6395
0.875
= 0.731 .