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12 MBH = 1 TR
1
Temperature
It gives the intensity of heat.
Units
˚C, ˚F, K
℃ ℉−32
=
5 9
Heat
Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporization
Sensible Heat
It can be sensed by touch.
It raises DBT.
Latent Heat
It cannot be sensed by touch, but associated with moisture.
It raises WBT.
Latent Heat of Fusion
Amount of heat required to change the phase from solid to liquid at
constant temperature.
E.g. Ice (solid) 0˚C Water (liquid)
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Amount of heat required to change the phase from liquid to gas /
vapour at constant temperature.
2
Sources of heat gain in a Building envelop
Heat Gain through Glass/Window.
Heat Gain through Wall & Roof.
Heat Gain through Partition.
Heat Gain from People.
Heat Gain from Electrical Equipments.
Heat Gain from Motors.
Heat Gain from Kitchen Appliances.
Heat Gain from Ducts.
Heat Gain from Infiltration Air.
Heat Gain through Ventilation Air.
Heat Gain through By-pass Air.
Heat Gain through Chilled Water Pumps.
3
Outdoor Design Conditions & its Corrections
Example:
Washington City
DBT WBT HR (Gr/lb) Daily Range
Outdoor Conditions
Refer Page A-11 = HVAC Hand Book
Daily Range
Difference of maximum & minimum temperature (DBT) on the
hottest day of the year.
Note:
Correction to Outdoor Condition is to be done to find the
Temperature at specific month.
Outdoor Temperature in April
Yearly Range
Specific Month
Yearly Range
Difference in Summer Temperature & Winter Temperature.
= 95˚F - 0˚F
= 95˚F
Correction to be done for April = -19˚F
Refer Page A-13, Table-3 of HVAC Hand Book
DBT in April = 95˚F - 19˚F
= 76˚F
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DBT in April at 10am
For this we require:
Daily Range
Time
Refer Page A-13, Table-2 of HVAC Hand Book
Correction to be done for April at 10am = -10˚F
DBT in April at 10am = 76˚F - 10˚F
= 66˚F
Indoor Conditions
Refer Page A-14 of HVAC Hand Book
Comfort Conditions
76˚F DBT
56% RH
DBT(summer) = 74˚F - 76˚F
RH = 50 % - 45%
U-factor / Conductivity Factor
U-factor can be calculated, based on the compositions.
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Wall composition
Example Brick-4”
Ro Ri
Concrete Plaster
ΣR = Ro+ Ri + R1X1 + R2X2 + ………. + RnXn
Where,
Ro Outside Air Film Resistance = 0.25
Ri Inside Air Film Resistance = 0.65
R1, R2, ……, Rn Resistance of materials
X1, X2, ……, Xn Thickness of Materials (inches)
For R1, R2, ……, Rn & X1, X2, ……, Xn Refer Page-A25
1
U= BTU/hr/˚F/sft
∑𝑅
1
= = 0.515 BTU/hr/˚F/sft
1.94
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Roof Composition
Example Cement Plaster
Fibre Glass Insulation
Concrete-3”
ΣR = 0.25+0.65+(0.12×2)+(4.00×1)+(0.08×3)
= 5.38 BTU/hr/˚F/sft
1
U = = 0.186 BTU/hr/˚F/sft
5.38
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Example-1
Q. Find the Heat Gain through the glass of Dimension 6’×4’, exposed
to North, located in Hyderabad. The type of glass is ordinary, no
shade.
Q = U×A× Sun gain
U = 1 (page A-18)
A = 6’×4’ = 24 sft
To find the Sun gain, check:
Latitude as per the location of the project
Hottest month as per the location of the project
Exposure as per the Civil Plan
Maximum value between 8.00am – 4.00pm
For Hyderabad,
Latitude = 20˚N
Hottest month = May
Exposure = North
For 20˚N latitude, May & North exposure from 8.00am – 4.00pm,
The maximum temperature = 23˚F
Sun gain = 23
Q = U×A× Sun gain
= 1×24×23 = 552 BTU/hr
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Example-2
Q. Find the Heat Gain through the glass (sky light) of Dimension
10’×8’ located in Dubai. Type of glass used is 50% heat absorbing,
Inside Venetian Blind & medium colour.
Q = U×A ×Sun Gain
A = 10’×8’ = 80 sft
Dubai = 30˚N Latitude, hottest month = August,
Exposure = Horizontal, Maximum temperature=235˚F,
From 8.00am-4.00pm (page A-18)
U = 0.59
Sun Gain = 235 BTU/hr/sft (page A-20)
Q = 0.59 × 80 × 235
= 11092 BTU/hr
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Heat Gain through Wall & Roof
Q = U ×A ×ETDcorrected
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conductance Factor
A Area of Wall/Roof in sft
ETDcorrected= ETDwall/roof + Correction (according to region)
ETD Equivalent Temperature Difference
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Example-1
Q. Find the Heat Gain through wall of Dimension 10’×20’, exposed to
North. Type of wall = Hollow Concrete Block with sans aggregate
3/8” Gypsum board. Thickness of wall = 8”. Location = Hyderabad.
Q = U ×A ×ETDcorrected
U = 0.44 (page A-29)
A=
11
Heat Gain through Partition
Partition
It is a glass, wall, floor/slab in partition with a non-A/c space.
Wall partition
Q = U×A×ΔT
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conductance Factor
A Area of glass/wall/slab in sft
ΔT = (T1 – T2)
T1 Outdoor Temperature
T2 Indoor Temperature
Note:
For Normal Partition (corridor, bathroom etc.),
T1 = (T1–5)
For Heat generating Partition (kitchen, laundry room etc.)
T1 = (T1+15)
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Example
Q. Find Heat Gain through partition wall of dimension 12’×14’,
U-factor = 0.28, located in Hyderabad.
Case-1, if in Normal Partition
Case-2, if in heat generating partition
Q = U×A×ΔT
ΔT = (T1 – T2)
Case-1
T1 = (T1–5)
= 106 – 5 = 101˚F
T2 = 76 ˚F
ΔT = 101 – 76 = 25 ˚F
Q = 0.28×168×25 = 1176 BTU/hr
Case-2
T1 = (T1+15)
= 106+15 = 121˚F
ΔT = 121 – 76 = 45 ˚F
Q = 0.28×168×45 = 2116.8 BTU/hr
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Heat Gain from People
Sensible Heat Gain = No’s of people × Sensible Heat/person
Latent Heat Gain = No’s of people × Latent Heat/person
Q = Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain
Sensible Heat Gain/person & Latent Heat Gain/person is given
by standards as per Type of application & degree of activity.
Note:
If occupancy range is not given, refer Page A-60
14
Heat Gain from Lights
Incandescent Lights
Q = 3.41 × Watts
Fluorescent Lights
Q = 3.41 × Watts × 1.25
Note:
If wattage not known, wattage can be calculated by using:
Watts = Areas × Watts/sft
Refer Page A-60
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Heat Gain from Electrical Equipments
Q = 3.41 × Watts
Heat Gain from Motors
Q. A plant room has 2 no’s 5 HP motors & a 10 HP motor which is
working for 80% of time. A fan delivering conditioned air to the
space uses a 4 HP motor. Find Heat Gain from motors.
Refer Page A-40
For, 4 HP = 15,600 BTU/hr
5 HP = 15,600 × 2 = 31,200 BTU/hr
10 HP = 30,000 × 0.8 = 24,000 BTU/hr
Q = 15,600 + 31,200 + 24,000 = 70,800 BTU/hr
Heat Gain from Kitchen Appliances
Q. Find Heat Gain from kitchen appliances in a restaurant having 1no:
3 Gallon Coffee urn, 2 no’s Egg Boilers & 6’×3’ Food Warmer with
Plate Warmer.
Refer Page A-37
3 Gallon Coffee urn = 4300
Egg Boiler = 2 × 2000 = 4000
Food Warmer = 18 × 700 = 12,600
Q = 4300 + 4000 + 12,600 = 20,900 BTU/hr
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