Crack control Internal restraint

Control of cracking due to internal restraint (temperature differential) Pile Cap Top

Input parameters Symbol Unit Value

Concrete and steel properties

Section thickness h mm 2200
Strength class f ck /f ck,cube MPa C40/50
Assume 3 days unless more reliable
Age at cracking tc days 3
information is available
Creep factor K1 0.65 Default = 0.65
Sustained load factor K2 0.80 Default = 0.8
o
Coefficient of thermal expansion αc µε / C 10.0 If aggregate is unknown use 12
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement f ky MPa 500 500 MPa (EN1992-1-1)
Early-age concrete properties

Tensile strength f ct,eff MPa 2.10 Mean value of tensile strength, f ctm (t c )

Elastic modulus Ec GPa 30.2 Mean value of elastic modulus E cm (t c )

Tensile strain capacity under sustained loading ε ctu µε 86 ε ctu = [ f ctm (t c ) / E cm (t c ) ] x [K 2 / K 1 ]

Early-age strain
o ∆T = Peak temperature - surface
Temperature differential ∆T C 51
temperature
Free differential strain ∆ε free µε 510 ∆ε free = ∆T α c
Restraint R 0.59
Restrained differential strain ∆ε r µε 196 ∆ε r(ea) = R 1 K 1 ∆T α c
Low risk of early-age cracking if ∆ε r / ε ctu
Risk of early-age cracking ∆ε r /ε ctu 2.29
< 1.
Crack-inducing differential strain ∆ε cr µε 153 ∆ε cr = R 1 K 1 ∆T α c - 0.5 ε ctu
Reinforcement details
Bar diameter φ1 mm 20
Bar diameter 2nd Layer φ2 mm 0
Bar spacing S mm 125
Cover c mm 100
As 2
Area of steel per face per m mm 2513
Early-age cracking
Steel ratio for estimating A s,min f ctm /f yk 0.0042 f ctm /f yk = ρ crit
Coefficient k 1.0
Coefficient kc 0.5
Surface zone defining the area of concrete in the tensile zone A ct h s,min mm 440 h s,min = 0.2 h
Minimum area of steel per face A s,min mm2 924 Highlighted if A s < A s,min
h e,ef = 2.5 (c + φ/2) [NB h s,min and h e,ef
Surface zone defining the effective area of concrete in tension, A c,eff h e,ef mm 275
are not the same]
Steel ratio for calculating early-age crack spacing ρ p,eff 0.00914 ρ p,eff = A s / A c,eff = A s / (h e,ef x 1000)
Coefficient for bond characteristics k1 1.14

Crack spacing s r,max mm 1400 s r,max = 3.4 c + 0.425 k 1 φ / ρ p,eff)

Crack width wk mm 0.214 w k = ∆ε cr S r,max

Note: Crack Width Within the limit Hence OK

CIRIA C660 PAGE 4 / 1

Estimation of drying shrinkage Calculator

EN1992-1-1 Estimation of drying shrinkage

Cells for input data

Strength class C40/50 MPa

Cement class N
Average ambient relative humidity 85 %
Nominal unrestrained drying shrinkage ε cd,0 189 microstrain
Section thickness 2200 mm
Number of exposed faces 1
Notional size h 0 500 mm
Coefficient, k h 0.70
Ultimate drying shrinkage 132 microstrain
End of curing period 3 days
Drying shrinkage at 365000 days 130 microstrain

160

140
Shrinkage (microstrain)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

Time (days) - log scale

CIRIA C660 PAGE 2

Estimation of restraint Calculator

Estimation of restraint
Wall on a rigid base
Cells for input data

Dimensions Wall Base

Length 6 m
Height 1 m Width 1 m
Thickness 2.2 m Thickness 2.2 m
c.s.a. A n 2.2 m2 c.s.a A o 2.20 m2

Ratio of areas A n /A o 1.00

Ratio of moduli E n /E o 0.70

Restraint factor at joint R j 0.59

1.2

1.0

0.8
Height (m)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Restraint

CIRIA C660 PAGE 2

Prediction of temeprature rise Adiabatic temperature

Adiabatic temperature rise

Cells for input data
400

Heat generated (kJ/kg)

3
Binder content 450 (kg/m ) 300
Binder type ggbs
200
Addition 65 (%) Reference curve
3
Density 2400 (kg/m ) 100
o
Specific heat 1 kJ/kg C 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
o
Temperature drop T 1 51 C Time (Hours)

Adiabatic temperature rise for concrete

100
90
80
Temperature (oC)

70
60
50
40 Reference curve at 20oC

30 Adjusted for temperature

20 Modelled
10
0
0 24 48 72 96
Time (Hours)

CIRIA C660 Page 2

Prediction of temperature rise Temperature calculation

TEMPERATURE RISE AND DIFFERENTIALS

Cells for input data
100
Peak
90
Element details
Surface
Pour thickness 2200 mm 80
Differential

Temperature (oC)
Formwork type Up to 25mm steel 70
Formwork removal
Wind speed 5 m/s 60
Surface conductance 21.8 W/m2K 50
Formwork removal 60 hours 40
30
Concrete properties 20
Thermal conductivity 1.8 W/moC 10
0
Temperature 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
o
Placing temperature 30 C
o Time (hours)
Minimum 20 C
Ambient o
MEAN 35 C 100
temperature o 90
Maximum 52 C
Placing time (24 hour clock) 3 hours 80
Temperature (oC)
70
60
Temperature OUTPUT
o 50 at maximum diffentail
Maximum temperature 86 C
40 at peak temperature
at time 50 hours
o
30
Maximum differential 52 C 20
at time 75 hours 10
o
Temperature drop T1 51 C 0
0 1000 2000 3000

Thickness (mm)

CIRIA C660 Page 3