Discussion

From this experiment, we were investigating the source of error in measurements and to apply the
equations provided to analyse the error. As we know, the major problem encountered with any measuring
instrument is the error. Therefore, it is obviously necessary to select the appropriate measuring instrument
and measurement method which minimizes error. In fact, the basic concern of any measurement is that
the measuring instrument should not affect the quantity being measured; in practice, this non-interference
principle is never strictly obeyed.

The experiment that we were done actually consists of two part. The first part was concerned
with error introduced by component tolerances. In this experiment, we were measure the value of E0 and
the value of Rb. These values were measured by using ten different type of resistor. However, there are
other sources of error in our data such as instrument errors or observational errors. The experimental data
that we got was treated as though the only source of error due to variations in resistances values due to
manufacturing tolerances.

The second experiment was concerned the error in reading, which may be classified as the gross
error or observational error. These errors are mainly due to human mistakes in reading or in using
instruments or errors in recording observations. These errors may also occur due to incorrect adjustment
of instruments and computational mistakes. In this experiment, the instructor was provided a single
resistor of unknown value Rx. The value of Rx was measure ten times and all reading should be made
with the same ohmmeter. From this experiment, one of the basic gross errors that occur frequently is the
improper use of an instrument. The error can be minimized by taking proper care in reading and recording
the measurement parameter.

The equations that were use in this experiment are:

1)

2) Range of error =

3) Percent of error =

Where Rx = actual value of the resistor

Rave= average value of the resistor

4) Rb =
 After calculation, with formula we compare our result with other friends. Unfortunately
we get the wrong result because we measure the Ra at the power supply only. For the real one,
we need to adjust the Ra based on the multimeter at the decade resistor. This reason leads us to
the wrong result. We can conclude the resistors not only have the same values. There are
different between them because the tolerance in the resistors.

In the experiment 2, the task was to measure the Rx values by using high-input impedance
voltmeter and measure the range and percentage of error. This was recorded in Data Table for
Experiment 2. The Rx values obtain was not exactly the same in 10 times of tries. This is because
the error at the instrument and observation. We use the same equation at the part 1. These errors
exist because we use analog meter. For the analog meter, we must have right angle and the talent.
If the observers wear glasses, maybe he makes errors while reading the result. To overcome this
error, we can use multimeter because the multimeter just give the correct value only. For the
percentage of errors, we get -2.5%.

Conclusion
As the conclusion, in investigate sources of error in measurements and to apply the
equations provided to analyses the error, we used to make experiments in circuits. When making
the measurements, some errors is inevitable as no measurement can yield the exact value of any
quantity. There were some errors which is error due to component tolerance and error in reading.
These errors can be fixed by the experiments and calculations. The most important in the
experiment are the range of errors and the average due to calculate the exact value of errors. At
last, the percentage of errors can be obtained. So to get the possible value it very impossible
because it can very error to get perfect answer or value. That will it can take many time to get
value is possible at the small error.