Introduction:

This datasheet contains all the calculations and the design procedures for the three
models, in addition to the problems we encountered in both designing and constructing
these models. Solutions of those problems are also discussed in this paper.

Properties of balsa wood used in design:

• Density: 0.000183 kg/mm3

• Allowable Compressive strength: 1.568894577 kg/mm2 (Interpolated)
• Allowable Tensile strength: 2.586122682 kg/mm2 (Interpolated)
• Modulus of Elasticity (E): 46 Kg/mm2

There had been a systematic way of design, and it is as follows:-

1- Draw the model on excel, and allocate specific cells for variables such as “height, panel
width,..”

2- Solve the model manually (by hand) on external papers using joint or sectioning
method.

3- Inserting functions obtained from step no.2 into excel sheet to solve the truss.

Now that the truss can be solved at any changing variables in a blink of an eye, we move to
the next step which goes like this:-

1- Solving the truss at different heights for each member in a tabulated form.

2- Calculating the required area (A= Force/Allowable Stress) for each member in step no.1.

3- Defining the sections to be bought (4x4, 5x5, and 6x6).

4- Calculating the length of the members at those different heights.

5- Now we have area and length, we can easily get the weight of each member by
multiplying the volume by the density, and therefore getting the weight of a single face
truss (weight should be doubled, in addition to other bracings)

6- Finding out the economic height that gives the minimum weight.
We have completed the design and construction of three models:

1- Fink Truss 2- Pratt Truss 3- Arch Truss

Initial Tests

Tensile test:

1. 6 x 6 mm balsa piece nailed in a large piece of wood.

2. Bucket was hanged from the balsa piece
3. The Bucket was filled with water until failure.

Results:

• Weight of bucket + water= 4.4 kg

• Cross section Area =36 mm2
• Ultimate Stress= 4.4*10N /36= 1.22 MPa (unreasonable)

Glue shear test:

Same method mentioned above, but didn’t fail at glue.
Flexure test:
1. A 6x6x100mm balsa piece was rested on two chairs, and a load of 2
kg was applied by a rope tied around the wood.

2. M= PL/4= 4 kg.cm, f1=-f2= M*Y /I = 1.389 kg/mm2

3. Load was increased to 2.4 kg, M =6 kg.cm, f1=-f2=1.67 >

allowable compressive strength, but still didn’t break.

4. Load was replaced by a 4 kg load, the wood broke immediately.

However, the failure was from the tension side

not the compression one. Take a look at the
picture. (no cripples above)
 MODEL 1: FINK TRUSS
To make sure of how accurate our calculations are, we decided to start with a 24-cm fink
truss. It was quick to build but didn’t match the competition conditions, so we had to test
it on our own. Anyway, calculations below show that the truss is able to carry a total load
of 120 kg (symmetric) which is hard to believe, because in that way we neglected the
effect of buckling.

-37.04 Kg

2
h=9 cm
59.26 Kg

-50 Kg -12.96 Kg
20 Kg

1 36.8699 40 Kg 3 40 Kg 5

6 cm 6 cm
P=20 Kg P=20 Kg
30 Kg

Figure1 showing dimensions and loads applied on the truss before taking buckling in calculations.
Analysis in 2-D plane of all the members:

Axial Forces (kg)

h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4
5 -78 kg 72 kg 72 kg 20 kg -57.78 kg -20.22 Kg 106.7 Kg
6 -67.08 kg 60 kg 60 kg 20 kg -49.69 kg -17.39 Kg 88.89 Kg
7 -59.54 kg 51.4286 kg 51.429 kg 20 kg -44.1 kg -15.44 Kg 76.19 Kg
8 -54.08 kg 45 kg 45 kg 20 kg -40.06 kg -14.02 Kg 66.67 Kg
9 -50 kg 40 kg 40 kg 20 kg -37.04 kg -12.96 Kg 59.26 Kg
10 -46.86 kg 36 kg 36 kg 20 kg -34.71 kg -12.15 Kg 53.33 Kg
11 -44.4 kg 32.7273 kg 32.727 kg 20 kg -32.89 kg -11.51 Kg 48.48 Kg
12 -42.43 kg 30 kg 30 kg 20 kg -31.43 kg -11 Kg 44.44 Kg
13 -40.83 kg 27.6923 kg 27.692 kg 20 kg -30.24 kg -10.58 Kg 41.03 Kg
14 -39.51 kg 25.7143 kg 25.714 kg 20 kg -29.27 kg -10.24 Kg 38.1 Kg
15 -38.42 kg 24 kg 24 kg 20 kg -28.46 kg -9.96 Kg 35.56 Kg
16 -37.5 kg 22.5 kg 22.5 kg 20 kg -27.78 kg -9.722 Kg 33.33 Kg
17 -36.72 kg 21.1765 kg 21.176 kg 20 kg -27.2 kg -9.52 Kg 31.37 Kg
18 -36.06 kg 20 kg 20 kg 20 kg -26.71 kg -9.348 Kg 29.63 Kg
19 -35.48 kg 18.9474 kg 18.947 kg 20 kg -26.28 kg -9.199 Kg 28.07 Kg
20 -34.99 kg 18 kg 18 kg 20 kg -25.92 kg -9.07 Kg 26.67 Kg
21 -34.55 kg 17.1429 kg 17.143 kg 20 kg -25.59 kg -8.958 Kg 25.4 Kg
22 -34.17 kg 16.3636 kg 16.364 kg 20 kg -25.31 kg -8.86 Kg 24.24 Kg
23 -33.84 kg 15.6522 kg 15.652 kg 20 kg -25.06 kg -8.773 Kg 23.19 Kg
24 -33.54 kg 15 kg 15 kg 20 kg -24.85 kg -8.696 Kg 22.22 Kg
25 -33.28 kg 14.4 kg 14.4 kg 20 kg -24.65 kg -8.627 Kg 21.33 Kg

Area Required (mm2)

h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4
5 49.71653 27.840907 27.84091 7.733585 36.82706 12.88947 41.24579
6 42.75752 23.200755 23.20076 7.733585 31.67224 11.08528 34.37149
7 37.94968 19.886362 19.88636 7.733585 28.11087 9.838806 29.46128
8 34.47221 17.400567 17.40057 7.733585 25.53497 8.937241 25.77862
9 31.86957 15.46717 15.46717 7.733585 23.60709 8.262482 22.91433
10 29.86912 13.920453 13.92045 7.733585 22.12527 7.743846 20.62289
11 28.29813 12.654958 12.65496 7.733585 20.96158 7.336552 18.74809
12 27.04223 11.600378 11.60038 7.733585 20.03128 7.010948 17.18574
13 26.02294 10.708041 10.70804 7.733585 19.27625 6.746687 15.86376
14 25.18482 9.9431809 9.943181 7.733585 18.65542 6.529399 14.73064
15 24.48778 9.2803022 9.280302 7.733585 18.1391 6.348684 13.7486
16 23.90218 8.7002833 8.700283 7.733585 17.70532 6.196861 12.88931
17 23.40575 8.1885019 8.188502 7.733585 17.33759 6.068157 12.13111
18 22.98148 7.7335852 7.733585 7.733585 17.02332 5.95816 11.45716
19 22.6162 7.3265544 7.326554 7.733585 16.75274 5.863459 10.85415
20 22.29959 6.9602266 6.960227 7.733585 16.51822 5.781376 10.31145
21 22.02349 6.6287873 6.628787 7.733585 16.3137 5.709794 9.820426
22 21.78134 6.3274788 6.327479 7.733585 16.13433 5.647015 9.374043
23 21.56787 6.052371 6.052371 7.733585 15.9762 5.591669 8.966476
24 21.37876 5.8001889 5.800189 7.733585 15.83612 5.542641 8.592872
25 21.21049 5.5681813 5.568181 7.733585 15.71147 5.499015 8.249158
 Sections needed
h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4
5 8x 8 6x 6 6x 6 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 7x 7
6 7x 7 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 6x 6
7 7x 7 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 6x 6
8 6x 6 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 6x 6
9 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 5x 5
10 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 5x 5
11 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 5x 5
12 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 5x 5
13 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
14 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
15 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
16 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
17 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
18 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
19 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
20 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
21 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
22 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
23 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
24 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
25 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4

Area Actual (mm2)

h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4
5 64 36 36 16 49 16 49
6 49 25 25 16 36 16 36
7 49 25 25 16 36 16 36
8 36 25 25 16 36 16 36
9 36 16 16 16 25 16 25
10 36 16 16 16 25 16 25
11 36 16 16 16 25 16 25
12 36 16 16 16 25 16 25
13 36 16 16 16 25 16 16
14 36 16 16 16 25 16 16
15 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
17 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
18 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
19 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
20 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
21 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
22 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
23 25 16 16 16 16 16 16
24 25 16 16 16 16 16 16
25 25 16 16 16 16 16 16
 Length (mm)
h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4
5 65 60 60 25 65 65 50
6 67.08204 60 60 30 67.08204 67.08204 60
7 69.46222 60 60 35 69.46222 69.46222 70
8 72.11103 60 60 40 72.11103 72.11103 80
9 75 60 60 45 75 75 90
10 78.1025 60 60 50 78.1025 78.1025 100
11 81.3941 60 60 55 81.3941 81.3941 110
12 84.85281 60 60 60 84.85281 84.85281 120
13 88.45903 60 60 65 88.45903 88.45903 130
14 92.19544 60 60 70 92.19544 92.19544 140
15 96.04686 60 60 75 96.04686 96.04686 150
16 100 60 60 80 100 100 160
17 104.0433 60 60 85 104.0433 104.0433 170
18 108.1665 60 60 90 108.1665 108.1665 180
19 112.361 60 60 95 112.361 112.361 190
20 116.619 60 60 100 116.619 116.619 200
21 120.9339 60 60 105 120.9339 120.9339 210
22 125.2996 60 60 110 125.2996 125.2996 220
23 129.7112 60 60 115 129.7112 129.7112 230
24 134.1641 60 60 120 134.1641 134.1641 240
25 138.6542 60 60 125 138.6542 138.6542 250

Volume (mm3)
h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4
5 4160 2160 2160 400 3185 1040 2450
6 3287.02 1500 1500 480 2414.953 1073.313 2160
7 3403.649 1500 1500 560 2500.64 1111.396 2520
8 2595.997 1500 1500 640 2595.997 1153.776 2880
9 2700 960 960 720 1875 1200 2250
10 2811.69 960 960 800 1952.562 1249.64 2500
11 2930.188 960 960 880 2034.853 1302.306 2750
12 3054.701 960 960 960 2121.32 1357.645 3000
13 3184.525 960 960 1040 2211.476 1415.344 2080
14 3319.036 960 960 1120 2304.886 1475.127 2240
15 2401.172 960 960 1200 2401.172 1536.75 2400
16 2500 960 960 1280 2500 1600 2560
17 2601.082 960 960 1360 2601.082 1664.692 2720
18 2704.163 960 960 1440 2704.163 1730.665 2880
19 2809.026 960 960 1520 2809.026 1797.776 3040
20 2915.476 960 960 1600 2915.476 1865.905 3200
21 3023.347 960 960 1680 3023.347 1934.942 3360
22 3132.491 960 960 1760 3132.491 2004.794 3520
23 3242.78 960 960 1840 2075.379 2075.379 3680
24 3354.102 960 960 1920 2146.625 2146.625 3840
25 3466.356 960 960 2000 2218.468 2218.468 4000
 Weight (g)
h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4 Total Weight
5 0.762665 0.3959993 0.395999 0.073333 0.583916 0.190666 0.449166 5.25432378
6 0.602619 0.2749995 0.275 0.088 0.442741 0.196774 0.395999 4.156263966
7 0.624001 0.2749995 0.275 0.102666 0.45845 0.203755 0.461999 4.339742988
8 0.475932 0.2749995 0.275 0.117333 0.475932 0.211525 0.527999 4.189441473
9 0.494999 0.1759997 0.176 0.132 0.343749 0.22 0.412499 3.49799364
10 0.515476 0.1759997 0.176 0.146666 0.357969 0.2291 0.458333 3.660753836
11 0.5372 0.1759997 0.176 0.161333 0.373056 0.238756 0.504166 3.828853213
12 0.560028 0.1759997 0.176 0.176 0.388908 0.248901 0.549999 4.001670499
13 0.583829 0.1759997 0.176 0.190666 0.405436 0.259479 0.381333 3.964152741
14 0.608489 0.1759997 0.176 0.205333 0.422562 0.270439 0.410666 4.128310546
15 0.440214 0.1759997 0.176 0.22 0.440214 0.281737 0.439999 3.908326992
16 0.458333 0.1759997 0.176 0.234666 0.458333 0.293333 0.469332 4.06265928
17 0.476864 0.1759997 0.176 0.249333 0.476864 0.305193 0.498666 4.21917256
18 0.495762 0.1759997 0.176 0.264 0.495762 0.317288 0.527999 4.377622267
19 0.514987 0.1759997 0.176 0.278666 0.514987 0.329592 0.557332 4.537795228
20 0.534503 0.1759997 0.176 0.293333 0.534503 0.342082 0.586666 4.699505506
21 0.554279 0.1759997 0.176 0.307999 0.554279 0.354739 0.615999 4.862590722
22 0.574289 0.1759997 0.176 0.322666 0.574289 0.367545 0.645332 5.026908836
23 0.594509 0.1759997 0.176 0.337333 0.380486 0.380486 0.674665 4.764289121
24 0.614918 0.1759997 0.176 0.351999 0.393547 0.393547 0.703999 4.916020306
25 0.635497 0.1759997 0.176 0.366666 0.406718 0.406718 0.733332 5.068531198

Weight vs Height

3
W
2

0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Economic Height= 9 cm
Minimum Weight= 3.497994 g

Members M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4

Sections 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 5x 5
As we can see above the minimum weight is nearly 3.5 g. This value should be doubled in
addition to other members (Floor beams, bracings,...). However, the truss can withstand
this immense load only if there is no buckling. But if we study the buckling of compression
members, this 120 kg significantly drops to a much less value.

Euler’s formula of buckling was used to determine the critical load at which buckling of a
compressed member begins.

Critical Load (kg)

h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M2-4 M 2-5
9 19.62867 9.465986 3.877268

This means that the bridge capacity should not exceed 10 kg to avoid buckling. In this
model we decided to decrease the height of the truss to 8 cm, hoping that buckling would
be less effective. Anyway, this led us to another sections and another economic height.

Economic Height= 5 cm
Minimum Weight= 2.141329 g
Members M 1-2 M 1-3 M 3-5 M 2-3 M2-4 M 2-5 M 5-4
Sections 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4

Height could be less but it was taken 8 cm for the ease of construction, and the sections
remained the same. Lengths of members were taken from drafts (clear Length= Length
from C.L to C.L – 25 mm).

Critical loads become:

Critical Load (kg)

h (cm)/Member M 1-2 M2-4 M 2-5
8 4.367377 4.367377 4.367377
Floor Beams:

To hold this 10 kg load, floor beams should be sufficiently strong to endure the bending
moment applied by the load. 1.67 kg Sec 1-1 1.67 kg

Section 1-1:

If we use two sticks 4x4 on each other:

b= 0.4 cm, t= 0.8 cm , Ix=0.017067 cm4 f1=-1.171875 kgf/mm2 3 cm 6 cm 3 cm

f= M x Y / I

B.M.D
5 kg.cm
f2=1.171875 kgf/mm2

Conclusion: f1 < allowable compressive strength, f2 < allowable tensile strength. (SAFE)

Figure shows Fink truss after construction

Due to the small height, we had to test the model somehow to reassure ourselves that the
model complies with the calculations. So we brought water bottles (600ml= 600gm) and
started filling a plastic bag hanged on the floor beams. We crammed nearly 8 kilograms of
water bottles into the plastic bag and amazingly the truss didn’t show excessive
deformation or any signs of cracking. Unfortunately the bag couldn’t take more bottles
and we stopped the test. Sadly the model broke next day by accident so we didn’t achieve
the desired results.
 MODEL 2: PRATT TRUSS
The next step was to design a new model that complies with the competition conditions,
so it seemed reasonable to choose the Pratt truss as the lengths of members don’t change
along the panels (and symmetric) which would save us time and effort. Diagonals were
inclined to form tangents with the B.M.D to avoid buckling from compression. Height of
the truss was taken 13 cm to allow entrance of the testing block.

2 4 6 8 10

h= 13 cm

61.7 Deg
1 7cm 7cm 7cm 7cm 7cm
3 5 7 9 11

p= 0kg p= 0kg p= 0kg p= 14kg p= 14kg

R= 21kg

member m1-2 m1-3 m2-3 m2-4 m2-5 m3-5 m4-5 m4-6 m4-7
Axial Force (kg) -23.8509 11.30769 0 -22.6154 23.850868 11.30769 -21 -33.9231 23.85087

member m5-7 m6-7 m6-8 m6-9 m7-9 m8-9 m8-10 m8-11 m9-11 m11-10
Axial Force (kg) 22.61538 -21 -45.23077 23.85087 33.923077 -7 -41.4615 7.950289 45.23077 0
 Axial Forces
height / cm m1-2 m1-3 m2-3 m2-4 m2-5 m3-5 m4-5 m4-6 m4-7 m5-7 m6-7 m6-8 m6-9 m7-9 m8-9 m8-10 m8-11 m9-11 m11-10
5 -36.1298 29.4 0 -58.8 36.12977 29.4 -21 -88.2 36.12977 58.8 -21 -117.6 36.12977 88.2 -7 -107.8 12.04326 117.6 0
6 -32.2684 24.5 0 -49 32.26841 24.5 -21 -73.5 32.26841 49 -21 -98 32.26841 73.5 -7 -89.8333 10.75614 98 0
7 -29.6985 21 0 -42 29.69848 21 -21 -63 29.69848 42 -21 -84 29.69848 63 -7 -77 9.899495 84 0
8 -27.9041 18.375 0 -36.75 27.90413 18.375 -21 -55.125 27.90413 36.75 -21 -73.5 27.90413 55.125 -7 -67.375 9.301378 73.5 0
9 -26.6041 16.33333 0 -32.66667 26.60409 16.333333 -21 -49 26.60409 32.66667 -21 -65.3333 26.60409 49 -7 -59.8889 8.868031 65.33333 0
10 -25.6338 14.7 0 -29.4 25.63377 14.7 -21 -44.1 25.63377 29.4 -21 -58.8 25.63377 44.1 -7 -53.9 8.544589 58.8 0
11 -24.8915 13.36364 0 -26.72727 24.8915 13.363636 -21 -40.0909 24.8915 26.72727 -21 -53.4545 24.8915 40.09091 -7 -49 8.297167 53.45455 0
12 -24.3118 12.25 0 -24.5 24.31178 12.25 -21 -36.75 24.31178 24.5 -21 -49 24.31178 36.75 -7 -44.9167 8.103926 49 0
13 -23.8509 11.30769 0 -22.61538 23.85087 11.307692 -21 -33.9231 23.85087 22.61538 -21 -45.2308 23.85087 33.92308 -7 -41.4615 7.950289 45.23077 0
14 -23.4787 10.5 0 -21 23.47871 10.5 -21 -31.5 23.47871 21 -21 -42 23.47871 31.5 -7 -38.5 7.826238 42 0
15 -23.1741 9.8 0 -19.6 23.17412 9.8 -21 -29.4 23.17412 19.6 -21 -39.2 23.17412 29.4 -7 -35.9333 7.724708 39.2 0
16 -22.9218 9.1875 0 -18.375 22.92183 9.1875 -21 -27.5625 22.92183 18.375 -21 -36.75 22.92183 27.5625 -7 -33.6875 7.640609 36.75 0
17 -22.7106 8.647059 0 -17.29412 22.71061 8.6470588 -21 -25.9412 22.71061 17.29412 -21 -34.5882 22.71061 25.94118 -7 -31.7059 7.570202 34.58824 0
18 -22.5321 8.166667 0 -16.33333 22.53208 8.1666667 -21 -24.5 22.53208 16.33333 -21 -32.6667 22.53208 24.5 -7 -29.9444 7.510692 32.66667 0
19 -22.3799 7.736842 0 -15.47368 22.37987 7.7368421 -21 -23.2105 22.37987 15.47368 -21 -30.9474 22.37987 23.21053 -7 -28.3684 7.459958 30.94737 0
20 -22.2491 7.35 0 -14.7 22.2491 7.35 -21 -22.05 22.2491 14.7 -21 -29.4 22.2491 22.05 -7 -26.95 7.416367 29.4 0
21 -22.1359 7 0 -14 22.13594 7 -21 -21 22.13594 14 -21 -28 22.13594 21 -7 -25.6667 7.378648 28 0
22 -22.0374 6.681818 0 -13.36364 22.03739 6.6818182 -21 -20.0455 22.03739 13.36364 -21 -26.7273 22.03739 20.04545 -7 -24.5 7.345798 26.72727 0
23 -21.9511 6.391304 0 -12.78261 21.95105 6.3913043 -21 -19.1739 21.95105 12.78261 -21 -25.5652 21.95105 19.17391 -7 -23.4348 7.317018 25.56522 0
24 -21.875 6.125 0 -12.25 21.875 6.125 -21 -18.375 21.875 12.25 -21 -24.5 21.875 18.375 -7 -22.4583 7.291667 24.5 0
25 -21.8077 5.88 0 -11.76 21.80767 5.88 -21 -17.64 21.80767 11.76 -21 -23.52 21.80767 17.64 -7 -21.56 7.269223 23.52 0
26 -21.7478 5.653846 0 -11.30769 21.74778 5.6538462 -21 -16.9615 21.74778 11.30769 -21 -22.6154 21.74778 16.96154 -7 -20.7308 7.24926 22.61538 0
27 -21.6943 5.444444 0 -10.88889 21.69428 5.4444444 -21 -16.3333 21.69428 10.88889 -21 -21.7778 21.69428 16.33333 -7 -19.963 7.231428 21.77778 0
28 -21.6463 5.25 0 -10.5 21.6463 5.25 -21 -15.75 21.6463 10.5 -21 -21 21.6463 15.75 -7 -19.25 7.215435 21 0
29 -21.6031 5.068966 0 -10.13793 21.60311 5.0689655 -21 -15.2069 21.60311 10.13793 -21 -20.2759 21.60311 15.2069 -7 -18.5862 7.201037 20.27586 0
30 -21.5641 4.9 0 -9.8 21.56409 4.9 -21 -14.7 21.56409 9.8 -21 -19.6 21.56409 14.7 -7 -17.9667 7.18803 19.6 0
 Area Required (mm2)
height / cm m1-2 m1-3 m2-3 m2-4 m2-5 m3-5 m4-5 m4-6 m4-7 m5-7 m6-7 m6-8 m6-9 m7-9 m8-9 m8-10 m8-11 m9-11 m11-10
5 23.0288 11.36837 0 37.478618 13.97063 11.36837 13.38522 56.21793 13.97063 22.73674 13.38522059 74.95724 13.97063 34.10511 4.46174 68.7108 4.656877 45.47348 0
6 20.56761 9.473642 0 31.232181 12.47752 9.4736418 13.38522 46.84827 12.47752 18.94728 13.38522059 62.46436 12.47752 28.42093 4.46174 57.259 4.159174 37.89457 0
7 18.92956 8.120264 0 26.770441 11.48379 8.1202644 13.38522 40.15566 11.48379 16.24053 13.38522059 53.54088 11.48379 24.36079 4.46174 49.07914 3.827929 32.48106 0
8 17.78586 7.105231 0 23.424136 10.78995 7.1052314 13.38522 35.1362 10.78995 14.21046 13.38522059 46.84827 10.78995 21.31569 4.46174 42.94425 3.59665 28.42093 0
9 16.95722 6.315761 0 20.821454 10.28725 6.3157612 13.38522 31.23218 10.28725 12.63152 13.38522059 41.64291 10.28725 18.94728 4.46174 38.17267 3.429084 25.26304 0
10 16.33874 5.684185 0 18.739309 9.912046 5.6841851 13.38522 28.10896 9.912046 11.36837 13.38522059 37.47862 9.912046 17.05256 4.46174 34.3554 3.304015 22.73674 0
11 15.86563 5.167441 0 17.035735 9.625027 5.167441 13.38522 25.5536 9.625027 10.33488 13.38522059 34.07147 9.625027 15.50232 4.46174 31.23218 3.208342 20.66976 0
12 15.49612 4.736821 0 15.616091 9.40086 4.7368209 13.38522 23.42414 9.40086 9.473642 13.38522059 31.23218 9.40086 14.21046 4.46174 28.6295 3.13362 18.94728 0
13 15.20234 4.37245 0 14.414853 9.222636 4.3724501 13.38522 21.62228 9.222636 8.7449 13.38522059 28.82971 9.222636 13.11735 4.46174 26.42723 3.074212 17.4898 0
14 14.96513 4.060132 0 13.385221 9.078732 4.0601322 13.38522 20.07783 9.078732 8.120264 13.38522059 26.77044 9.078732 12.1804 4.46174 24.53957 3.026244 16.24053 0
15 14.77099 3.789457 0 12.492873 8.960953 3.7894567 13.38522 18.73931 8.960953 7.578913 13.38522059 24.98575 8.960953 11.36837 4.46174 22.9036 2.986984 15.15783 0
16 14.61018 3.552616 0 11.712068 8.863395 3.5526157 13.38522 17.5681 8.863395 7.105231 13.38522059 23.42414 8.863395 10.65785 4.46174 21.47212 2.954465 14.21046 0
17 14.47555 3.343638 0 11.023123 8.78172 3.3436383 13.38522 16.53468 8.78172 6.687277 13.38522059 22.04625 8.78172 10.03091 4.46174 20.20906 2.92724 13.37455 0
18 14.36175 3.157881 0 10.410727 8.712686 3.1578806 13.38522 15.61609 8.712686 6.315761 13.38522059 20.82145 8.712686 9.473642 4.46174 19.08633 2.904229 12.63152 0
19 14.26474 2.991676 0 9.8627941 8.653833 2.9916764 13.38522 14.79419 8.653833 5.983353 13.38522059 19.72559 8.653833 8.975029 4.46174 18.08179 2.884611 11.96671 0
20 14.18139 2.842093 0 9.3696544 8.603266 2.8420925 13.38522 14.05448 8.603266 5.684185 13.38522059 18.73931 8.603266 8.526278 4.46174 17.1777 2.867755 11.36837 0
21 14.10926 2.706755 0 8.9234804 8.55951 2.7067548 13.38522 13.38522 8.55951 5.41351 13.38522059 17.84696 8.55951 8.120264 4.46174 16.35971 2.85317 10.82702 0
22 14.04645 2.58372 0 8.5178676 8.521403 2.5837205 13.38522 12.7768 8.521403 5.167441 13.38522059 17.03574 8.521403 7.751161 4.46174 15.61609 2.840468 10.33488 0
23 13.99141 2.471385 0 8.1475256 8.488017 2.4713848 13.38522 12.22129 8.488017 4.94277 13.38522059 16.29505 8.488017 7.414154 4.46174 14.93713 2.829339 9.885539 0
24 13.94294 2.36841 0 7.8080453 8.458609 2.3684105 13.38522 11.71207 8.458609 4.736821 13.38522059 15.61609 8.458609 7.105231 4.46174 14.31475 2.819536 9.473642 0
25 13.90002 2.273674 0 7.4957235 8.432573 2.273674 13.38522 11.24359 8.432573 4.547348 13.38522059 14.99145 8.432573 6.821022 4.46174 13.74216 2.810858 9.094696 0
26 13.86185 2.186225 0 7.2074265 8.409416 2.186225 13.38522 10.81114 8.409416 4.37245 13.38522059 14.41485 8.409416 6.558675 4.46174 13.21362 2.803139 8.7449 0
27 13.82775 2.105254 0 6.9404848 8.38873 2.1052537 13.38522 10.41073 8.38873 4.210507 13.38522059 13.88097 8.38873 6.315761 4.46174 12.72422 2.796243 8.421015 0
28 13.79717 2.030066 0 6.6926103 8.370177 2.0300661 13.38522 10.03892 8.370177 4.060132 13.38522059 13.38522 8.370177 6.090198 4.46174 12.26979 2.790059 8.120264 0
29 13.76964 1.960064 0 6.4618306 8.353475 1.9600638 13.38522 9.692746 8.353475 3.920128 13.38522059 12.92366 8.353475 5.880191 4.46174 11.84669 2.784492 7.840255 0
30 13.74477 1.894728 0 6.2464363 8.338387 1.8947284 13.38522 9.369654 8.338387 3.789457 13.38522059 12.49287 8.338387 5.684185 4.46174 11.4518 2.779462 7.578913 0
 Section needed (mm2)
height / cm m1-2 m1-3 m2-3 m2-4 m2-5 m3-5 m4-5 m4-6 m4-7 m5-7 m6-7 m6-8 m6-9 m7-9 m8-9 m8-10 m8-11 m9-11 m11-10
5 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4
6 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4
7 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4
8 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4
9 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4
10 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4
11 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4
12 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4
13 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4
14 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4
15 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
16 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
17 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
18 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
19 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
20 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
21 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
22 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
23 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
24 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
25 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
26 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
27 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
28 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
29 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
30 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4
 Actual Area (mm2)
height / cm m1-2 m1-3 m2-3 m2-4 m2-5 m3-5 m4-5 m4-6 m4-7 m5-7 m6-7 m6-8 m6-9 m7-9 m8-9 m8-10 m8-11 m9-11 m11-10
5 25 16 16 49 16 16 16 64 16 25 16 81 16 36 16 81 16 49 16
6 25 16 16 36 16 16 16 49 16 25 16 64 16 36 16 64 16 49 16
7 25 16 16 36 16 16 16 49 16 25 16 64 16 25 16 64 16 36 16
8 25 16 16 25 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 49 16 25 16 49 16 36 16
9 25 16 16 25 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 49 16 25 16 49 16 36 16
10 25 16 16 25 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 49 16 25 16 36 16 25 16
11 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16
12 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16
13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16
14 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 25 16 25 16
15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16
17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16
18 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16
19 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16
20 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16
21 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16 16
22 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
23 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
24 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
25 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
26 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
27 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
28 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
29 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
30 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
 length (mm2)
height / cm m1-2 m1-3 m2-3 m2-4 m2-5 m3-5 m4-5 m4-6 m4-7 m5-7 m6-7 m6-8 m6-9 m7-9 m8-9 m8-10 m8-11 m9-11 m11-10
5 86.02325 70 50 70 86.02325 70 50 70 86.02325 70 50 70 73.48469 70 50 70 86.02325 70 50
6 92.19544 70 60 70 92.19544 70 60 70 92.19544 70 60 70 74.16198 70 60 70 92.19544 70 60
7 98.99495 70 70 70 98.99495 70 70 70 98.99495 70 70 70 74.83315 70 70 70 98.99495 70 70
8 106.3015 70 80 70 106.3015 70 80 70 106.3015 70 80 70 75.49834 70 80 70 106.3015 70 80
9 114.0175 70 90 70 114.0175 70 90 70 114.0175 70 90 70 76.15773 70 90 70 114.0175 70 90
10 122.0656 70 100 70 122.0656 70 100 70 122.0656 70 100 70 76.81146 70 100 70 122.0656 70 100
11 130.384 70 110 70 130.384 70 110 70 130.384 70 110 70 77.45967 70 110 70 130.384 70 110
12 138.9244 70 120 70 138.9244 70 120 70 138.9244 70 120 70 78.1025 70 120 70 138.9244 70 120
13 147.6482 70 130 70 147.6482 70 130 70 147.6482 70 130 70 78.74008 70 130 70 147.6482 70 130
14 156.5248 70 140 70 156.5248 70 140 70 156.5248 70 140 70 79.37254 70 140 70 156.5248 70 140
15 165.5295 70 150 70 165.5295 70 150 70 165.5295 70 150 70 80 70 150 70 165.5295 70 150
16 174.6425 70 160 70 174.6425 70 160 70 174.6425 70 160 70 80.62258 70 160 70 174.6425 70 160
17 183.8478 70 170 70 183.8478 70 170 70 183.8478 70 170 70 81.24038 70 170 70 183.8478 70 170
18 193.1321 70 180 70 193.1321 70 180 70 193.1321 70 180 70 81.85353 70 180 70 193.1321 70 180
19 202.4846 70 190 70 202.4846 70 190 70 202.4846 70 190 70 82.46211 70 190 70 202.4846 70 190
20 211.8962 70 200 70 211.8962 70 200 70 211.8962 70 200 70 83.06624 70 200 70 211.8962 70 200
21 221.3594 70 210 70 221.3594 70 210 70 221.3594 70 210 70 83.666 70 210 70 221.3594 70 210
22 230.8679 70 220 70 230.8679 70 220 70 230.8679 70 220 70 84.2615 70 220 70 230.8679 70 220
23 240.4163 70 230 70 240.4163 70 230 70 240.4163 70 230 70 84.85281 70 230 70 240.4163 70 230
24 250 70 240 70 250 70 240 70 250 70 240 70 85.44004 70 240 70 250 70 240
25 259.6151 70 250 70 259.6151 70 250 70 259.6151 70 250 70 86.02325 70 250 70 259.6151 70 250
26 269.2582 70 260 70 269.2582 70 260 70 269.2582 70 260 70 86.60254 70 260 70 269.2582 70 260
27 278.9265 70 270 70 278.9265 70 270 70 278.9265 70 270 70 87.17798 70 270 70 278.9265 70 270
28 288.6174 70 280 70 288.6174 70 280 70 288.6174 70 280 70 87.74964 70 280 70 288.6174 70 280
29 298.3287 70 290 70 298.3287 70 290 70 298.3287 70 290 70 88.31761 70 290 70 298.3287 70 290
30 308.0584 70 300 70 308.0584 70 300 70 308.0584 70 300 70 88.88194 70 300 70 308.0584 70 300
 Weight (g)
height / cm m1-2 m1-3 m2-3 m2-4 m2-5 m3-5 m4-5 m4-6 m4-7 m5-7 m6-7 m6-8 m6-9 m7-9 m8-9 m8-10 m8-11 m9-11 m11-10 Total Weight
5 0.394272525 0.205333 0.146666 0.6288322 0.252334 0.205333 0.146666 0.821332 0.252334 0.320833 0.1466664 1.039498 0.215555 0.461999 0.146666 1.039498 0.252334 0.628832 0.146666 14.75663909
6 0.422561686 0.205333 0.176 0.4619992 0.270439 0.205333 0.176 0.628832 0.270439 0.320833 0.17599968 0.821332 0.217541 0.461999 0.176 0.821332 0.270439 0.628832 0.176 13.59849032
7 0.453726026 0.205333 0.205333 0.4619992 0.290385 0.205333 0.205333 0.628832 0.290385 0.320833 0.20533296 0.821332 0.21951 0.320833 0.205333 0.821332 0.290385 0.461999 0.205333 13.43242819
8 0.487214131 0.205333 0.234666 0.3208328 0.311817 0.205333 0.234666 0.461999 0.311817 0.205333 0.23466624 0.628832 0.221461 0.320833 0.234666 0.628832 0.311817 0.461999 0.234666 12.27890366
9 0.522579453 0.205333 0.264 0.3208328 0.334451 0.205333 0.264 0.461999 0.334451 0.205333 0.26399952 0.628832 0.223396 0.320833 0.264 0.628832 0.334451 0.461999 0.264 12.75330506
10 0.559466115 0.205333 0.293333 0.3208328 0.358058 0.205333 0.293333 0.461999 0.358058 0.205333 0.2933328 0.628832 0.225313 0.320833 0.293333 0.461999 0.358058 0.320833 0.293333 12.62055899
11 0.382459179 0.205333 0.322666 0.3208328 0.382459 0.205333 0.322666 0.461999 0.382459 0.205333 0.32266608 0.461999 0.227215 0.205333 0.322666 0.461999 0.382459 0.320833 0.322666 12.11608701
12 0.407510949 0.205333 0.351999 0.205333 0.407511 0.205333 0.351999 0.320833 0.407511 0.205333 0.35199936 0.461999 0.2291 0.205333 0.351999 0.461999 0.407511 0.320833 0.351999 12.07093956
13 0.433100689 0.205333 0.381333 0.205333 0.433101 0.205333 0.381333 0.320833 0.433101 0.205333 0.38133264 0.461999 0.23097 0.205333 0.381333 0.461999 0.433101 0.320833 0.381333 12.54339747
14 0.459138457 0.205333 0.410666 0.205333 0.459138 0.205333 0.410666 0.320833 0.459138 0.205333 0.41066592 0.461999 0.232826 0.205333 0.410666 0.320833 0.459138 0.320833 0.410666 12.73707674
15 0.485552181 0.205333 0.439999 0.205333 0.485552 0.205333 0.439999 0.320833 0.485552 0.205333 0.4399992 0.320833 0.234666 0.205333 0.439999 0.320833 0.485552 0.205333 0.439999 12.70273475
16 0.512283712 0.205333 0.469332 0.205333 0.512284 0.205333 0.469332 0.320833 0.512284 0.205333 0.46933248 0.320833 0.236492 0.205333 0.469332 0.320833 0.512284 0.205333 0.469332 13.18423896
17 0.539285791 0.205333 0.498666 0.205333 0.539286 0.205333 0.498666 0.320833 0.539286 0.205333 0.49866576 0.320833 0.238305 0.205333 0.498666 0.320833 0.539286 0.205333 0.498666 13.66787958
18 0.566519735 0.205333 0.527999 0.205333 0.56652 0.205333 0.527999 0.205333 0.56652 0.205333 0.52799904 0.320833 0.240103 0.205333 0.527999 0.320833 0.56652 0.205333 0.527999 13.92234817
19 0.593953651 0.205333 0.557332 0.205333 0.593954 0.205333 0.557332 0.205333 0.593954 0.205333 0.55733232 0.320833 0.241888 0.205333 0.557332 0.320833 0.593954 0.205333 0.557332 14.40938937
20 0.621561059 0.205333 0.586666 0.205333 0.621561 0.205333 0.586666 0.205333 0.621561 0.205333 0.5866656 0.320833 0.243661 0.205333 0.586666 0.320833 0.621561 0.205333 0.586666 14.89779236
21 0.649319832 0.205333 0.615999 0.205333 0.64932 0.205333 0.615999 0.205333 0.64932 0.205333 0.61599888 0.320833 0.24542 0.205333 0.615999 0.320833 0.64932 0.205333 0.615999 15.38738067
22 0.677211356 0.205333 0.645332 0.205333 0.677211 0.205333 0.645332 0.205333 0.677211 0.205333 0.64533216 0.320833 0.247167 0.205333 0.645332 0.205333 0.677211 0.205333 0.645332 15.64700637
23 0.705219881 0.205333 0.674665 0.205333 0.70522 0.205333 0.674665 0.205333 0.70522 0.205333 0.67466544 0.320833 0.248901 0.205333 0.674665 0.205333 0.70522 0.205333 0.674665 16.13854314
24 0.733332 0.205333 0.703999 0.205333 0.733332 0.205333 0.703999 0.205333 0.733332 0.205333 0.70399872 0.205333 0.250624 0.205333 0.703999 0.205333 0.733332 0.205333 0.703999 16.39988507
25 0.761536241 0.205333 0.733332 0.205333 0.761536 0.205333 0.733332 0.205333 0.761536 0.205333 0.733332 0.205333 0.252334 0.205333 0.733332 0.205333 0.761536 0.205333 0.733332 16.89294004
26 0.789822736 0.205333 0.762665 0.205333 0.789823 0.205333 0.762665 0.205333 0.789823 0.205333 0.76266528 0.205333 0.254034 0.205333 0.762665 0.205333 0.789823 0.205333 0.762665 17.38663
27 0.818182952 0.205333 0.791999 0.205333 0.818183 0.205333 0.791999 0.205333 0.818183 0.205333 0.79199856 0.205333 0.255722 0.205333 0.791999 0.205333 0.818183 0.205333 0.791999 17.88088715
28 0.846609483 0.205333 0.821332 0.205333 0.846609 0.205333 0.821332 0.205333 0.846609 0.205333 0.82133184 0.205333 0.257398 0.205333 0.821332 0.205333 0.846609 0.205333 0.821332 18.37565267
29 0.875095864 0.205333 0.850665 0.205333 0.875096 0.205333 0.850665 0.205333 0.875096 0.205333 0.85066512 0.205333 0.259065 0.205333 0.850665 0.205333 0.875096 0.205333 0.850665 18.8708753
30 0.903636436 0.205333 0.879998 0.205333 0.903636 0.205333 0.879998 0.205333 0.903636 0.205333 0.8799984 0.205333 0.26072 0.205333 0.879998 0.205333 0.903636 0.205333 0.879998 19.36651016
 Min Weight 12.07093956 g
Economic Height 12 cm

m1-2 m1-3 m2-3 m2-4 m2-5 m3-5 m4-5 m4-6 m4-7 m5-7 m6-7 m6-8 m6-9 m7-9 m8-9 m8-10 m8-11 m9-11 m11-10
4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4

Member m1-2 m2-4 m4-5 m4-6 m6-7 m6-8 m8-9 m8-10

Critical Load (kg) 2.987391 4.786751 1.074035 11.6864 1.074035 24.23293 1.074035 24.23293
Member 1-2 was modified and replaced by a 6 x 6 section. Critical Load becomes:

Member m1-2
Critical Load (kg) 15.12367

Member 4-5 was not modified and left as it is 4 x 4 which means that it can only carry an
axial compression of (1.074 kg) before buckling occurs. However the test was carried out
on the Pratt truss, and the truss failed at 16 kg, which means that member 4-5 was
carrying nearly (4 kg) compression. In other words, buckling didn’t affect the member. So
what caused the failure?

Failure Analysis:

As the pictures show, the failure was due to

improperly glued diagonal member (m 4-7). This
member slipped of the gusset plate just before the
collapse.

The truss endured all the loading without this

member which should’ve been carrying at the
instant of failure a tension of 4.5 kg. This
parallelogram indicates the instability of the panel.

After some time of examining the broken pieces, the

gusset plate connecting (m 4-7) was actually found
without any glue towards the member as shown in the
picture A.

Picture A
 MODEL 3: ARCH TRUSS

The arch truss was challenging on the architectural aspect, but the design procedures
remain the same. Height of the truss was taken 30 cm to allow entrance of testing block
from the shortest panel.

8
6 θ4=12.094757 -34.3kg

-38.28kg
4 θ3=32.73523

-39.327kg 14.375kg
9.2kg
2 θ2=46.974934 4.5164kg
14.807kg h=30cm
-5.75kg h=28.125cm
h=22.5cm
-41.46kg 6.91064kg

0kg h=13.125cm

1 θ1=56.31 23kg θ5=56.31 θ6=68.75 θ7=72.72

3 23kg 5 26.833kg 7 32.2kg 9

8.75cm 8.75cm 8.75cm 8.75cm P=23kg

34.5 kg P=0kg P=0kg P=23kg
 Axial Forces (kg)
h (cm)/Member M1-2 M1-3 M 3-5 M 3-2 M 2-4 M 2-5 M 5-7 M 5-4 M 4-6 M 4-7 M 7-9 M 7-6 M 6-8 M 6-9 M 8-9
5 -142.247 138 138 0 -163.547 23.70785735 161 -5.75 -194.305764 35.03256 193.2 9.2 -201.378 9.132369 14.375
6 -120.064 115 115 0 -137.212 20.01058748 134.16667 -5.75 -162.32526 30.17396 161 9.2 -167.862 7.974923 14.375
7 -104.435 98.57143 98.57143 0 -118.539 17.40575937 115 -5.75 -139.543864 26.82238 138 9.2 -143.93 7.1875 14.375
8 -92.8941 86.25 86.25 0 -104.652 15.48234882 100.625 -5.75 -122.511438 24.40196 120.75 9.2 -125.986 6.626548 14.375
9 -84.0716 76.66667 76.66667 0 -93.9514 14.01192724 89.444444 -5.75 -109.311182 22.59319 107.3333 9.2 -112.036 6.212763 14.375
10 -77.1443 69 69 0 -85.4799 12.85739087 80.5 -5.75 -98.7929653 21.20495 96.6 9.2 -100.881 5.899007 14.375
11 -71.5888 62.72727 62.72727 0 -78.6266 11.93147186 73.181818 -5.75 -90.2248472 20.11624 87.81818 9.2 -91.7592 5.65567 14.375
12 -67.0559 57.5 57.5 0 -72.9845 11.17599113 67.083333 -5.75 -83.1188306 19.247 80.5 9.2 -84.1616 5.463341 14.375
13 -63.3041 53.07692 53.07692 0 -68.2717 10.55068424 61.923077 -5.75 -77.1370413 18.54235 74.30769 9.2 -77.7368 5.308844 14.375
14 -60.1609 49.28571 49.28571 0 -64.287 10.02681354 57.5 -5.75 -72.0381149 17.96357 69 9.2 -72.2335 5.18298 14.375
15 -57.5 46 46 0 -60.8825 9.583333333 53.666667 -5.75 -67.6450294 17.48269 64.4 9.2 -67.4673 5.079167 14.375
16 -55.2269 43.125 43.125 0 -57.9475 9.204491091 50.3125 -5.75 -63.825 17.07905 60.375 9.2 -63.3 4.992597 14.375
17 -53.2696 40.58824 40.58824 0 -55.3973 8.8782738 47.352941 -5.75 -60.4764706 16.73715 56.82353 9.2 -59.626 4.919696 14.375
18 -51.5722 38.33333 38.33333 0 -53.1662 8.595370919 44.722222 -5.75 -57.5204408 16.44515 53.66667 9.2 -56.3629 4.857762 14.375
19 -50.0908 36.31579 36.31579 0 -51.202 8.348463873 42.368421 -5.75 -54.8945322 16.19393 50.84211 9.2 -53.446 4.804723 14.375
20 -48.7904 34.5 34.5 0 -49.4634 8.131727984 40.25 -5.75 -52.5488344 15.97631 48.3 9.2 -50.8233 4.758972 14.375
21 -47.6429 32.85714 32.85714 0 -47.9167 7.94047619 38.333333 -5.75 -50.4429381 15.78663 46 9.2 -48.4527 4.719244 14.375
22 -46.6254 31.36364 31.36364 0 -46.5345 7.770899572 36.590909 -5.75 -48.5437768 15.62036 43.90909 9.2 -46.2999 4.684538 14.375
23 -45.7193 30 30 0 -45.2942 7.619875327 35 -5.75 -46.8240323 15.47385 42 9.2 -44.3365 4.654047 14.375
24 -44.9089 28.75 28.75 0 -44.177 7.484822606 33.541667 -5.75 -45.2609379 15.34411 40.25 9.2 -42.5387 4.627123 14.375
25 -44.1816 27.6 27.6 0 -43.1671 7.363592873 32.2 -5.75 -43.8353693 15.22871 38.64 9.2 -40.8867 4.603233 14.375
26 -43.5263 26.53846 26.53846 0 -42.2514 7.254385533 30.961538 -5.75 -42.5311449 15.12563 37.15385 9.2 -39.3637 4.581943 14.375
27 -42.9341 25.55556 25.55556 0 -41.4184 7.155682318 29.814815 -5.75 -41.3344818 15.03319 35.77778 9.2 -37.9553 4.56289 14.375
28 -42.3972 24.64286 24.64286 0 -40.6586 7.066195755 28.75 -5.75 -40.2335681 14.95 34.5 9.2 -36.6492 4.545774 14.375
29 -41.909 23.7931 23.7931 0 -39.9638 6.984828344 27.758621 -5.75 -39.2182237 14.87487 33.31034 9.2 -35.4349 4.530343 14.375
30 -41.4638 23 23 0 -39.3267 6.910639945 26.833333 -5.75 -38.279629 14.80679 32.2 9.2 -34.3031 4.516384 14.375
 Area Required (mm2)
h (cm)/Member M1-2 M1-3 M 3-5 M 3-2 M 2-4 M 2-5 M 5-7 M 5-4 M 4-6 M 4-7 M 7-9 M 7-6 M 6-8 M 6-9 M 8-9
5 90.66711 53.36174 53.36174 0 104.2433 9.16733669 62.255361 3.665001 123.8488341 13.54636 74.70643 3.557449174 128.3568 3.531298 5.558514
6 76.52747 44.46811 44.46811 0 87.45804 7.737679119 51.879467 3.665001 103.4647339 11.66764 62.25536 3.557449174 106.994 3.083737 5.558514
7 66.56569 38.11553 38.11553 0 75.55593 6.730446119 44.468115 3.665001 88.94406681 10.37166 53.36174 3.557449174 91.73948 2.779257 5.558514
8 59.2099 33.35109 33.35109 0 66.70402 5.986703155 38.9096 3.665001 78.0877441 9.435732 46.69152 3.557449174 80.30268 2.562349 5.558514
9 53.5865 29.64541 29.64541 0 59.88384 5.418121629 34.586311 3.665001 69.67401335 8.736319 41.50357 3.557449174 71.41101 2.402347 5.558514
10 49.17115 26.68087 26.68087 0 54.48415 4.971686363 31.12768 3.665001 62.9697921 8.199515 37.35322 3.557449174 64.30092 2.281024 5.558514
11 45.63011 24.25534 24.25534 0 50.11592 4.613652685 28.297891 3.665001 57.50854682 7.778533 33.95747 3.557449174 58.48653 2.18693 5.558514
12 42.74089 22.23406 22.23406 0 46.51969 4.321523959 25.939734 3.665001 52.97923252 7.442415 31.12768 3.557449174 53.64391 2.11256 5.558514
13 40.3495 20.52375 20.52375 0 43.51582 4.079730753 23.944369 3.665001 49.16649111 7.169942 28.73324 3.557449174 49.54879 2.05282 5.558514
14 38.34603 19.05776 19.05776 0 40.97596 3.877160821 22.234057 3.665001 45.91647901 6.946142 26.68087 3.557449174 46.041 2.004151 5.558514
15 36.65001 17.78725 17.78725 0 38.80596 3.705676223 20.751787 3.665001 43.11636382 6.760194 24.90214 3.557449174 43.00307 1.964008 5.558514
16 35.20118 16.67554 16.67554 0 36.93523 3.559185786 19.4548 3.665001 40.68150973 6.604114 23.34576 3.557449174 40.34688 1.930534 5.558514
17 33.95362 15.69463 15.69463 0 35.30978 3.433044326 18.3104 3.665001 38.54718569 6.471907 21.97248 3.557449174 38.00508 1.902344 5.558514
18 32.8717 14.8227 14.8227 0 33.88765 3.32365165 17.293156 3.665001 36.66303756 6.359 20.75179 3.557449174 35.92525 1.878396 5.558514
19 31.92744 14.04256 14.04256 0 32.63572 3.228177816 16.38299 3.665001 34.98930586 6.261856 19.65959 3.557449174 34.06604 1.857887 5.558514
20 31.09856 13.34043 13.34043 0 31.52753 3.144370544 15.56384 3.665001 33.49417813 6.177708 18.67661 3.557449174 32.39434 1.840196 5.558514
21 30.36715 12.70518 12.70518 0 30.54167 3.070417442 14.822705 3.665001 32.15189777 6.104363 17.78725 3.557449174 30.88336 1.824834 5.558514
22 29.71863 12.12767 12.12767 0 29.66068 3.004845681 14.148946 3.665001 30.9413886 6.040071 16.97873 3.557449174 29.51118 1.811414 5.558514
23 29.14106 11.60038 11.60038 0 28.87012 2.946447738 13.533774 3.665001 29.84523816 5.983416 16.24053 3.557449174 28.25969 1.799624 5.558514
24 28.62457 11.11703 11.11703 0 28.15803 2.894225652 12.969867 3.665001 28.84893515 5.933249 15.56384 3.557449174 27.1138 1.789212 5.558514
25 28.16095 10.67235 10.67235 0 27.51437 2.847348629 12.451072 3.665001 27.94028989 5.888626 14.94129 3.557449174 26.06084 1.779975 5.558514
26 27.7433 10.26187 10.26187 0 26.93067 2.805120416 11.972185 3.665001 27.10898839 5.848767 14.36662 3.557449174 25.09007 1.771742 5.558514
27 27.36582 9.881803 9.881803 0 26.39975 2.76695393 11.52877 3.665001 26.34624555 5.813024 13.83452 3.557449174 24.19237 1.764375 5.558514
28 27.0236 9.528882 9.528882 0 25.91547 2.732351332 11.117029 3.665001 25.64453257 5.780855 13.34043 3.557449174 23.35989 1.757757 5.558514
29 26.71242 9.2003 9.2003 0 25.47257 2.700888242 10.733683 3.665001 24.99736076 5.751802 12.88042 3.557449174 22.58589 1.75179 5.558514
30 26.4287 8.893623 8.893623 0 25.06651 2.672201127 10.375893 3.665001 24.39910852 5.72548 12.45107 3.557449174 21.86451 1.746392 5.558514
 Section needed(mm2)
h (cm)/Member M1-2 M1-3 M 3-5 M 3-2 M 2-4 M 2-5 M 5-7 M 5-4 M 4-6 M 4-7 M 7-9 M 7-6 M 6-8 M 6-9 M 8-9
5 10 x 10 8x 8 8x 8 4x 4 12 x 12 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 12 x 12 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 12 x 12 4x 4 4x 4
6 9x 9 7x 7 7x 7 4x 4 10 x 10 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 12 x 12 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 12 x 12 4x 4 4x 4
7 9x 9 7x 7 7x 7 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 10 x 10 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 10 x 10 4x 4 4x 4
8 8x 8 6x 6 6x 6 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 4x 4
9 8x 8 6x 6 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 4x 4
10 8x 8 6x 6 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 9x 9 4x 4 4x 4
11 7x 7 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 4x 4
12 7x 7 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 4x 4
13 7x 7 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 8x 8 4x 4 4x 4
14 7x 7 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 4x 4
15 7x 7 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 4x 4
16 6x 6 5x 5 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 4x 4
17 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 4x 4
18 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 7x 7 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
19 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
20 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
21 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
22 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
23 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
24 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
25 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
26 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4
27 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
28 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
29 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
30 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4
 Actual Area (mm2)
h (cm)/Member M1-2 M1-3 M 3-5 M 3-2 M 2-4 M 2-5 M 5-7 M 5-4 M 4-6 M 4-7 M 7-9 M 7-6 M 6-8 M 6-9 M 8-9
5 100 64 64 16 144 16 64 16 144 16 81 16 144 16 16
6 81 49 49 16 100 16 64 16 144 16 64 16 144 16 16
7 81 49 49 16 81 16 49 16 100 16 64 16 100 16 16
8 64 36 36 16 81 16 49 16 81 16 49 16 81 16 16
9 64 36 36 16 64 16 36 16 81 16 49 16 81 16 16
10 64 36 36 16 64 16 36 16 64 16 49 16 81 16 16
11 49 25 25 16 64 16 36 16 64 16 36 16 64 16 16
12 49 25 25 16 49 16 36 16 64 16 36 16 64 16 16
13 49 25 25 16 49 16 25 16 64 16 36 16 64 16 16
14 49 25 25 16 49 16 25 16 49 16 36 16 49 16 16
15 49 25 25 16 49 16 25 16 49 16 25 16 49 16 16
16 36 25 25 16 49 16 25 16 49 16 25 16 49 16 16
17 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16 49 16 25 16 49 16 16
18 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16 49 16 25 16 36 16 16
19 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16 36 16 25 16 36 16 16
20 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16 36 16 16
21 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16 36 16 16
22 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16 36 16 16
23 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 25 16 36 16 16
24 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16
25 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16
26 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16
27 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 25 16 16
28 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 25 16 16
29 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
30 36 16 16 16 36 16 16 16 25 16 16 16 25 16 16
 Length (mm)
h (cm)/Member M1-2 M1-3 M 3-5 M 3-2 M 2-4 M 2-5 M 5-7 M 5-4 M 4-6 M 4-7 M 7-9 M 7-6 M 6-8 M 6-9 M 8-9
5 90.19294 87.5 87.5 21.875 88.88414 90.19293556 87.5 37.5 88.000799 99.26488 87.5 46.875 87.55579 99.26488 50
6 91.35268 87.5 87.5 26.25 89.48638 91.35268195 87.5 45 88.22024994 104.0207 87.5 56.25 87.58032 104.0207 60
7 92.70459 87.5 87.5 30.625 90.19294 92.70458794 87.5 52.5 88.47889932 109.375 87.5 65.625 87.60931 109.375 70
8 94.24038 87.5 87.5 35 91.00137 94.24038412 87.5 60 88.77640452 115.2443 87.5 75 87.64274 115.2443 80
9 95.95124 87.5 87.5 39.375 91.90901 95.95124087 87.5 67.5 89.11237639 121.5541 87.5 84.375 87.68062 121.5541 90
10 97.82797 87.5 87.5 43.75 92.91293 97.82797402 87.5 75 89.48638165 128.2393 87.5 93.75 87.72293 128.2393 100
11 99.86123 87.5 87.5 48.125 94.01006 99.86123184 87.5 82.5 89.89794561 135.2443 87.5 103.125 87.76967 135.2443 110
12 102.0417 87.5 87.5 52.5 95.19716 102.0416582 87.5 90 90.346555 142.5219 87.5 112.5 87.82084 142.5219 120
13 104.36 87.5 87.5 56.875 96.47093 104.3600289 87.5 97.5 90.83166092 150.0325 87.5 121.875 87.87642 150.0325 130
14 106.8074 87.5 87.5 61.25 97.82797 106.8073616 87.5 105 91.35268195 157.7429 87.5 131.25 87.93641 157.7429 140
15 109.375 87.5 87.5 65.625 99.26488 109.375 87.5 112.5 91.90900731 165.625 87.5 140.625 88.0008 165.625 150
16 112.0547 87.5 87.5 70 100.7782 112.0546742 87.5 120 92.5 173.6555 87.5 150 88.06957 173.6555 160
17 114.8385 87.5 87.5 74.375 102.3646 114.8385415 87.5 127.5 93.125 181.8149 87.5 159.375 88.14273 181.8149 170
18 117.7192 87.5 87.5 78.75 104.0207 117.7192104 87.5 135 93.78332741 190.0863 87.5 168.75 88.22025 190.0863 180
19 120.6897 87.5 87.5 83.125 105.7433 120.6897495 87.5 142.5 94.47428552 198.456 87.5 178.125 88.30213 198.456 190
20 123.7437 87.5 87.5 87.5 107.5291 123.7436867 87.5 150 95.19716382 206.9118 87.5 187.5 88.38835 206.9118 200
21 126.875 87.5 87.5 91.875 109.375 126.875 87.5 157.5 95.95124087 215.4438 87.5 196.875 88.4789 215.4438 210
22 130.0781 87.5 87.5 96.25 111.2781 130.0781015 87.5 165 96.73578707 224.0431 87.5 206.25 88.57377 224.0431 220
23 133.3478 87.5 87.5 100.625 113.2354 133.3478182 87.5 172.5 97.55006727 232.7024 87.5 215.625 88.67294 232.7024 230
24 136.6794 87.5 87.5 105 115.2443 136.6793693 87.5 180 98.39334327 241.4151 87.5 225 88.7764 241.4151 240
25 140.0683 87.5 87.5 109.375 117.302 140.0683427 87.5 187.5 99.26487609 250.1757 87.5 234.375 88.88414 250.1757 250
26 143.5107 87.5 87.5 113.75 119.4061 143.5106703 87.5 195 100.1639281 258.9794 87.5 243.75 88.99614 258.9794 260
27 147.0026 87.5 87.5 118.125 121.5541 147.0026041 87.5 202.5 101.0897652 267.8218 87.5 253.125 89.11238 267.8218 270
28 150.5407 87.5 87.5 122.5 123.7437 150.5406922 87.5 210 102.0416582 276.6993 87.5 262.5 89.23284 276.6993 280
29 154.1218 87.5 87.5 126.875 125.9728 154.1217558 87.5 217.5 103.0188848 285.6086 87.5 271.875 89.35752 285.6086 290
30 157.7429 87.5 87.5 131.25 128.2393 157.7428683 87.5 225 104.0207311 294.5468 87.5 281.25 89.48638 294.5468 300
 Weight (g)
h (cm)/Member M1-2 M1-3 M 3-5 M 3-2 M 2-4 M 2-5 M 5-7 M 5-4 M 4-6 M 4-7 M 7-9 M 7-6 M 6-8 M 6-9 M 8-9 Total Weight
5 1.653534 1.026665 1.026665 0.064167 2.346537 0.264565463 1.0266648 0.11 2.32321687 0.291176 1.299373 0.13749975 2.311469 0.291176 0.146666 28.49208262
6 1.356585 0.78604 0.78604 0.077 1.640581 0.26796738 1.0266648 0.132 2.329010364 0.305127 1.026665 0.1649997 2.312116 0.305127 0.176 25.20784524
7 1.376661 0.78604 0.78604 0.089833 1.339363 0.271932964 0.7860402 0.154 1.622110205 0.320833 1.026665 0.19249965 1.606168 0.320833 0.205333 21.56336838
8 1.105752 0.577499 0.577499 0.102666 1.351368 0.276437957 0.7860402 0.176 1.31832721 0.338049 0.78604 0.2199996 1.301492 0.338049 0.234666 18.74510645
9 1.125826 0.577499 0.577499 0.1155 1.078397 0.281456461 0.577499 0.198 1.323316383 0.356558 0.78604 0.24749955 1.302055 0.356558 0.264 18.07140451
10 1.147846 0.577499 0.577499 0.128333 1.090176 0.286961535 0.577499 0.22 1.049971636 0.376168 0.78604 0.2749995 1.302683 0.376168 0.293333 17.83702054
11 0.897085 0.401041 0.401041 0.141166 1.103049 0.292925747 0.577499 0.242 1.054800644 0.396716 0.577499 0.30249945 1.029829 0.396716 0.322666 15.95039937
12 0.916673 0.401041 0.401041 0.154 0.855186 0.299321653 0.577499 0.264 1.060064318 0.418064 0.577499 0.3299994 1.030429 0.418064 0.351999 15.75775875
13 0.937499 0.401041 0.401041 0.166833 0.866629 0.306122195 0.4010409 0.285999 1.065756217 0.440095 0.577499 0.35749935 1.031081 0.440095 0.381333 15.73779474
14 0.959484 0.401041 0.401041 0.179666 0.87882 0.313301024 0.4010409 0.307999 0.820650101 0.462712 0.577499 0.3849993 0.789961 0.462712 0.410666 15.09251765
15 0.98255 0.401041 0.401041 0.1925 0.891728 0.32083275 0.4010409 0.329999 0.825647748 0.485832 0.401041 0.41249925 0.790539 0.485832 0.439999 15.08424853
16 0.73956 0.401041 0.401041 0.205333 0.905323 0.328693113 0.4010409 0.351999 0.830956823 0.509389 0.401041 0.4399992 0.791157 0.509389 0.469332 14.90125589
17 0.757933 0.256666 0.256666 0.218166 0.675605 0.336859109 0.4010409 0.373999 0.836571396 0.533323 0.401041 0.46749915 0.791814 0.533323 0.498666 14.17967987
18 0.776945 0.256666 0.256666 0.231 0.686536 0.345309056 0.4010409 0.395999 0.842485359 0.557586 0.401041 0.4949991 0.582253 0.557586 0.527999 14.10022164
19 0.796551 0.256666 0.256666 0.243833 0.697904 0.354022621 0.4010409 0.417999 0.623529151 0.582136 0.401041 0.52249905 0.582793 0.582136 0.557332 13.99496887
20 0.816707 0.256666 0.256666 0.256666 0.709691 0.362980821 0.2566662 0.439999 0.628300139 0.60694 0.401041 0.549999 0.583362 0.60694 0.586666 14.05191515
21 0.837373 0.256666 0.256666 0.2695 0.721874 0.37216599 0.2566662 0.461999 0.633277038 0.631967 0.401041 0.57749895 0.58396 0.631967 0.615999 14.40124184
22 0.858514 0.256666 0.256666 0.282333 0.734434 0.381561737 0.2566662 0.483999 0.638455034 0.657192 0.401041 0.6049989 0.584586 0.657192 0.645332 14.75394161
23 0.880094 0.256666 0.256666 0.295166 0.747353 0.391152889 0.2566662 0.505999 0.643829273 0.682592 0.401041 0.63249885 0.58524 0.682592 0.674665 15.10978025
24 0.902082 0.256666 0.256666 0.307999 0.760611 0.400925421 0.2566662 0.527999 0.649394885 0.70815 0.256666 0.6599988 0.585923 0.70815 0.703999 15.17979504
25 0.924449 0.256666 0.256666 0.320833 0.774192 0.410866392 0.2566662 0.549999 0.655146991 0.733847 0.256666 0.68749875 0.586634 0.733847 0.733332 15.54129038
26 0.947169 0.256666 0.256666 0.333666 0.788079 0.420963868 0.2566662 0.571999 0.661080724 0.759671 0.256666 0.7149987 0.587373 0.759671 0.762665 15.90533892
27 0.970215 0.256666 0.256666 0.346499 0.802255 0.431206855 0.2566662 0.593999 0.667191237 0.785609 0.256666 0.74249865 0.408431 0.785609 0.791999 15.91235849
28 0.993567 0.256666 0.256666 0.359333 0.816707 0.441585227 0.2566662 0.615999 0.673473719 0.81165 0.256666 0.7699986 0.408983 0.81165 0.821332 16.28055226
29 1.017202 0.256666 0.256666 0.372166 0.831419 0.452089662 0.2566662 0.637999 0.47216903 0.837784 0.256666 0.79749855 0.409555 0.837784 0.850665 16.23532373
30 1.041101 0.256666 0.256666 0.384999 0.846378 0.462711572 0.2566662 0.659999 0.476760817 0.864002 0.256666 0.8249985 0.410145 0.864002 0.879998 16.6035232
 Min Weight 13.99 gm

can carry 24 kg before (M 5-4) starts to buckle.

Looking from buckling point of view this model
Economic Height 19 cm

Actual Height 30 cm
Weight 16.6 gm

Member M1-2 M1-3 M 3-5 M 3-2 M 2-4 M 2-5 M 5-7 M 5-4 M 4-6 M 4-7 M 7-9 M 7-6 M 6-8 M 6-9 M 8-9
Sections 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 6x 6 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4 4x 4 5x 5 4x 4 4x 4

Member M 1-2 M 2-4 M 4-6 M 5-4 M 6-8

Critical Load (kg) 11.13957 4.60406 3.789866 0.969317007 5.6907547
Cost Analysis of the three models:

Element Price
4x4 8.5 L.E/m'
5x5 11 L.E/m'
6x6 12 L.E/m'
Plate 1m x 10cm 300LE/m2

Lengths of sections (m) Area used (m2)

Total Cost (L.E)
Model/section 4x4 5x5 6x6 Plates 2mm
Fink Truss 3.245332306 0 0 0.0036 28.66
Pratt Truss 11.26631122 0.56 2.69569776 0.0528 150.11
Arch Truss 11.79506819 0.7740285 2.309692393 0.0384 148.01
TEAM (6) DATASHEET