ENG140

Step Forward: Language for Every Life (4)

Grammar
Unit 1: Present Simple – Simple
Present
 Sentence Form

 He
 She + V₁(s) + O.
 It

 You
 They + V₁ + O.
 We
 I
 USE 1: Repeated Actions

- I meet my supervisor every Sunday and Monday.

- The train leaves every morning at 8 a.m.
USE 2: Facts or Generalizations
.

- Cats like milk.

- The bird eats worms.
- the sun shines from the east.
 USE 3: To express habits or unchanging situations,
emotions and wishes:

I swim. (Habit)
I work in London. (Unchanging situation)
.
London is a large city. (General truth).
He drinks tea at breakfast. (Habit)
She only eats fish. (General truth)
They watch television regularly. (Unchanging situation)
 Time Expressions

1. .Every day, every Friday, every week, every month, every

summer, every month, every year, always, usually, etc.
2. .All the time

I go to school every day.

He visits me every summer.

Negative and Question Form
 Negative Sentence Form

 He
 She + does not + V₁ + O.
 It

 You
 They + do not + V₁ + O.
 We
 I
1. He goes to school every morning.

2. They understand English.

3. It mixes the sand and the water.

4. He tries very hard.

Informative Questions Form (Wh questions)

he
WH + does + she + V₁ + O?
it

you
WH + do + they + V₁ + O?
we
I
1. He goes to school every morning
- “goes”  What does he do every morning?
- “to school”  Where does he go every morning?
- “every morning”  When does he go to school?

1. They understand English.

 Yes/ No Questions Form

he
Does + she + V₁ + O?
it

you
Do + they + V₁ + O?
we
I
1. He goes to school every morning.

- Does he go to school every morning?

1. They understand English.

Present Continuous – Present Progressive
 FORM

 He
 She is + V-ing + O.
 It

 You
 They are + V-ing + O.
 We
 I am + V-ing + O.
 USE: Actions happening at or around the
moment of speaking

- I am writing my homework.
- She is writing a lab report.
 Time Expressions
There are time expressions that we use only with the present
continuous and they are:

1.Now , right now, at the moment

2. This weekend, this week, this morning, this afternoon, this Sunday
..etc.
3. Tonight, today
Negative and Question Form
 Negative Sentence Form

 He
 She + is not + V-ing + O.
 It

 You
 They + are not +V-ing + O.
 We

 I + am not +V-ing + O.
a. He is leaving Riyadh tonight. a. He is not leaving Riyadh tonight.

c. They are taking ENG140 midterm exam

c. They are not taking ENG140 midterm
at the moment. exam at the moment.

e. I am playing football this evening. e. I am not playing football this evening.

 Informative Questions Form

he
WH + is + she + V-ing + O?
it

you
WH + are + they + V-ing + O?
we

WH + am + I + V-ing + O?
a. He is leaving Riyadh tonight.

“tonight”  When is he leaving Riyadh?

“leaving”  What is he doing tonight?

c. They are taking ENG140 midterm exam at the moment.

e. I am playing football this evening.

 Yes/ No Questions Form

he
Is + she + V-ing + O?
it

you
Are + they + V-ing + O?
we

Am + I + V-ing + O?
a. He is leaving Riyadh tonight.

Is he leaving Riyadh tonight?

c. They are taking ENG140 midterm exam at the moment.

e. I am playing football this evening.

Kinds of Verbs
 There are TWO kinds of verbs in English:

Active (Action) verbs – Stative verbs – describe

describe activities states
Simple  
Simple  
Continuous  
Continuous  

walk , talk, eat, drink…

hate, understand, want…
 STATIVE VERBS
 Verbs related to activities of the mind:
admit, agree, believe, know, mean, prefer, realize, remember,
think, understand, want

 Verbs related to emotions:

adore, care, like, dislike, love, hate, hope

 Having or being:
appear, belong, contain, have, include, need, seem, possess,
own

 Verbs related to senses:

feel, hear, look, see, smell, sound, taste…
 Some stative verbs can also refer to an activity

in this meaning they can be used in a continuous tense

HAVE
We have a second-hand car. (have = possess  state)
We are having some tea. (have = drink  activity)

THINK
I think it’s a great idea. (think = believe  state)
I’m thinking about my exam. (think = consider activity)
 Verbs related to senses are followed by adjectives,
not adverbs!

 The coffee smells great.

 You look nice.  (Here, look refers to the persons’ appearance!)

 That soup tastes awful.
 Their new song sounds fantastic.
Non-continuous verbs
Unit 2: Simple Past
 Sentence Form
 He
 She
 It
 You + V₂ (past) + O.
 They
 We
 I
 Negative Form

 He
 She
 It
 You + did not + V₁ + O.
 They
 We
 I
 Examples

 He wrote the report. He did not write the report.

 She saw the movie. She did not see the movie.

 You ate my breakfast. You did not eat my breakfast.

 They spoke to me. They did not speak to me.

 Unit 2: Past Passive

S V O
Active
Sarah called Norah.

Norah was called by Sarah.

Passive
O V S
 Sentence Form

were
O + was + V₃ (past participle) + by S.

Examples:

Ahmad was called by his father.

The reports were written.

 Negative Form

was
O + were + not + V₃ (past participle) + by S.

Examples:

Ahmad was not called by his father.

The reports were not written.

 Q. What do you do if you have two actions, both
happened in the past, and you want to make it clear that
one event happened before or after another/ the other?

Past Perfect Past Simple

1. Past Perfect
 Sentence Form

 He
 She
 It
 You + had (not) + V₃ + O.
 They
 We
 I
 Examples:

 He had written the report.

 She had seen the movie.

 You had not eaten my breakfast.

 They had spoken to me.

2. Past Simple
 Time Expressions

1. After , before
2. Because / when

Sarah had written the report before Norah called her.

Norah called Sarah after Sarah had written the report.

Unit 3: Reported Speech
 PAST
PRESENT
Present Past
 A. Reporting Statements

“She is
coming.”

Ahmad
gives
English
classes.”
• Said

S + said + that + the sentence in the past.

Just change the verb from If you have (be + v-ing), just change
present  past (V₂) are / am / is  was / were
“I play She said that
tennis.” she played
tennis.

He said that
“Ahmad gives
Ahmad gave
English
English
classes.”
classes.
 “The She said that
teacher The teacher
is strict.” was strict.

He said that
“They
they were
are giving
giving
everyone
everyone
a gift.”
a gift.
• Told

(Object Pronoun)
↓
S + told + me + that + the sentence in the past.

Object pronoun  me / her / him / them / us / you

“I play She told me
tennis.” that she
played tennis.

He told me
“Ahmad gives that
English Ahmad gave
classes.” English
classes.
 “The She told me
teacher that
the teacher
is strict.”
was strict.

He told me
“They
that
are giving
they were
everyone
giving
a gift.”
everyone
a gift.
 B. Reporting Instructions

“Come
early.”

Don’t come
late.”
• Said

S + said + to + the sentence without any changes.

S + said + not + to + the sentence without any changes.

“Come She said to
early.” come early.

She said
“Don’t not to
come late.” come late.
 • Told

(Object Pronoun)
↓
S + told + me + to+ the sentence without any changes.

S + told + me + not + to + the sentence without any changes.

Object pronoun  me / her / him / them / us / you

“Come She told me
early.” to come
early.

She told me
“Don’t not to come
come late.” late.
 MODALS

Must • Obligation coming

I must eat. I am very hungry.
from the speaker.
Necessity
• Obligation coming
You have to take the midterm exam.
Have to / has to from outside.
She has to take the midterm exam.
• Rule

You do not have to take the optional

Do not have to exam.
• Lack of Necessity
Does not have to She does not have to take the optional
exam.

Must not • Prohibition I must not eat. I am very hungry.

 Sentence Form

S + MODAL + V₁ + O.

EXAMPLES:

Sarah has to call Nourah. Nourah does not have to answer Sarah.

We have to call Nourah. We do not have to answer Sarah.

Sarah must call Nourah. Nourah must not answer Sarah.