Theory:

To be able to calculate the friction factor for the flow in a pipe, it is important to apply the
energy equation between two points 1 and 2. With the absence of pump and turbine heads this
reduce to

Points 1 and 2 are taken 1 m apart.

In this case, it is possible to find the experimental head loss using the reading from the
manometer since hL = Δh manometer
So the experimental value of the friction factor is obtained from Darcy equation
Δh manometer = hLmajor = fexp (L/D)*(V^2)/(2g) (2)
where L:length of pipe (m)
D:diameter of pipe:m

To calculate the theoretical value of friction factor ftheo , one should at first find the velocity of
flow using the flow rate equation
V = Q/A=Q/(π/4*D^2) (3)
Then calculate Reynolds number
Re = ρVD/μ (4)
where ρ density of fluid (kg/m^3) and μ its viscosity (Pa.s)
and depending on flow regime calculate ftheo
If Re<3000, laminar flow
f = 64/Re (4)
If Re>3000 turbulent flow
f = 0.25/(log((ks/(3.7*D))+5.74/Re^0.9)^2 (5)
References:
“Pipeline Sizing” Retreived 8 Nov.2016 from http://pointing.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-
engineering-tutorials/steam-distribution/pipes-and-pipe-sizing.asp