1.

Compare methods of obtaining speed regulation of three-phase induction motors generally

used in tankers by means of : (1) rotor resistance, (2) cascade system, and (3) pole-changing.
Give examples where each system may be employed with advantage.

2. Describe one type of single-phase capacitor motor and show, by the aid of a diagram, how
starting is effected. What advantages does such a motor posses over an ordinary single-phase
induction motor and where is it used on board ships?

3. What are the main points of difference between a D.C. and an A. C. potentiometer? Explain
why the accuracy of the latter is less than that of the former with reference to measurement
on board a ship.

7. With reference to electrical switch gear explain the purpose of each of the following:
(a) Preferential tripping,
(b) Dash pots.
(c) Reverse power tripping;
(d) Under voltage tripping.

8. With respect to an emergency standby lead acid battery:

(a) Describe the safety aspects considered in the design and construction.
(b) State, with reasons, two causes of short circuit.
(c) State, with reasons, five causes of fall off in rated capacity.

9. (a) State the conditions which must be satisfied before a three phase a.c. generator can be
paralleled with live bus-bars.
(b) Sketch a circuit diagram for synchronising lamps. stating whether it is a lamps bright or
lamps dark System.

10. Describe the effects of reduction in the applied voltage connected to a standard a.c. squirrel
cage motor with respect to:
(a) Temperature of windings:
(b) Starting current.
(c) Starting torque.
(d) Speed.

11. Discuss the maintenance and tests required in the case of the following: -
(a) Electric lifeboat or cargo winches.
(b) Emergency generators.
(c) Motor starters.
(d) Electric warning devices.

12. Describe an electrical or electronic type of salino-meter and explain clearly the operating
principle, how the variation of water temperature is compensated for and how the alarm is
activated.
13. With the aid of a sketch describe the dynamometer type of wattmeter. Draw a diagram
showing how it is connected to record the mean power in an A. C. circuit. Prove that its
deflection is proportional to the mean power.

14. Describe the action of one of these components -

(a) A vacuum valve,
(b) A rectifier.

15. Differentiate with the aid of simple sketches between two of the following types of electronic
circuits
(i) rectifier circuit,
(ii) amplifier circuit,
(iii) oscillator circuit.

16. Draw a typical open-circuit magnetisation curve for a turbo-alternator, and explain how the
zero power-factor characteristic can be obtained, if the only loading apparatus available
consists of a large oil-immersed, iron-cored reactor of fixed inductance. Show how the
effects of armature reaction and armature reactance can be separated, using the two graphs
already mentioned. In what units are armature reaction and armature reactance measured in
practice?

17. Write an account of the methods employed, for ventilating large turbo-alternators.

18. What is armature reaction? How does it effect the working of D.C. Generators? What are the
various ways of reducing the effect of armature reaction?

19. Draw a typical open-circuit magnetisation curve for a turbo-alternator, and explain how the
zero power-factor characteristic can be obtained, if the only loading apparatus available
consists of a large oil-immersed, iron-cored reactor of fixed inductance. Show how the
effects of armature reaction and armature reactance can be separated, using the two graphs
already mentioned. In what units are armature reaction and armature reactance measured in
practice?

20. Explain what is meant by, and the significance of, four of the following terms
(i) voltage stabilisation,
(ii) filter choke,
(iii) impedance,
(iv) rectification,
(v) grid bias voltage.

21. Describe in detail the operations for starting a large sixteen-pole, 50-c/s, three-phase
synchronous motor using an auxiliary starting motor.
22. Why is plain overload protection insufficient in the case of large alternator?
23. (a) With reference to limiting voltage dip and response time under impact loading:
(i)State the effect of suddenly connecting a large increasing load across a ship's electrical
power system,
(ii) State the problems associated in obviating this effect,
(c) Sketch a simple arrangement of a brushless alternator with an automatic voltage regulator
in the circuit.

24. A single-phase synchronous motor operates on 500 volts. Its synchronous reactance is 0.6
ohm, and its resistance is 0.2 ohm. What is the back e.m.f. of the motor when operating on
0.8 power-factor lagging, the armature current being 80 amperes?

25. What is meant by ‘reverse current’ and ‘reverse power’? Describe' a relay that will operate
under these conditions.

26. Compare critically the rotating field and the rotating armature types of alternator, and explain
the reasons that have led to the adoption of the former as the standard type.

27. With respect to an emergency standby lead acid battery:

A. Describe the safety aspects considered in the design and construction.
B. State, with reasons, two causes of short circuit.
C. State, with reasons, five causes of fall off in rated capacity.

28. What is meant by the term magnetic hysteresis? Explain why when, iron is subjected to
alternating magnetization, energy losses occur due to both hysteresis and eddy current?

29. What is the effect on the operation of the induction motor: -

(a) of increasing the length of the air gap (b) of using open slots
(c) of using semi-coded stator slots (d) Of using semi-closed rotor slots?
Discuss the mechanical construction of the motor with special reference to air gap
requirement.

30. Write notes on the following subjects: -

(a) Discrimination in circuit protection. (b) Preferential tripping in switch gear.
(b) Reverse current protection.

31. Define the term "valence electron" and explain, in terms of electronic structure, why some
substances are better conductors of electricity than others.

32. Describe the principle of operation of the synchronous induction motor. Explain in detail
what occurs when the motor is started up and pulls into synchronism.

33. Draw a skeleton diagram of connections showing how to protect an alternator against
overload, leakage and internal short circuit.
34. With reference to electrical switch gear explain the purpose of each of the following:
(a) Preferential tripping,
(b) Dash pots.
(c) Reverse power tripping;
(d) Under voltage tripping.

35. With reference to electrical equipment in areas aboard ship having potentially flammable
atmospheres:
(a) Explain the hazards involved.
(b) State the design features that render the equipment safe.
(c) Explain the precautions necessary when maintenance work is being carried out.

36. Describe the effects of reduction in the applied voltage connected to a standard a.c. squirrel
cage motor with respect to:
(a) Temperature of windings (b) Starting current. (c) Starting torque. (d) Speed.

37. (a) Sketch a simplified circuit of a reverse power relay.

(b) Explain briefly how the reverse power relay operates.
(c) Explain why there is a time delay incorporated before the reverse power relay operates.

38. Draw a typical open-circuit magnetisation curve for a turbo-alternator, and explain how the
zero power-factor characteristic can be obtained, if the only loading apparatus available
consists of a large oil-immersed, iron-cored reactor of fixed inductance. Show how the
effects of armature reaction and armature reactance can be separated, using the two graphs
already mentioned. In what units are armature reaction and armature reactance measured in
practice?

39. Explain what is meant by, and the significance of, four of the following terms
(vi) voltage stabilisation,
(vii) filter choke,
(viii) impedance,
(ix) rectification,
(x) grid bias voltage.

40. Describe in detail the operations for starting a large sixteen-pole, 50-c/s, three-phase
synchronous motor using an auxiliary starting motor.
41. Why is plain overload protection insufficient in the case of large alternator?

42. (a) With reference to limiting voltage dip and response time under impact loading:
(i)State the effect of suddenly connecting a large increasing load across a ship's electrical
power system,
(ii) State the problems associated in obviating this effect,
(b) Sketch a simple arrangement of a brushless alternator with an automatic voltage regulator
in the circuit.
43. Explain what is meant by and the significance of four of the following terms: -
(a) Voltage stabilization
(b) Filter choke
(c) Rectification
(d) Grid bias voltage.
(e) Zener effect.

44. With respect to an emergency standby lead acid battery:

(a) Describe the safety aspects considered in the design and construction.
(b) State, with reasons, two causes of short circuit.
(c) State, with reasons, five causes of fall off in rated capacity.

45. (a) Sketch a direct on line starter suitable for a three phase a.c. induction motor.
(b) Explain the limitations of the direct on line starter with respect to length of starting time
and repeated successive starts.

46. A ship with an a.c. electrical system is connected to shore supply whilst in dock. Suggest
with reasons why the motors of all pumps and fans have a tendency to run hotter than usual
during this period.
Suggest with reasons how this tendency can be partially countered.

47. (a) Explain why automatic voltage regulation is required for an a.c. generator.
(b). Explain why the setting of an automatic voltage regulator for an a.c. generator should not
be altered while the machine is operating in parallel with another machine.
(c). Briefly describe the operation of an automatic voltage regulator.

48. With reference to a.c. induction motors:

(a) State a suitable application for a wound rotor type motor, aboard ship.
(b) Explain how a squirrel cage motor can be arranged to run at different speeds.

49. (a) Sketch an emergency standby battery charging-discharging circuit of the four pole switch
type which allows one section of the battery to be on charge while the other section is
available for discharge. Include in your sketch the arrangement for quick charge and trickle
charge.
(b) State why one of the following battery types requires a trickle charge and the other does not:
(i) Lead acid;
(ii) Alkaline nickel cadmium.

50. (a) With reference to limiting voltage dip and response time under impact loading:
(i)State the effect of suddenly connecting a large increasing load across a
ship's electrical power system,
(ii) State the problems associated in obviating this effect,
(b) Sketch a simple arrangement of a brushless alternator with an automatic voltage
regulator in the circuit.
 51. Reversing polarities of the bias has what effect on a transistor? What three factors limit the
maximum collector current of a transistor? What difference exists between N-type and P-
type semi-conductors?

52. Describe the protective device carried on, and peculiar to, A.C. switchboards.
State why, a breaker may not open upon severe and prolonged voltage dip.

53. Give a reasoned opinion as to the accuracy of the following statements:

(a) Low transient dips and low short-circuit currents involve opposing conditions in
alternators,
(b) Excessive voltage dip can have serious effects on lighting, motors and contact breakers.

54. Identify the common causes of overheating in squirrel cage induction motors.
State what preventive maintenance is necessary to minimise the possibility of overheating.

55. (a) Sketch a simplified circuit of a reverse power relay.

(b) Explain briefly how the reverse power relay operates.
(c) Explain why there is a time delay incorporated before the reverse power relay operates.

56. (a) With reference to single phasing applied to a.c. motors:

(i) Explain the meaning of single phasing;
(ii) Describe its effect,
(iii) State the most common cause of single phasing.
(b) Sketch a simple diagram of a direct on line starter,showing in detail the overload and
single phase protection trip.

57. (a) Sketch a simple cross section through a nickel-cadmium alkaline cell.
(b) Describe the cell stating the materials used in its construction.
(c) State the changes that occur in the cell during the discharge and charging process.

58. (a) Explain why the neutral line on a three phase shipboard electrical distribution system is
usually insulated as against the shore practice of having the neutral line earthed.
(b) State the disadvantages of the insulated neutral line three phase system.

59. (a) With reference to electric cables:

(i)State three insulating materials.
(ii) State five desirable properties of the insulating materials.
(iii) State where metal sheathed armoured cable should be grounded (earthed).
(b) Show by means of sketches how cables are passed through the following:
(i) Refrigerated space bulkhead.
(ii) Watertight bulkhead;
(iii) Watertight weather deck.
60. Write notes on the following:
(i) transistors,
(ii) capacitors,
(iii) inductors.

61. Why is plain overload protection insufficient in the case of large alternator?

62. Explain what steps are taken to ensure that an alternator shall generate an e.m.f., the wave
form of which shall be a close approximation to a sine wave.

63. (a) Sketch a direct on line starter suitable for a three phase a.c. induction motor.
(b) Explain the limitations of the direct on line starter with respect to length of starting time
and repeated successive starts.

64. a) Describe fully one method of determining the efficiency of a large turbo-alternator.
(b) Why is plain overload protection insufficient in the case of large alternator?

65. Draw the equivalent circuits for a single-phase transformer, explaining the significance of
each portion of the circuits. Construct a vector diagram, comparing it step by step with the
equivalent circuits diagram.

66. With reference to electrical switch gear explain the purpose of each of the following:
(a) Preferential tripping,
(b) Dash pots.
(c) Reverse power tripping;
(d) Under voltage tripping.

10. With the aid of sketches, describe operation of -

(a) a thermal type single phasing preventer for a three phase induction motor; and
(b) A magnetic overload element, incorporating a time delay device.