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or,
• Concrete
How much free water ?
Where does the moisture come from ?
• Concrete
Where does the water / moisture come from ?
• Concrete
• Irrigation
• Broken Pipes
• Condensation
Dew Point Temperature - Fahrenheit
Relative Humidity
90 %
80 77
Where does the moisture come from ?
• Concrete
• Irrigation
• Broken Pipes
• Condensation
• Fill Course
Fill Course Over Vapor Barrier/Retarder
Fill Course Over Vapor Barrier/Retarder
Wet fill
Where does the moisture come from ?
• Concrete
• Irrigation
• Broken Pipes
• Condensation
• Fill Course
• Adhesives
• Maintenance
Groundwater Sources
• Hydrostatic Pressure
• Capillary Action
• Vapor Diffusion
Hydrostatic Pressure
Concrete Slab-on-Grade
Water Table
Capillary Action
Water
Capillary Action
Water
Vapor Diffusion
Lower Vapor Pressure
Concrete
31
100 %
55
32
100 %
55 .214
Below
Slab
33
100 % 30
70 .108
.214
Below
Slab
34
Water Vapor Movement
70 F, 30 % RH
= .108 psi
70 F, 30 % RH
= .108 psi
• Excessive Moisture
Causes of Flooring Problems
• Excessive Moisture
• High pH Levels
pH
Hydronium (hydrogen) ions in solution.
x1000
x100
x10
0
Acidic
What is the pH of fresh concrete?
0
Acidic
What is the highest pH level that most
adhesives can tolerate?
Fresh
concrete
0
Acidic
Carbonation
Carbon Dioxide
pH < 9.0
Surface carbonation
Masonry wall
Masonry wall
Masonry wall
Surface carbonation
pH >11
10
9
Flooring installed
pH 12
Moisture Diffusion
Some people make a big deal over pH
But Truth is:
• Excessive Moisture
• High pH Levels
• Osmosis
Osmosis
Semi-permeable membrane
Water
(solvent)
• Excessive Moisture
• High pH Levels
• Osmosis
• Material Issues – Plasticizer Migration
• Incompatibility with Curing Compounds
Causes of Flooring Problems
Curing Compounds
• Curing compounds are inexpensive, spray or rolled on liquid
treatments applied to the surface of freshly finished concrete to
retard the loss of moisture needed for proper cement hydration.
Percentage
Effect of Curing on
Compressive Strength
Causes of Flooring Problems
Curing Compounds
• Curing compounds are inexpensive, spray or rolled on liquid
treatments applied to the surface of freshly finished concrete to
retard the loss of moisture needed for proper cement hydration.
No Vapor Barrier
Moisture
Transmitting Open Slab
through the
concrete System
Moisture from a Concrete Sub-floor
Flooring
Moisture Testing
Why Measure Moisture?
Objectives:
• Qualitative • Quantitative
Up to 8 lbs
UpUp
to to
138lbs
lbs
Relative Scale
Readings affected
by presence of
alkali, carbonation
& chlorides
Electrical Impedance
ASTM F 1869
Calcium Chloride Test Procedure
1. Clean Slab Surface
Calcium Chloride Test
Field Scale
Calcium Chloride Test Procedure
50
4 lb/1000sq ft/24 hr
40
30
20 3 lb/1000sq ft/24 hr
10
0
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Wate r-ce me nt ratio of concre te
Courtesy of CTL
Effect of Air and Floor
Temperature at 50% RH
6
w /c=0.7
w /c=0.6
5
MVER, lb/1000 sq ft / 24 hr
4
w /c=0.5
w /c=0.4
3
Cooling the floor gives
apparent lower MVER,
2
but the moisture is still
in the concrete!
1
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Courtesy of CTL T em p eratu re, d eg F
What Moisture Does the Calcium
Chloride Method Actually Measure ?
CTL MVER Uptake Study
CaCl2 kit, dish on
balance pan
RH probes to datalogger
Balance weighs
CaCl2 dish
Courtesy of CTL
CTL MVER Uptake Study
CaCl2 kit, dish on
balance pan
RH probes to datalogger
Balance weighs
CaCl2 dish
Courtesy of CTL
MVER Comes From How Deep?
0
10
20
Depth from Top of Slab, mm
30
ASTM F 2170
Slabs Drying from One Face Only -
Measure at 40% of Slab Thickness
Relative Humidity Testing
1. Drill Hole 3. Insert Liner
2. Vacuum 5. Take
4. InsertReading
Probe
Interpretation of Results
- USA Standard
But Remember !
Interpretation of Results
- USA Standard
Target < 75 % RH
Flooring Applied
75 % RH
80 % RH
85 % RH
90 % RH
95 % RH
100 % RH
Series III
Sensor
¾” ID
1” OD PVC Pipe
Epoxy Seal
1.6”
5/8”
Universal Hole Liner Test
Series III
Sensor
¾” ID PVC Pipe
ASTM F 2420
SUMMARY
Low
Permeance
Vapor
Retarder
Capillary Break
Fine Grading Base Drainage
Take the ground
out of play!
Emphasis on
Low Permeance
Steps … to Avoid Flooring Failures:
2. Concrete Considerations
Water cement ratio 0.45 to 0.50
Low
Quick-Dry Concrete Permeance
Vapor
Retarder
Capillary Break
Base
Quick-Dry (self-desiccating) Concrete
Advantages:
2. Concrete Considerations
Continuous Rebar
Low
Permeance
Vapor
Retarder
Capillary Break
Base
Steps … to Avoid Flooring Failures:
2. Concrete Considerations
Moisture Retaining Cover Cure
Low
Permeance
Vapor
Retarder
Capillary Break
Base
Steps … to Avoid Flooring Failures:
3. Proper Testing
Moisture Vapor Emission
Rate Testing (MVER)
ASTM F 1869
Capillary Break
Base
Steps … to Avoid Flooring Failures:
3. Proper Testing
MVER In-Situ RH %
ASTM F 2170
Capillary Break
Base
Steps … to Avoid Flooring Failures:
3. Proper Testing
ASTM F 710
Capillary Break
Base
Test both the Moisture Vapor
Emission Rate (MVER) & the
Internal Relative Humidity of the
Concrete
ASTM F 1869 ASTM F 2170
Written examination
CERTIFICATION
What’s included in the Level 1 certification program?
Performance Examination
4 ASTM Test Methods
4. Accelerated Drying
Capillary Break
Base
Steps … to Avoid Flooring Failures:
Capillary Break
Base
It All Adds up to:
Success
Thank You For Attending!
www. FloorWorks3.com
MOISTURE TESTING
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