The structure of human respiratory system

 The human respiratory system consists of:

a. Respiratory organs (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lung and breathing channel)
b. Rib cage
c. Diaphragm
d. Intercostal muscles

 Our body has two lungs (right & left)

 Each lung consists of the bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli
 Lungs are protected by RIB CAGE
 …………………… CAVITY= houses of the lung
 STRUCTURES FUNCTION

• Traps ………….., warmed and moistens air

• Supported by C-shape ……………………….

• Trap dust and microorganisms

• Direct air into bronchiole

• Direct air into alveoli

• Diffuses air into blood capillaries

• ……………… lungs and heart

• Moves ribs

ALVEOLUS:

Adaptations
of alveolus

 Air enters the respiratory system through the following pathway:

 Gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs by ………………….

The Breathing Mechanism

 The breathing mechanism involves physical changes of the respiratory system that enables us to
breathe.
 It involves inhalation and exhalation
 ……………………. / breathing in the process by which air is FORCED INTO our lungs
 Exhalation/ breathing out the process by which air is ………………………. of our lungs
 Inhalation Process Exhalation

External contracts, internal Intercostal muscles External relaxes, internal

relaxes contract

Moves upwards and outwards Ribcage Moves downwards and

inwards

Contracts and moves Diaphragm muscle ………………….. and move

downwards//………………… upwards

The volume of thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity The volume of thoracic cavity
………………… ……………………

Air pressure decreases and Air pressure in thoracic Air pressure increases and
become ………………… cavity become …………….. than
than the air pressure outside the air pressure outside the
the body body

Air is FORCED INTO the Movement of air Air is PUSHED OUT from
lungs the lungs

# Activity 1.2: The Action of Diaphragm in the Breathing Mechanism

Write report page 3/4 in practical book.

# Using a functional model of lungs to explain the rocess of exhalation:

 Inhalation occurs when the .................... moves ................

 Exhalation occurs when the .................... moves ................

1.2 Transport of oxygen in the human body

1. The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood capillaries:

• Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs by DIFFUSSION

 in which gas particles move from areas of ………………….. CONCENTRATION to areas of

.………………. CONCENTRATION

• The INHALED AIR has higher concentration of ……………….. and lower concentration of CO2
compared to the blood capillaries
• The oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin

• The …………………….. blood then is transported to the  HEART and pumps to all parts of the
body

• At the same time, …………….. from the blood capillaries …………………………. from the blood
capillaries into the alveolus

• Then is eliminated through the exhaled air during exhalation

• CO2 ……………………………. of respiration

Adaptations of alveolus to increase the EFFICIENCY of gaseous exchange:

Feature of alveolus Function
1. Large number of alveoli in the lungs
2. Walls are thin, made of a single layer of
cells

3. Moist surface

4. Surrounded by a large network of blood

capillaries

2. The diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries into the cells

• When oxyhaemoglobin reaches the body cells, it …………………….. into oxygen

• The concentration of O2 in …………………. is LOWER than in the blood capillaries

• Then, oxygen ……………………….. from the blood capillaries into the body cells

• The concentration of CO2 is HIGHER in the body cells than in the blood capillaries

• So CO2 diffuses from the body cells into the blood capillaries

• The ………………………………….. BLOOD is carried back to the heart and then to the lungs
 • In the lungs, the deoxygenated blood releases CO2 to the alveoli and receive O2

• Forming OXYGENATED BLOOD again

1.3 The Importance of a Healthy Respiratory System

Substances Harmful to the Respiratory System

• The respiratory system will be affected if exposed to POLLUTED AIR

• Air pollutants include:

1. Cigarette smoke

2. ……………… from factories

3. Exhaust fumes

4. ……………..

5. Polluted air also contains …………………………… that can cause RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Examples:

1. ……………………… - The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe

 -Cough, often producing mucus

 -Fever, which may be less common
in older adults.
 -Shaking, "teeth-chattering" chills.
 .
2. …………………- causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest
tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the
morning

3. . Whooping cough- highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium

Bordetella pertussis.

Pertussis is known for

uncontrollable, violent
coughing which often
makes it hard to breathe

4. Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs.

Symptoms include
coughing up mucus,
wheezing, shortness of
breath, and chest
discomfort.
Bronchitis is divided into two
types: acute and chronic.
Acute bronchitis is also
known as a chest cold.
5. Emphysema- the lung tissue involved in exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is impaired or
destroyed

In addition to shortness of breath and

a general feeling that they can't get
enough air, many people with
emphysema experience additional
symptoms such as:

Persistent coughing.

Wheezing.

Excessive mucus production.

Chest pain or tightness.

General fatigue.

Loss of appetite.

Depression

6. Tuberculosis- The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body.

is a disease caused by bacteria

called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

TB spreads through the air when a

person with TB of the lungs or
throat coughs, sneezes, or talks

Effects of Harmful Substances on the Respiratory System

Cause Pollutant Effect on the respiratory system

Cigarette smoke ………………… - Causes ………………… to smoking

Tobacco tar - Contains …………………… that cause lung cancer

- It …………………………….. in the respiratory system

Factory smoke Sulphur dioxide - Acidic and corrodes the breathing tract

Vehicle smoke ……………………. - Reduces oxygen content in the blood

Open burning Haze - Blocks the respiratory passage and causes breathing
difficulties, asthma and pneumonia
 Practising Good Habits to Improve the Quality of Air

7.

 Enforcing laws and regulation to control the amount of traffics on streets

 Installing ………………............................. in vehicle exhaust pipes to convert the harmful gases
to harmless substances

 Fixing ……………………. …………………. to the chimneys of factories to remove dust

particles and toxic substances from the smoke