BT1 – Electronics Subject: Analog Electronics I

ANALOG ELECTRONICS I
(120 H)

:Objectives -1

:At the end of this course, the student will be able to

1- Explain the semi-conductor theory (elementary approach).
2-Define the properties of a P-N junction.
3-Describe the operation of the following electronic devices: diode, Zener diode,
bipolar transistor, field effect transistor and the MOSFETs.
4-Identify the structures and characteristics of these devices.
5-Analyze the different application circuits of these devices.

2- Teaching method:

The Electricity I course is a prerequisite for electronics (I) course.

After a brief review of the basic concepts of electrical laws, the instructor
explains the course of electronics (I) in such a way as to bring about coherence
and continuity between the various parts, as follows:
1. Explain briefly the physical structure of semiconductors by a chart
representing the valence levels.
2. Introduce the concept of doping (electron hole) which is related to the two
types of semiconductor materials N and P, then present the combination of N
and P types to obtain various types of components.
3. Start with the simplest component (diode), give its characteristics, types and
applications.
4. Introduce the bipolar junction transistor, its characteristics, polarization and
roles. Then present other types of transistors with their characteristics and
applications.
5. Finally, the instructor presents some actual real electronic components and
uses the CAD programs for modeling some basic electronic circuits.

3- Teaching aids
 Overhead projector or power point on white board or active board with
accessories.
 A notebook.
 A technical manual.
 A multi-media computer (if possible).
 Technical information documentaries (movies).
 Library access (guided if possible).

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4- Contents
Hours
1. Generalities 8
2. Semiconductors 10
3. The junction diode 16
4. Diode circuits 24
5. The junction transistor (bipolar transistor) 14
6. Small signal bipolar transistor amplifiers 24
7. Field effect transistor (FET) 18
8. MOSFET 6
T OTAL 120

First part: General introduction (18h)

Skills:
At the end of this section, the student will be able to:
1-Define basic electrical laws.
2-Analyse electric circuits by using some methods to find the current and the
voltage.
3-Identify the characteristics of semiconductor materials.
4-Explain the conduction phenomenon in semiconductor materials.
5-Identify the properties of the P-N junction.
6-Determine the current-voltage characteristics of the PN junction.

Evaluation

1. Compute the current, voltage and electric power in a simple circuit.

2. State the characteristic of semiconductors.
3. Give a detailed process to obtain the association of P and N semiconductors.
4. Compare the properties of P and N semiconductors types.

Chapter 1: Generalities (8h)

1. Notion in electrostatics:
- Electric charges.
- Electric field.
- Electric potential.
- Relation between electric field and potential.
2. Electric current:
- Definition of the electric current.
- Coulomb's law for direct current.
- Effects of direct electric current.
3. Heating effect of direct current. Joule's law:

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- Electric energy, unit.

- Power dissipated due to the heating effect.
4. Difference of potential:
- Voltage or potential difference.
- Potential difference between two points.
5. Electrical circuit:
- Voltage divider circuit, potentiometer.
- Current divider circuit.
- Kirchhoff's laws.
- Voltage sources, current sources.
- Principle of superposition.
- Thevenin's generator.
- Norton's generator.
6. Exercises.

Chapter 2: Semiconductors (10h)

1. Atomic number and electrons distribution:
- Energy level.
- Covalent electrons.
- Electrical conduction.
- Conductors, insulators, semiconductors.
- Electrical properties; conductivity, temperature effect.
- Symbolic representation of the semiconductor atom.
- Electrons and holes in a semiconductor.
- Current circulation in a semiconductor.
- Intrinsic semiconductors.
- Extrinsic semiconductors.
- Doping:
- Negative doping. Semiconductor type N (donor).
- Positive doping. Semiconductor type P (acceptor).
3. Association of P and N semiconductor types; P-N junction.
- Definition, Electric phenomenon at the P-N junction.
- Biasing of the PN junction:
- Forward bias.
- Reverse bias.
4. Current-voltage characteristics of the PN junction.
- Effect of temperature on the PN junction.
- Light effect on the PN junction.

Second part: The diodes (40h)

Skills:

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BT1 – Electronics Subject: Analog Electronics I

At the end of this section, the student will be able to:

1- Identify the structure of a junction diode.

2- Describe the characteristics of a junction diode.
3- Study the characteristic curves of different diode circuits.
5- knowledge of many types of diode: light emitting diode, varactor diode,
schottky diode, photodiode.
6- Identify the properties of Zener diodes.
7- Use the diode in a rectifying circuits and many other applications.
8- Use the Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Evaluation
1. Plot the characteristic curve voltage/current of a junction diode and study the
different characteristics (forward polarization, reversed polarization, forward
current, saturation current and load line).
2. Explain the principle of a diode rectifier (half wave rectifier, full wave
rectifier with two diodes, bridge rectifier, clipping half-wave rectification
circuits, positive and negative clipping, amplitude detection, positive and
negative clamping). Draw the signal forms for each circuit, and give its
applications.
3. Differentiate many types of diodes especially in the applications.
4. Define the Zener diode properties and explain the operation of voltage
regulator and the clipping circuit using a Zener diode.

Chapter 3: The junction diode (16h)

1. Definition and symbol.
2. Characteristics of a diode:
- Forward bias.
- Static resistance.
- Dynamic resistance.
- Reverse bias.
3. Conduction characteristics of a diode:
- Ideal diode.
- Consideration of the threshold voltage
- Consideration of the extrinsic resistance.
4. Temperature effect.
5. The diode in a circuit:
- Fundamental circuit:
- Conducting.
- Blocking.
- The DC load line of the diode.
6. Types of diodes:
- Light emitting diode LED and photodiode: definition, constitution,

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symbol, principle of operation.

- Varactor diode: definition, constitution, symbol, principle of operation.
- Schottky diode: definition, constitution, symbol, principle of operation.
- The Zener diode:
- Constitution.
- Symbol.
- Zener breakdown I-V characteristics.
- Zener regulation.
- Zener equivalent circuit.
- Temperature coefficient.
- Zener power dissipation.
-Principle of operation in application circuits.
7. Exercices.

Chapter 4 : Diode circuits (24h)

1. - Rectification:
- Definition.
- Fondamental circuit.
- Types of rectifiers.
- Rectification circuits:
- Half-wave rectifier.
- Full- wave center tapped transformer rectifier.
- Full- wave bridge rectifier.
For each one: Circuit, principle of operation, input and output waveforms,
frequency at input and output, V average, V effective, I average, I effective, at output and
input power.
Filtering:
- Composition of the rectified voltage.
- Filtering principle.
- Ripple rate.
- Effect of a capacitor in parallel with the load.
- RC and LC filter.
- Difference between RC and LC filter.
- General power supply circuit; principle of operation.
2. Voltage multipliers:
- Half-wave voltage doubler.
- Full wave voltage doubler.
- Voltage tripler.
- Voltage quadripler.
For each one: Circuit, principle of operation, input and output waveforms.
3. Limiter:
- Series connected diode used to limit the negative half-wave of an AC
signal.

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- Series connected diode used to limit the positive half-wave of an AC

signal.
- Parallel-connected diode used to limit the negative half-wave.
- Biased-parallel diode partially limiting negative half-wave.
- Biased-parallel diode partially limiting positive half-wave.
- Biased double-diode limiter.
For each one: Circuit, principle of operation, waveforms at input and output
of the circuit.
4. Clamper:
- Definition.
- Positive clamper and negative clamper:
- Circuit.
- Principle of operation.
- Waveforms at input and output.
5. Voltage regulation:
- Definition.
- Zener diode:
- Zener regulation with varying input voltage.
- Zener regulation with varying load.
- Percent regulation
- Complete circuit of power supply using Zener diode at the output
and principle of its operation.
6. Exercises.

Third part: The transistors (62h)

Skills:

At the end of this section, the student will be able to:

1- Define a bipolar junction transistor and identify its terminals (base, emitter,
and collector).
1- Draw the curve characteristics of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT).
2- Describe the operating modes of the BJT.
4- Identify the parameters and the various biasing circuits of a BJT.
5- Analyze the amplifier circuits in case of direct current and alternating current.
6- knowledge of increasing the current gain of the amplifier through darlington
connection.
7- Describe the coupling between the stages of amplifiers.
8- Determine the voltage gain of one and multi stage amplifier in dB.
9- Define a field effect transistor FET and identify its terminals (source, drain
and gate).
10- Describe the FET operation in both cases direct current and alternating
current.

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11-Identify the FET parameters and the various biasing circuits.

12-Analyze common source, common drain and common gate amplifiers and
find the characteristic curves.
13-Compare the properties and the applications between BJT and FET
transistors.
14- Define MOSFET and identify its terminals.
15- Describe the MOSFET operation and characteristic curves.
16-Describe the differences between FET and MOSFET through applications.

Evaluation
1. Study the internal structure of a BJT and explain the charge distribution
phenomena. Identify its terminals.
2. Study the various operating modes and biasing of the BJT. Deduce the
definition of the following parameters: , , IC, IE and IB.
3. Draw the characteristic curves and the load line of the BJT. Deduce the
operating point.
4. Explain in details the principles of the BJT common base, common emitter
and common collector circuits.
5. Study the coupling between the stages of amplifiers.
6. Study the internal structure of a field effect transistor (FET and MOSFET)
and identify the various types, its terminals and symbols.
7. Define the following terms: a-Operating mode, b-Static characteristics, c-
Pinch off voltage.
8. Determine the various polarization circuits of FET and MOSFET.
9. Explain briefly the principle of the FET and MOSFET common gate,
common source and common drain circuits.
10. Compare the properties and the applications between BJT and FET
transistors.
11. Compare the properties and the applications between FET and MOSFET
transistors.

Chapter 5: Bipolar Junction transistor (14h)

1. Definition, structure, symbol.
- Transistor biasing: Operation conditions.
- Main current and voltage.
- Relation between IE, IB and IC .
- Transfer ratio .
- Current gain .
2. Comparison between PNP and NPN transistors.
3. Connection modes:
- Common base mounting.
- Common emitter mounting.

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- Common collector mounting.

For each one: Circuit, input static characteristics, output static
characteristics, current transfer characteristics, voltage transfer
characteristics.
4. Base bias in DC:
- Circuit.
- Base current IB.
- DC load line.
- Cutoff and saturation.
- Active region.
- Operating point.
5. Voltage-divider bias in DC:
- Circuit.
- Emitter current, collector current.
- DC load line
- Cutoff and saturation.
- Active region
- Operating point.
6. Collector feedback bias:
- The feedback concept
- Collector current.
- Feedback by introducing a resistor between collector and base.

Chapter 6: Small signal bipolar transistor amplifiers. (24h)

1. Generality on amplification.
2. The common-emitter amplifier:
- Circuit.
- DC and AC load line.
- AC equivalent circuit.
- Voltage gain.
- Input impedance.
- Output impedance.
- Phase inversion between input and output.
- Current gain.
- Power gain.
- Utilization.
3. Common-emitter amplifier with swamping resistance at emitter:
- Circuit.
- AC equivalent circuit.
- Voltage gain.
- Input impedance.
- Output impedance.
- Phase inversion between input and output.

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- Current gain.
- Power gain.
- Utilization.
4. Common collector amplifier:
- Circuit.
- AC equivalent circuit.
- Voltage gain.
- Input impedance.
- Output impedance.
- Current gain.
- Power gain.
- Utilization.
5. Darlington.
6. Common base amplifier:
- Circuit, principle of operation.
- AC equivalent circuit.
- DC and AC load line.
- Input impedance.
- Output impedance
- Phase between input and output.
- Current gain.
- Voltage gain.
- Power gain.
- Utilization.
7. Types of coupling:
- RC coupling.
- LC coupling.
- Transformer coupling.
- Difference between RC, LC and transformer coupling.
- Utilization.
8. Multistage amplifier:
- General circuit.
- Circuit analysis in DC and AC.
- Global voltage gain Av.
9. Exercises.

Chapter 7: Field effect transistor (18h)

1. - Definition, structure and symbol of field effect transistor (FET).
- Types of FET.
2. Biasing of FET, self-biasing and principle of operation, pinch-off voltage.
3. Characteristics of FET.
- Static characteristics.
- Drain static characteristics: ID = f (VDS); VGS = ct.

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- Ohmic region.
- Saturation region, cutoff.
- Avalanche.
- Mutual characteristics: ID = f(VGS) ; VDS = ct
- FET parameters:
- Mutual conductance.
- Dynamic resistance.
4. FET as an amplifier:
- Common-source FET amplifier:
- DC analysis.
- AC analysis.
- Voltage gain.
- Input impedance.
- Output impedance.
- Phase inversion between input and output.
- Common-drain FET amplifier:
- DC analysis.
- AC analysis.
- Voltage gain.
- Input impedance.
- Output impedance.
- Phase inversion between input and output.
- Common-gate FET amplifier:
- DC analysis.
- AC analysis.
- Voltage gain.
- Input impedance.
- Output impedance.
- Phase inversion between input and output.
5. Comparison between FET and BJT
6. Exercises.

Chapter 8: MOSFET (6h)

1. Definition, structure and symbols.
2. Types of MOSFET.
3. Biasing of MOSFET and principle of operation.
4. Characteristics.
5. Difference between FET and MOSFET.
6. Some applications on the MOSFET.
7. Exercises.

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