SEV 455 WATER SYSTEM DESIGN- Problem Set 3C

Modelling Stormwater Quality

Busiku Silenga [210037589]
Department of Civil Engineering- Deakin

Question 1

A watershed contains 16.2 ha and 24.3 ha of agricultural and residential land use, respectively. The last rainfall
removed all P accumulations and was followed by a 2 day dry period before a 12.7mm rain event with duration
= 60 min., P loading rate for agricultural land use = 1,656 g/day, P loading rate for residential land use = 1.8
kg/ha/yr. determine:

(i) The initial P load in grams.

(ii) The average P concentration in the runoff if the overall (agricultural and residential areas) runoff coefficient
= 0.4, 40% of P is removed from the agricultural area by rainfall, and 90% of P is removed from the residential
area by rainfall.

(iii) The concentration of P (mg/L) after the first 10 minutes of runoff as summing that the amount washed off
from the residential and agricultural areas follows a first order reaction:
-kRt
Po–Pt= Po (1 –e )

Where Po is the initial loading (kg), Pt is the mass remaining after time t, k = 0.181 mm-1 and (mm/hr) is the
6
rainfall excess. Assume that the volume runoff after 10 min is 0.4 x 10 L.

Solution:
Part (i);

Given:

Agricultural = 16.2 ha
Residential = 24.3 ha
60 min rainfall event =12.7mm of rain
P =1656 g/day for agricultural land use
P= 1.8kg/ha/yr for residential land use

Po = Pe + (Uo * Ao)

Where;

Uo (weight of solids buildup per unit area prior to rain) =

Agricultural land use:

Area = 16.2ha
Loading = 1656g/day
K1=Ultimate solids accumulation between two storms = Loading*time = 1656g/day * 2 days = 3312g =3.312kg.
Td = Time passed since last storm =2 days
K2 =Time in days for Uo = half of K1. (Michaelis-Menton Equation can be used);

DD (In pounds) = 100*t / 0.9 + t

3.65 = 100*t / 0.9 + t
3.658(0.9 + t) = 100 * t
3.2922 + 3.658t = 100t
3.2922 = 96.342t
t= K2 = 0.034 days.

Where;
DD= K1/2 = 3.312 / 2 = 1.656 kg *2.205 = 3.65 pounds.

Therefore ;

Uo = 3.256 kg/ha

Therefore;
Po = Pe + UoAo = 0 + (3.256 kg/ha *16.2ha) = 52.747kg *1000 =52747.2grams.

Residential land use:

Area = 24.3ha
Loading = 1.8kg/ha/year
K1=Ultimate solids accumulation between two storms = Loading*area*time = 1.8kg*24.3*(2/365) = 0.24kg
Note: K1, K2 depend on land use and are treated as fitting parameters.
Td = Time passed since last storm =2 days
K2 =Time in days for Uo = half of K1. (Michaelis-Menton Equation can be used);

DD (In pounds) = 100*t / 0.9 + t

0.2646 = 100*t / 0.9 + t
0.2646(0.9 + t) = 100 * t
0.23814 + 0.246t = 100t
0.23814 = 99.762t
t= K2 = 0.0024 days.

Where;
DD= K1/2 = 0.24 / 2 = 0.12 kg *2.205 = 0.2646 pounds.

Therefore;

Uo = 0.24 kg/ha

Therefore;
Po = Pe + UoAo = 0 + (0.24 kg/ha *24.3ha) = 5.832kg *1000 =5832grams.

Therefore total initial pollutant load;

Po (agricultural) + Po (Residential) = 52747.2grams. + 5832grams = 58579.2 grams.

Part (ii);

Given:
Runoff coefficient = 0.4
P removed by rainfall (Agricultural) = 40%
P removed by rainfall (Residential) = 90%
Using simple method:
L (Kg/ha)= 0.01 * C * P *EMC

Agricultural land use:

Area = 16.2ha
C= 0.4
P0 (rainfall depth) = 12.7mm
Pj (Fraction of rainfall event that produces runoff) = 40% =0.4.
P= Po * Pj = 12.7*0.4 =5.08mm
6 4
EMC = Load/Total water volume (Ao * h) =52.747 *10 / (16.2 *10 ) * (12.7/1000) =25.64mg/L

Therefore
L (Kg/ha)= 0.01 * C * P *EMC =0.01 *0.4 * 5.08 *25.64 = 0.52 Kg/ha.

Therefore total agricultural runoff = L *Ao = 0.52kg/ha * 16.2ha = 8.4 Kg *1000 = 8400g.

Residential land use:

Area = 24.3ha
C= 0.4
P0 (rainfall depth) = 12.7mm
Pj (Fraction of rainfall event that produces runoff) = 90% =0.9.
P= Po * Pj = 12.7*0.9 =11.43mm
6 4
EMC = Load/Total water volume (Ao * h) =5.832 *10 / (24.3 *10 ) * (12.7/1000) =1.890mg/L

Therefore
L (Kg/ha)= 0.01 * C * P *EMC =0.01 *0.4 * 11.43 *1.890 = 0.086 Kg/ha.

Therefore total residential runoff = L *A o = 0.086kg/ha * 24.3ha = 2.1 Kg *1000 = 2100g

Overall average pollutant concentrations:

6 6
P/V= (8.4 + 2.1)*10 / (2.07+3.086) * 10 =2.04mg/L.

Part (iii);

Given:
Runoff is given as first order reaction
-kRt
Po –Pt =Po (1-e )
-1
K=0.181mm
6
Runoff volume after 10mins = 0.4*10 L
R =12.7 mm/hr = 12.7/6 = 2.12mm/10 mins.
t=10mins = 10/60 = 0.17 hours.

Agricultural runoff:

-kRt -0.181 * 2.12 * 0.17

Po –Pt =Po (1-e ) = 52.747 * (1-e ) = 3.3kg after 10 minutes.

Residential runoff:

-kRt -0.181 * 2.12 * 0.17

Po –Pt =Po (1-e ) = 5.832 * (1-e ) = 0.368kg after 10 minutes.

Therefore average pollutant concentrations after 10 minutes:

6 6
P/V= (3.3 + 0.368)*10 / (0.4) * 10 = 9.2mg/L.
Question 2

The direct runoff measured for a storm event for a catchment, with an impervious area of 500 ha is provided in
the table below. Given that the rate of change of solids remaining is proportional to the solids remaining, or
-1
( ) where P (kg) is the weight of solids, t (hr) is time and k=2 cm and the initial mass Po= 2,000 kg,
derive the pollutograph and the loadograph.

t (hr) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

3
Q (m /s) 0 5 10 7.5 5 2.5 0

Solution

Given:
4 2
Area = 500ha * 10 = 5000000m
-1 -1
K=2 cm /10= 0.2mm
Po =2000Kg

QUESTION
2

Time (h) Time (s) Q(m^3/s) ∆V(m^3) ra(mm/hr) P1(kg) P2(Kg) ∆P(Kg) C(mg/L) W(g/s)
0 0 0 1800 1.8 2000 1861 139 77 193
0.2 720 5 5400 5.4 1861 1500 361 67 501
0.4 1440 10 6300 6.3 1500 1165 335 53 465
0.6 2160 7.5 4500 4.5 1165 974 191 42 265
0.8 2880 5 2700 2.7 974 874 100 37 139
1 3600 2.5 900 0.9 874 843 31 34 43
1.2 4320 0 0 0 843 843 0 0 0

Formulas used:
 ∆V =∆Q / ∆Time
 Ra = ∆V / (A * ΔTime)
 P2 =P1 – ΔP
-k*ra*t
 ∆P= Po (1-e )
 C = ∆P/∆V
 W= ∆P/Time

Therefore Pollutograph and loadograph

Hydrograph Pollutograph Loadograph

Time (h) Time (s) Q(m^3/s) C(mg/L) W(g/s)
0 0 0 77 193
0.2 720 5 67 501
0.4 1440 10 53 465
0.6 2160 7.5 42 265
0.8 2880 5 37 139
1 3600 2.5 34 43
1.2 4320 0 0 0
Question 3

An urban residential area is estimated to have I = 40%, average annual rainfall of 1,320mm and it is estimated
th
that 50% of rainfall does not produce runoff. Using the EMC listed in Table 9.3, estimate the median and 90
percentile load of SS contained in the runoff. Note: COV = coefficient of variance (= sd/mean), X90 = + 1.28sd

Given:
I = 40%
Average annual rainfall = 1320mm
EMC =Table 9.3
50% of rainfall does not produce runoff
Coefficient of variance =sd/mean
X90 = +1.2sd

-From NURP data in table 9.3, the median suspended solids concentration in the residential area is 101 mg/L,
and the coefficient of variance is 0.96.

-Since EMC distribution is normal, the mean and standard deviation of EMC are given by:

µ = 101 mg/L
Hence;
σ = 0.96 * 101 mg/L =96.96mg/L

-Using appendix C;
th th
The 90 percentile frequency factor for normal distribution is estimated at 1.28, therefore 90 percentile EMC
for suspended solids;

EMC90 = µ +(1.28 * σ ) = 101mg/L + 1.28 *96.96mg/L =225.1 mg/L.

-From figure 6.3 with I=40% the runoff coefficient can be estimated as 0.34.

Po = 1320mm
Pj = 50% =0.5
P= Po *Pj = 1320 * 0.5 =660mm.

Using equation 6.2 gives the median (=mean) annual load of SS as

L (kg/ha) = 0.01C * P * EMC = 0.01*0.34 *660 *101 =226.6kg/ha

th
The 90 percentile of load

L (kg/ha) = 0.01C * P * EMC90 = 0.01*0.34 *660 *225.1 =505.1kg/h