Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
M.C. Chang
Dielectric function
(r, t)-space (k,ω)-space
∇ ⋅ E (r , t ) = 4πρ (r , t ) ik ⋅ E (k , ω ) = 4πρ (k , ω )
∇ ⋅ D(r , t ) = 4πρ ext (r , t ) ik ⋅ D (k , ω ) = 4πρ ext (k , ω )
( ρ = ρ ext + ρind )
d 3k dω
ρ (r , t ) = ∫ ρ ( k , ω )e i ( k ⋅r −ω t ) , same for ρ ext
(2π ) 2π
3
ω2
4π iω
(J = σ E)
||
( c
)
→ k × k × E = − 2 ε ion E − 2 σ E
c
( )
k k ⋅ E − k 2E
• Transverse wave
ω2 ⎛ 4π iσ ⎞
⎜ ε ion +
2
ω ⎟⎠
k =
c2 ⎝
ω c
∵υ p = = , refractive index n = ε
k n
4π iσ
∴ ε (k , ω )=ε ion + (in the following,
ω let εion ~1)
• Longitudinal wave
ε (k , ω )=0
Drude model of AC conductivity
d v v
me = −eE (t ) − me
dt τ
Assume
E (t ) = E0 e − iωt
then
v = v0 e − iωt
eτ / me
→ v =− E (t )
1 − iωτ
→ j = − ne v = σ (ω ) E
AC conductivity
σ0 ne 2τ
σ (ω ) = , σ0 ≡
1 − iωτ me
4π iσ
ε (ω )=1+
ω
AC dielectric function (uniform EM wave, k=0)
4π iσ 0 ⎧1 + 4π iσ 0 / ω for ωτ << 1
ε (0,ω )=1+ =⎨
ω (1 − iωτ ) ⎩1 − ω p / ω for ωτ >>1
2 2
exponential decay
• High frequency if positive ion charges can be distorted
ωτ>>1 ~2 / ω2)
ε (ω ) = 1 − ω 2p / ω 2 → ε ion − ω 2p / ω 2 = ε ion (1 − ω p
~ → ε (ω ) < 0
ω <ω ~ → 0 < ε (ω ) < 1
ω >ω
p p
Shuttle blackout
ω = ω p → ε (ω ) = 0
can have longitudinal EM wave!
Homework:
Assume that k ⋅ E ≠ 0 , then from (a) Gauss’ law, (b)
equation of continuity, and (c) Ohm’s law, show that
4πσ (ω ) ρ (ω ) = iωρ (ω )
Also show that this leads to ε(ω)=0.
Energy
dispersion
• When ik ⋅ E = 4πρ ≠ 0 , there
exists charge oscillations called
plasma oscillation.
(our discussion in the last 2 pages
involves only the uniform, or k=0,
case)
• A simple picture of
(uniform) plasma oscillation
e
metal
( 3π 2 n(r ) )
2/3
• Fermi energy: ε F (r ) ≈
2m
2
( 3π n )
• Electrochemical 2/3
potential: μ = ε F (r ) − eφ (r ) = 2
0
2m
3 n0e 2
ρ ind (r ) = − e(n(r ) − n0 ) ≈ − φ (r )
2 μ
3 n0e 2
or ρ ind ( k ) = − φ (k )
2 μ
ρ ext ( k ) ρ ind ( k ) 3 n0e 2 φ ( k )
Dielectric function ε ( k ,0) = = 1− = 1+
ρ(k ) ρ(k ) 2 μ ρ(k )
but k 2φ ( k ) = 4πρ ( k )
k s2 6π n0 e 2 ⎛ 3 n0 ⎞
∴ ε (k ) = 1 + 2 where ks ≡
2
= π 2
μ μ =
μ ⎜⎝ ⎟
4 e D ( ), D ( )
k 2μ⎠
2
• For free electron gas, D(εF) = mkF/ 2π2, a0 =
me 2
→ (ks/kF)2=(4/π)(1/kFa0) ~ O(1)
Comparison: ε ( 0, ω ) = 1 − ω 2p / ω 2 ; ε ( k ,0) = 1 + k s2 / k 2
Why e-e interaction can usually be ignored in metals?
2
• 1 e2
K≈ , U≈
m r2 r
U me 2 r
≈ 2 r= Typically, 2 < U/K < 5
K aB
• A collision event: k1 k3
k2 k4
1 2π
∑
2
= f | Vee | i δ ( Ei − E f )
τ i, f
2 2
Scattering f | Vee | i = k3 , k4 | Vee | k1 , k2 The summation is over all possible
amplitude initial and final states that obey
Ei = E1 + E2 ; E f = E3 + E4 energy and momentum conservation.
Pauli principle reduces available states for the following reasons:
Assume the scattering amplitude |Vee|2 is roughly of the same order for
all k’s, then 2π
τ −1 ≈ ∑ ∑1
2
Vee E1+E2=E3+E4;
k1 , k2 k3 , k4
k1+k2=k3+k4
Finite temperature:
~ (kT/EF)2 ~ 10-4 at room temperature
→ e-e scattering rate ∝ T2
• need very low T (a few K) and very pure sample to eliminate thermal and
impurity scatterings before the effect of e-e scattering can be observed.
insulator conductor
3 types of insulator:
1. Band insulator (1931)
[due to e-lattice interaction]
insulator metal
1977
3. Anderson insulator (1958)
[due to disorder]
localized states
disorder
Insulators, boring as they are (to the industry),
have many faces.
Band insulator
(Wilson, Bloch)
Mott Anderson Quantum Hall Topological
insulator insulator insulator insulator
Peierls Hubbard Scaling theory
transition model of localization
2D TI is also called
QSHI
• Dielectric function; EM wave in solids
• Plasmon oscillation -- plasmons
• Electrostatic screening
• Electron-electron interaction
• Mott metal-insulator transition
• Electron-lattice interaction -- polarons
• Photon-phonon interaction -- polaritons
• Peierls instability of linear metals
Electron-lattice interaction - polarons 極化子
• rigid ions: band effective mass m*
• movable ions: drag and slow down electrons
• larger effect in polar crystal such as NaCl,
smaller effect in covalent crystal such as GaAs
∴ use ε el ( k ,0) = 1 + k s2 / k 2
p = e(u+ − u− ) ≡ eu
then M + u+ + k (u+ − u− ) = eE (t )
M − u− − k (u+ − u− ) = − eE (t )
→ Mu + ku = eE ,
where M −1 = M +−1 + M −−1
is the reduced mass
Consider a single mode of uniform EM wave
E (t ) = E0 e − iωt , then u = u0 e − iωt
e
→ −ω 2u + ωT2u = E , where ωT2 ≡ k / M
M
• Total polarization P=Np/V, N is the number of unit cells
ne 2 / M
∴P = 2 E , D = E + 4π P Damping region
ωT − ω 2
ε(ω)
4π ne 2 / M
Therefore, ε (ω ) = 1 +
ωT2 − ω 2
ε(0)
If charge cloud distortion 4π ne / M 2
ε(∞)
→ ε ∞ +
of ions is considered, ωT2 − ω 2
4π ne 2
• Static dielectric const. ε 0 = ε ∞ + > ε∞ ωT ωL ω
M ωT 2
ωT2ε 0 − ω 2ε ∞ ⎛ ωL2 − ω 2 ⎞
∴ ε (ω ) = ≡ ε∞ ⎜ 2 2 ⎟
ωT − ω
2 2
ω
⎝ T − ω ⎠
ε0 2
where ωL2 ≡ ωT , such that ε (ωL ) = 0
ε∞
NaCl
• LST relation ω ε2
= 0 (> 1)
L
ω ε∞
2
T
Experimental results
ω=C/ε∞1/2k
Dispersion relation ω
C 2 k 2 (Ck ) 2 ω 2 − ω 2T
ω =
2
=
ε (ω ) ε ∞ ω 2 − ω 2L LO mode
ωL
TO mode
ω >> ω L ,T → ω = (C / ε ∞ ) k ωT
ω << ω L ,T → ω = (C / ε 0 ) k
ω T < ω < ω L → no solution ω=C/ε01/2k k
0
• The composite object of photon+TO phonon is called polariton.
Peierls instability of 1-dim metal chain
metal insulator