SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

Academic Session 2017/2018, Semester 1

MAA101 – CALCULUS
Tutorial 4

3.1 Tangents and the Derivative at a Point

1. Find an equation for the tangent to the curve at the given point. Then, sketch the curve and the
tangent together.
(a) 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 ; (−1,3) (c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ; (−2, −8)
(b) 𝑦 = 2√𝑥; (1,2)
Answers: (a) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 (c) 𝑦 = 12𝑥 + 16
2. Find the slope of the function’s graph at the given point. Then find an equation for the line
tangent to the graph there.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1; (2,5) (c) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 ; (2,8)
𝑥
(b) 𝑔(𝑥) = ; (3,3) (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥; (4,2)
𝑥−2
Answers: (a) 𝑦 − 5 = 4(𝑥 − 2) (b) 𝑦 − 3 = −2(𝑥 − 3) (c) 𝑦 − 8 = 12(𝑡 − 2) (d) 𝑦 − 2 =
1
(𝑥 − 4)
4

3. Find the slope of the curve at the point indicated.

1
(a) 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 1 (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 , 𝑥 = 3
1
Answers: (a) −1 (b) − 4

4. At what points do the graphs of the functions have horizontal tangents?

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 (b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
Answers: (a) (−2, −5) (b) (−1,2) and (1, −2)
1
5. Find equations of all lines having slope −1 that are tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥−1.

Answers: 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1) and 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)

3.2 The Derivative as a Function

6. Calculate the derivatives of the functions. Then find the values of the derivatives as specified.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑓 ′ (−3), 𝑓 ′ (0), 𝑓 ′ (1) 2
(c) 𝑝(𝜃) = √3𝜃; 𝑝′ (1), 𝑝′ (3), 𝑝′ (3)
1
(b) 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 ; 𝑔′ (−1), 𝑔′ (2), 𝑔′ (√3)
 1
Answers: (a) 𝑓 ′ (−3) = 6, 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0, 𝑓 ′ (1) = 2 (b) 𝑔′ (−1) = 2, 𝑔′ (2) = − 4 , 𝑔′ (√3) =
2 3 1 2 3
− 3√3 (c) 𝑝′ (1) = − 2√3 , 𝑝′ (3) = 2 , 𝑝′ (3) = 2√2

7. Find the indicated derivatives.

𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑝
(a) if 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 (c) if 𝑝 = 𝑞 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑠 𝑡
(b) if 𝑠 = 2𝑡+1
𝑑𝑡
1
1 3
Answers: (a) 6𝑥 2 (b) (2𝑡+1)2 (c) 2 𝑞 2

8. Differentiate the functions and find the slope of the tangent line at the given value of the
independent variable.
9
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + , 𝑥 = −3 (b) 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 2 , 𝑡 = −1
𝑥
Answers: (a) 0 (b) 5
8
9. Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = , (𝑥, 𝑦) = (6,4). Then find an equation of the tangent line at the
√𝑥−2
indicated point on the graph of the function.
1
Answer: 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 7

10. Find the values of the derivatives.

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟 2 1
(a) | if 𝑠 = 1 − (b) | if 𝑟 = Answers: (a) 6 (b) 8
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=−1 𝑑𝜃 𝜃=0 √4−𝜃
3𝑡 2

𝑓(𝑧)−𝑓(𝑥)
11. Use the formula 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim to find the derivative of the following functions:
𝑧→𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
1 𝑥
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2 (b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
1 1
Answers: (a) − (𝑥+2)2 (b) − (𝑥−1)2

12. Label the following graphs accordingly. Compute the right-hand and left-hand derivatives as
limits to show that the following functions are not differentiable at the point 𝑃.
𝑥2, 𝑥 ≤ 0 √𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 1 , 𝑃 = (1,1)
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = { , 𝑃 = (0,0) (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 1
 1
Answers: (a) Left-hand derivative: 0, Right-hand derivative: 1 (b) Left-hand derivative: 2,
Right-hand derivative: 2

2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 0
13. Determine if 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 is differentiable at the origin.
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 7, 𝑥 < 0
Answer: Not differentiable

14. Each of the following figures shows the graph of a function over a closed interval 𝐷. At what
domain points does the function appear to be
(a) Differentiable? (b) Continuous but not differentiable?
(c) Neither continuous nor differentiable?

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐷: −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝐷: −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐷: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
3.3 Differentiation Rules
15. Find the first and second derivatives.
1
(a) 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 3 (d) 𝑤 = 3𝑧 −2 − 𝑧
(b) 𝑠 = 5𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 5 (e) 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 5𝑥 −2
4𝑥 3 1 5
(c) 𝑦 = −𝑥 (f) 𝑟 = 3𝑠2 − 2𝑠
3

Answers: (a) 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥, 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) = −2 (b) 𝑠 ′ (𝑡) = 15𝑡 2 − 15𝑡 4 , 𝑠 ′′ (𝑡) = 30𝑡 − 60𝑡 3 (c)
6 1 18 2
𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 , 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) = 8𝑥 (d) 𝑤 ′ (𝑧) = − 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑤 ′′ (𝑧) = − 𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 (e) 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 −
10 30 2 5 2 5
10 + , 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) = 12 − (f) 𝑟 ′ (𝑠) = − + , 𝑟 ′′ (𝑠) = −
𝑥3 𝑥4 3𝑠3 2𝑠2 𝑠4 𝑠3

16. Find 𝑦′ (i) by applying the Product Rule and (ii) by multiplying the factors to produce a sum
of simpler terms to differentiate.
(a) 𝑦 = (3 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 1) (b) 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 + 5 + )
1
𝑥
4 2 2 1
Answers: (a) −5𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 (b) 3𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2

17. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

2𝑥+5 √𝑠−1
(a) 𝑦 = 3𝑥−2 (d) 𝑓(𝑠) =
√𝑠+1
𝑥 2 −4 1+𝑥−4√𝑥
(b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥+0.5 (e) 𝑣 =
𝑥
(c) 𝑣 = (1 − 𝑡)(1 + 𝑡 2 )−1 1
(f) 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 −1)(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)

19 𝑥 2 +𝑥+4 𝑡 2 −2𝑡−1 1 2√𝑥−1 −4𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +1

Answers: (a) − (3𝑥−2)2 (b) (𝑥+0,5)2 (c) (1+𝑡 2 )2
(d) 2 (e) (f) (𝑥 2 −1)2 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
√𝑠(√𝑠+1) 𝑥2

18. Find the derivatives of all order.

𝑥4 3 (b) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
(a) 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥
2
Answers: (a) 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑦 ′′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥, 𝑦 (4) (𝑥) = 12,
𝑦 (𝑛) (𝑥) = 0, 𝑛 ≥ 5 (b) 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 8, 𝑦 ′′′ (𝑥) = 6, 𝑦 (𝑛) (𝑥) =
0, 𝑛 ≥ 4
19. Find the first and second derivatives of the functions.
𝑥 3 +7 1+3𝑧
(a) 𝑦 = (c) 𝑤 = ( ) (3 − 𝑧)
𝑥 3𝑧
(𝜃−1)(𝜃2 +𝜃+1) 𝑞 2 +3 𝑞 4 −1
(b) 𝑟 = (d) 𝑝 = ( 12𝑞 ) ( )
𝜃3 𝑞3

7 14 3 ′(𝜃) 12
Answers: (a) 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 + 𝑥 3 (b) 𝑟 ′ (𝜃) = 𝜃4 , 𝑟 ′ = − 𝜃5 (c) 𝑤 ′ (𝑧) =
1 2 𝑞 1 1 1 1 5
− 𝑧 2 − 1, 𝑤 ′′ (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 (d) 𝑝′(𝑞) = 6 + 6𝑞3 + 𝑞5 , 𝑝′′ (𝑞) = 6 − 2𝑞4 − 𝑞6
20. Suppose 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 that are differentiable at 𝑥 = 0 and that 𝑢(0) = 5, 𝑢′ (0) =
−3, 𝑣(0) = −1, 𝑣 ′ (0) = 2. Find the values of the following derivatives at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑣
(a) (𝑢𝑣) (c) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
(b) ( ) (d) (7𝑣 − 2𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
7
Answers: (a) 13 (b) −7 (c) 25 (d) 20

21. The curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 passes through the point (1,2) and is tangent to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 at
the origin. Find 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.
Answers: 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 0

22. Find an equation for the line that is tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 at the point (−1,0).
Answer: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2

3.4 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

23. Suppose that 𝑠 = 𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + 2, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2 is the position of a body moving on a coordinate line,
with 𝑠 in meters and 𝑡 is in seconds.
(a) Find the body’s displacement and average velocity for the given time interval.
(b) Find the body’s speed and acceleration at the endpoints of the interval.
(c) When, if ever, during the interval does the body change direction?
Answers: (a) ∆𝑠 = −2 m, 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = −1 m/s (b) |𝑣(0)| = 3 m/s, |𝑣(2)| = 1m/s, 𝑎(0) = 𝑎(2) =
2 m/s2 (c) 𝑡 = 3
24. Had Galileo dropped a cannonball from the Tower of Pissa, 56 m above the ground, the ball’s
height above the ground 𝑡 seconds into the fall would have been 𝑠 = 56 − 4.9𝑡 2 .
(a) What would have been the ball’s velocity, speed and acceleration at time 𝑡?
(b) About how long would it have taken the ball to hit the ground?
(c) What would have been the ball’s velocity at the moment of impact?

56
Answers: (a) 𝑣(𝑡) = −9.8𝑡 m/s, |𝑣(𝑡)| = 9.8𝑡 m/s, 𝑎(𝑡) = −9.8 m/s2 (b) 𝑡 = √4.9 ≈ 3.4 s (c)
56
−9.8√ ≈ −32.8 m/s
4.9

25. Suppose that the dollar cost of producing 𝑥 washing machines is 𝑐(𝑥) = 2000 + 100𝑥 −
0.1𝑥 2 .
(a) Find the average cost per machine of producing the first 100 washing machines.
(b) Find the marginal cost when 100 washing machines are produced.
(c) Show that the marginal cost when 100 washing machines are produced is approximately
the cost of producing
Answers: (a) 110 (b) 80 (c) 79.90
26. When a bactericide was added to a nutrient broth in which bacteria were growing, the
bacterium population continued to grow for a while, but then stopped growing and began to
decline. The size of the population at time 𝑡 (hours) was 𝑏 = 106 + 104 𝑡 − 103 𝑡 2 . Find the
growth rates at
(a) 𝑡 = 0 hours (b) 𝑡 = 5 hours (c) 𝑡 = 10 hours
Answers: (a) 104 bacteria/h (b) 0 bacteria/h (c) −104 bacteria/h

3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

27. Find the first derivatives.
(a) 𝑦 = −10𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 (j) 𝑠 = tan 𝑡 − 𝑡
1+csc 𝑡
(c) 𝑦 = csc 𝑥 − 4√𝑥 + 7 (k) 𝑠 = 1−csc 𝑡
(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 (l) 𝑟 = 4 − 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃
1
(e) 𝑦 = 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + 𝑥 (m) 𝑟 = sec 𝜃 csc 𝜃
cot 𝑥 1
(f) 𝑦 = 1+cot 𝑥 (n) 𝑝 = 5 + cot 𝑞
4 1 sin 𝑞+cos 𝑞
(g) 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 (o) 𝑝 = cos 𝑞
(h) 𝑦 = (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)(sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥) (p) 𝑝 =
𝑞 sin 𝑞
𝑞 2 −1
4
Answers: (a) 10 − 3 sin 𝑥 (b) −𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 (c) − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − 2 (d) sin 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 +
√𝑥
1 csc2 𝑥
1) (e) sec 𝑥 + 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (f) − (1+cot 𝑥)2 (g) 4 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − csc 2 𝑥 (h) 0 (i)
2 csc 𝑡 cot 𝑡
−𝑥 3 sin2 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 cos2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (j) sec 2 𝑡 − 1 (k) − (1−csc 𝑡)2 (l) −𝜃(𝜃 cos 𝜃 +
𝑞 3 cos 𝑞−𝑞 2 sin 𝑞−𝑞 cos 𝑞−sin 𝑞
2 sin 𝜃) (m) sec 2 𝜃 − csc 2 𝜃 (n) sec 2 𝑞 (o) sec 2 𝑞 (p) (𝑞 2 −1)2

28. Find 𝑦′′ if

(a) 𝑦 = csc 𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = sec 𝑥
Answers: (a) 2 csc 2 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 (b) 2 sec 3 𝑥 − sec 𝑥
29. Find the limits.
1 1 𝜋
(a) lim sin ( − ) (c) lim sec (cos 𝑥 + 𝜋 tan − 1)
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 𝑥→0 4 sec 𝑥
1 sin 𝑡
sin 𝜃− (d) lim tan (1 − )
2
(b) lim
𝜋 𝜃−𝜋 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝜃→ 6
6
√3
Answers: (a) 0 (b) (c) −1 (d) 0
2

sin2 3𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
30. Is there a value of 𝑐 that will make 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥2 continuous at 𝑥 = 0? Give reasons
𝑐, 𝑥 = 0
for your answer.
Answer: 𝑐 = 9
31. A weight is attached to a spring and reaches its equilibrium position (𝑥 = 0). It is then set in
motion resulting in a displacement of 𝑥 = 10 cos 𝑡 where 𝑥 is measured in centimeters and 𝑡
is measured in seconds.
𝜋 3𝜋
(a) Find the spring’s displacement when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = and 𝑡 = .
3 4
𝜋 3𝜋
(b) Find the spring’s velocity when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = and 𝑡 = .
3 4

Answers: (a) 10, 5, −5√2 cm, respectively. (b) 4, −3, −4 m/s, respectively

3.6 The Chain Rule

𝑑𝑦
32. Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), find = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′ (𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
1
(a) 𝑦 = 6𝑢 − 9, 𝑢 = 2 𝑥 4 (c) 𝑦 = √𝑢, 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
(b) 𝑦 = sin 𝑢 , 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1 (d) 𝑦 = tan 𝑢 , 𝑢 = 𝜋𝑥 2
cos 𝑥
Answers: (a) 12𝑥 3 (b) 3 cos(3𝑥 + 1) (c) 2√sin 𝑥 (d) 2𝜋𝑥 sec 2(𝜋𝑥 2 )

33. Find the derivatives.

2
(a) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)5 sin 𝜃
(n) 𝑓(𝜃) = (1+cos 𝜃)
𝑥 −7
(b) 𝑦 = (1 − 7) (o) 𝑟 = sin(𝜃 2 ) cos(2𝜃)
4 𝑡
𝑥2 1 (p) 𝑞 = sin ( )
(c) 𝑦 = ( 8 + 𝑥 − 𝑥) √𝑡+1
(d) 𝑦 = sec(tan 𝑥) (q) 𝑦 = sin2 (𝜋𝑡 − 2)
(e) 𝑦 = tan3 𝑥 (r) 𝑦 = (1 − cos 2𝑡)−4
(f) 𝑝 = √3 − 𝑡 (s) 𝑦 = (𝑡 tan 𝑡)10
3
4 4 𝑡2
(g) 𝑠 = 3𝜋 sin 3𝑡 + 5𝜋 cos 5𝑡 (t) 𝑦 = (𝑡 3 −4𝑡)
(h) 𝑟 = (csc 𝜃 + cot 𝜃)−1 (u) 𝑦 = sin(cos(2𝑡 − 5))
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sin4 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos−2 𝑥 𝑡 3
−1
(v) 𝑦 = (1 + tan4 (12))
1 1
(j) 𝑦 = 18 (3𝑥 − 2)6 + (4 − 2𝑥 2 )
(w) 𝑦 = √1 + cos(𝑡 2 )
4 (𝑥 −3
(k) 𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 3) + 1) (x) 𝑦 = tan2 (sin3 𝑡)
(l) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 tan(2√𝑥) + 7 (y) 𝑦 = 3𝑡(2𝑡 2 − 5)4
(m) 𝑓(𝑥) = √7 + 𝑥 sec 𝑥
3
𝑥 −8 𝑥2 1 𝑥 1
Answers: (a) 10(2𝑥 + 1)4 (b) (1 − 7) (c) 4 ( 8 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) (4 + 1 + 𝑥 2 ) (d)
1 4
sec(tan 𝑥) tan(tan 𝑥) sec 2 𝑥 (e) 3 tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 (f) − 2√3−𝑡 (g) (cos 3𝑡 − sin 5𝑡) (h)
𝜋
csc 𝜃
(i) 4𝑥 2 sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin4 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos −3 𝑥 + cos −2
𝑥 (j) (3𝑥 − 2)5 −
csc 𝜃+cot 𝜃
1 (4𝑥+3)3 (4𝑥+7) 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥+sec 𝑥 2 sin 𝜃
1 2
(k) (𝑥+1)4
(l) √𝑥 sec 2 (2√𝑥) + tan(2√𝑥) (m) (n) (1+cos 𝜃)2
𝑥 3 (4− 2 ) 2√7+𝑥 sec 𝑥
2𝑥
𝑡+2 𝑡
(o) −2 sin(𝜃 2 ) sin(2𝜃) + 2𝜃 cos(2𝜃) cos(𝜃 2 ) (p) 3 cos ( ) (q) 2𝜋 sin(𝜋𝑡 −
2(𝑡+1)2 √𝑡+1
 8 sin 2𝑡 3𝑡 2 (𝑡 2 +4)
2) cos(𝜋𝑡 − 2) (r) (1+cos 2𝑡)5
(s) 10𝑡10 tan9 𝑡 sec 2 𝑡 + 10𝑡 9 tan10 𝑡 (t) − (𝑡 2 −4)4
(u)
𝑡 2 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 sin(𝑡 2 )
−2 cos(cos(2𝑡 − 5)) sin(2𝑡 − 5) (v) (1 + tan4 (12)) tan3 (12) sec 2 (12) (w) −
√1+cos(𝑡 2 )
3 2 (sin3 2 2 3 (18𝑡 2
(x) 6 tan(sin 𝑡) sec 𝑡) sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 (y) 3(2𝑡 − 5) − 5)
34. Find 𝑦′′.
1
1 3 (b) 𝑦 = 9 cot(3𝑥 − 1) (c) 𝑦 = 𝑥(2𝑥 + 1)4
(a) 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)
6 1 2
Answers: (a) 𝑥 3 (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥) (b) 2 csc 2 (3𝑥 − 1) cot(3𝑥 − 1) (c) 16(2𝑥 + 1)2 (5𝑥 + 1)

35. Find the value of (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)′ at the given value of 𝑥.

(a) 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢5 + 1, 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑥 = 1
𝜋𝑢
(b) 𝑓(𝑢) = cot 10 , 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 5√𝑥, 𝑥 = 1
2𝑢
(c) 𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢2 +1 , 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 10𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 = 0
5 𝜋
Answers: (a) 2 (b) − 4 (c) 0

36. Assume that 𝑓 ′ (3) = −1, 𝑔′ (2) = 5, 𝑔(2) = 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)). What is 𝑦′ at 𝑥 = 2?
Answer: −5
37. Suppose that functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 and their derivatives with respect to 𝑥 have the following values
at 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3.
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒈′ (𝒙)
1
2 8 2 −3
3
3 3 −4 2𝜋 5
Find the derivatives with respect to 𝑥 of the following combinations at the given value of 𝑥.
(a) 2𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 = 2 (f) √𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 = 2
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 = 3 1
(g) 𝑔2 (𝑥) , 𝑥 = 3
(c) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 = 3
(d)
𝑓(𝑥)
,𝑥 = 2 (h) √𝑓 2 (𝑥) + 𝑔2 (𝑥), 𝑥 = 2
𝑔(𝑥)
(e) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), 𝑥 = 2
2 37 √2 5 5
Answers: (a) 3 (b) 2𝜋 + 5 (c) 15 − 8𝜋 (d) (e) −1 (f) 24 (g) 32 (h) − 3√17
6

𝑑𝑠 3𝜋 𝑑𝜃
38. Find 𝑑𝑡 when 𝜃 = if 𝑠 = cos 𝜃 and = 5.
2 𝑑𝑡
Answer: 5

3.7 Implicit Differentiation

39. Use implicit differentiation to find the first derivative.
𝑥−1
(a) 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 6 (d) 𝑦 2 = 𝑥+1
(b) 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 (e) 𝑥 = sec 𝑦
(c) 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
 1 1
(f) 𝑥 + tan(𝑥𝑦) = 0 (h) 𝜃 2 + 𝑟 2 = 1
1 1
(g) 𝑦 sin (𝑦) = 1 − 𝑥𝑦 (i) sin(𝑟𝜃) = 2

−2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 1−2𝑦 −2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 𝑦−𝑥𝑦 2 +𝑥 1

Answers:(a) (b) 2𝑥+2𝑦−1 (c) (d) 𝑦(𝑥+1)2 (e) cos y cot y
𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦−𝑥 3 +𝑦

−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥𝑦)−𝑦 −𝑦 2 √𝑟 −𝑟
(f) (g) 1 1 (h) − (i)
𝑥 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛( )−cos( )+𝑥𝑦 √𝜃 𝜃
𝑦 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
40. Use implicit differentiation to find 𝑑𝑥 and then 𝑑𝑥 2 .
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
(b) 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
(c) 2√𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑥 −𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑥+1 𝑦 2 −(𝑥+1)2
Answers: (a) 𝑦 ′ = − 𝑦 , 𝑦 ′′ = (b) 𝑦 ′ = , 𝑦 ′′ =
𝑦2 𝑦 𝑦3

√𝑦 1
(c) 𝑦 ′ = , 𝑦 ′′ = 2(
√𝑦+1 √𝑦+1)3

𝑑2 𝑦
41. If 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 16, find the value of 𝑑𝑥 2 at the point (2,2).
Answer: -2

42. Find the slope of 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 at (−2,1) and (−2, −1).

Answers: (-2,1):𝑚 = −1 (-2, -1):𝑚 = 1

43. Verify the given point is on the curve and find the lines that are tangent and normal to the curve
at the given point.
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 1, (2,3)
(b) 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 9, (−1,3)
(c) 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 17𝑦 − 6 = 0, (−1,0)
𝜋
(d) 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2𝜋, (1, 2 )
(e) 𝑦 = 2 sin(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑦) , (1,0)
7 1 4 29 1 8
Answers: (a) 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 − 2 , 𝑦 = − 7 𝑥 + (b) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 6 , 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3
7
6 6 7 7 𝜋 2 2 𝜋
(c) 𝑦 = 7 𝑥 + 7 , 𝑦 = − 6 𝑥 − 6 (d) 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 𝜋 , 𝑦 = 𝜋 𝑥 − 𝜋 + 2
𝑥 1
(e) 𝑦 = 2𝜋𝑥 − 2𝜋 , 𝑦 = − 2𝜋 + 2𝜋

44. Find the two points where the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 7 crosses the x-axis, and show that the
tangents to the curve at these points are parallel. What is the common slope of these tangents?
Answers: Points: (−√7, 0), (√7, 0) , Slope: -2
3.8 Related Rates
45. Suppose that the radius r and area 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 of a circle are differentiable functions of t. Write
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
an equation that relates to 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
Answer: = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
46. Assume that 𝑦 = 5𝑥 and = 2. Find .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Answer: 10

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
47. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and = 3, then what is when 𝑥 = −1?
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Answer: −6

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
48. If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 and = −2 , then what is when 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑦 = −4?
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3
Answer: − 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝐿
49. If 𝐿 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , = −1 and = 3 , find 𝑑𝑡 when 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 12?
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
31
Answer: 13

50. If the original 24m edge length x of a cube decreases at the rate of 5m/min, when 𝑥 = 3m
at what rate does the cube’s
(a) surface area change? (b) volume change?
Answers: (a) − 180 m /min (b) − 135 m3 /min
2