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(a) Suggest four improvements that could be made to the apparatus to get a more accurate
result.
(4 marks)
Use a more accurate (narrower temperature range) thermometer. Clamp the calorimeter directly over
the burner and discard the gauze and tripod. Shield the apparatus from air draughts. Stir the water
(carefully using the thermometer).
(i) Use the above results to calculate a value for the molar enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol.
(4 marks)
(ii) The data book value for the standard molar enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol is
–1
–1367 kJ mol . Suggest reasons why the value calculated from the student's results differs
from the value in the data book.
(4 marks)
The student's value shows not enough heat has been transferred to the caloimeter and its contents
possibly because heat was lost to the gauze, tripod and surrounding air, combustion was incomplete,
some ethanol was lost by evaporation, the reactants and products were not measured under standard
temperature and pressure conditions.
(c) Explain why a bomb calorimeter is used for accurate determinations of enthalpy changes
and why the heat change measured is not an enthalpy change.
(3 marks)
Complete combustion occurs when the sample is burnt in pure oxygen under high pressure but the
reaction takes place at constant volume, so the heat change measured is an internal energy change, ∆U.
(Total 15 marks)