Labaguis, Aaron A.

Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

Ho Chi Minh

Hồ Chí Minh (/ˈhoʊ ˈtʃiː ˈmɪn/;[1] Vietnamese: [hò tɕǐ mīɲ] (

listen), Saigon: [hò tɕǐ mɨ̄ n] ( listen); Chữ nôm: 胡志明;
19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969), born Nguyễn Sinh
Cung,[2][3][4] also known as Nguyễn Tất Thành and Nguyễn
Ái Quốc, was a VietnameseCommunist revolutionary
leader who was Chairman and First secretary of
the Workers' Party of Vietnam. Hồ was also prime
minister(1945–55) and president (1945–69) of
the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He
was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic
Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People's Army
of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Việt Cộng (NLF or VC) during
the Vietnam War.

He led the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the Communist-
ruled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at
the battle of Điện Biên Phủ. He officially stepped down from power in 1965 due to health
problems, but remained a highly respected inspiration for those Vietnamese fighting for his
cause—a united, communist Vietnam—until his death. After the war, Saigon, the former
capital of the Republic of Vietnam, was renamed Hồ Chí Minh City.

Political Education in France

From 1919 to 1923, while living in France, Thành began to show an interest in politics, being
influenced by his friend and Socialist Party of France comrade Marcel Cachin. Thành claimed
to have arrived in Paris fromLondon in 1917, but the French police only had documents
recording his arrival in June 1919.[7] He joined a group of Vietnamese nationalists in Paris
whose leaders werePhan Chu Trinh, Phan Văn Trường, andNguyễn Thế Truyền. They had been
publishing newspaper articles advocating for Vietnamese independence under the pseudonym
Nguyễn Ái Quốc ("Nguyễn the Patriot") prior to the arrival of Nguyễn Tất Thành in Paris in
1919.

 Chairman of the Central Committee of the workers’ Party of Vietnam

 First Secretary of the Central Committee of Workers’ Party of Vietnam
 First President of the Democratic Republic Of Vietnam
 First Prime Minister of the Democratic Republican Of Vietnam
 Minister Of Foreign Affairs
 Member of the Politburo
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

Miriam Palma Defensor Santiago

Miriam Palma Defensor Santiago (15 June 1945 – 29
September 2016) was a Filipino politician and judge,
who served in all three branches of the Philippine
government: judicial, executive, and legislative. Some
of her alma maters are University of the
Philippines, University of Michigan, Oxford
University, Maryhill School of Theology, University of
California, Harvard University, and Cambridge
University. Santiago was named one of The 100 Most
Powerful Women in the World in 1997 by The
Australianmagazine.[1] In 1988, Santiago was named
laureate of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for
government service, with a citation "for bold and moral
leadership in cleaning up a graft-ridden government agency."[2][3][4][5] She ran in
the 1992 presidential elections but was defeated in an election marred by allegations
of impropriety by the victor. The quote, 'Miriam won in the elections, but lost in the
counting.' became popular nationwide.[6] Santiago became a senator of the republic in
1995 and authored more laws and bills than anyone else in the history of
the Philippines. She ran again for president in the 1998 presidential elections but lost
after heavy black propaganda against her which was eventually proven false. She
continued her work as senator, exposing and criticizing numerous government
scandals including the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam, which led to
massive outrage and triggered major reforms throughout the country. She became an
icon of incorruptibility, honest government service, and constitutional law. She was
given numerous awards and recognition for her fight against corruption in the
country. In 2012, Santiago became the first Filipina and the first Asian from a
developing country to be elected a judge of the International Criminal Court.[7][8] She
later resigned the post, citing chronic fatigue syndrome, which turned out to be lung
cancer.[9][10] In 2016, she became part of the International Advisory Council of
the International Development Law Organization (IDLO), an intergovernmental body
that promotes the rule of law.[11][12]
Santiago served three terms in the Philippine Senate. On 13 October 2015,
Santiago declared her candidacy for President of the Philippines in the 2016
elections after her doctors from the United States declared her cancer 'stable' and
'receded', but lost in the elections. Following her death, she was called by her
supporters as "the best president we never had".[13][14] Santiago was known as
the Dragon Lady, the Platinum Lady, the Incorruptible Lady, the Tiger Lady, and most
popularly, the Iron Lady of Asia.
 Senator of the Philippines
 Judge of the International Criminal Court
 Chair of the Philippine Senate Foreign Relations Committee
 Secretary of Agrarian Reform
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

Select laws authored

The many laws that Santiago authored include:

 Reproductive Health Act of 2012, which instills reproductive health education

throughout the nation, and was backed by the majority of the population while
criticized by religious institutions in the predominantly Roman Catholic country.[43]
 Sin Tax Law, which improved the taxation of the country and led to the economic
revolutions that bolstered Philippine shares.[44]
 Climate Change Act of 2009, which mandated the entire nation to become a
bastion for climate change responsiveness, mitigation, adaptation, and
management.[45]
 Renewable Energy Act of 2008, which mandated the government to shift the energy
source of the country from coal and oil into solar, wind, and other renewable
sources – this became the foundation for the establishment of numerous wind and
solar plants in the country which made the Philippines the 'Wind Energy Capital of
Southeast Asia'.[46]
 Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law, which
safeguarded human rights in the entire nation.[47]
 Magna Carta of Women, which protected the rights of women in the country.[48]
 Unified Student Financial Assistance System for Tertiary Education (Unifast) Act,
which enhanced the educational system in the country, paving way for the
intellectual revolution in urban and rural areas.[49]
 Cybercrime Act of 2012, which protected the nation and its people from
cybercrimes which infested the country's cyberspace.[50]
 Department of Information and Communication Technology Act, which established
the Department of Information and Communication Technology for better
information dissemination and better internet speed in the country
 Archipelagic Baselines Act of 2009, which became one of the major basises for the
country's claims on maritime sovereignty, including the West Philippine Sea.

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

Judicial branch of the philippines

1. Judiciary The Judicial Branch of the Philippines

2. Judiciary - (also known as the judicial system or 'court system) is the system of
courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary
also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the
separation of powers, the judiciary generally does not make law (that is, in a
plenary fashion, which is the responsibility of the legislature) or enforce law (which
is the responsibility of the executive), but rather interprets law and applies it to the
facts of each case. This branch of the state is often tasked with ensuring equal
justice under law. It usually consists of a court of final appeal (called the "Supreme
court” or "Constitutional court"), together with lower courts.
3. Judicial Department • Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the lower
courts, as established by law (Art. VIII, sec. 1 of the 1987 Constitution). Its duty is
to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and
enforceable (Art. VIII Sec. 1 (2)). • The judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy. Its
appropriation may not be reduced by the Legislature below the appropriated
amount the previous year (Art. VIII, sec. 2).
4. Supreme Court of the Philippines
5. Supreme Court of the Philippines - Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas • the
highest court in the Philippines. It has an administrative supervision over all courts
and the personnel. • The court consists of 14 associate justices and 1 Chief Justice.
• The powers of the Supreme Court are defined in Article VIII of the 1987
Constitution. • These functions may be generally divided into two – judicial
functions and administrative functions • The administrative functions of the Court
pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine judiciary and its
employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar. • The Court is further
authorized to promulgate the rules for admission to the practice of law, for legal
assistance to the underprivileged, and the procedural rules to be observed in all
courts.
6. Court of Appeals
7. Court of Appeals - Hukuman ng Paghahabol ng Pilipinas • is the Philippines'
second-highest judicial court, just after the Supreme Court. The court consists of
68 Associate Justices and 1 Presiding Justice. • The Court of Appeals was
established under Batas Pambansa Bilang 129 known as "The Judiciary
Reorganization Act of 1980". The Court is composed of one Presiding Justice and
sixty eight (68) Associate Justices. They are all appointed by the President. The
Court sits by divisions, each division being composed of three members. The Court
may sit en banc for the purpose of exercising administrative, ceremonial or other
non-adjudicatory functions.
8. Sandiganbayan
9. Sandiganbayan – the peoples advocate • The Sandiganbayan is a special court
which was established under Presidential Decree No. 1606. Its rank is equivalent to
the Court of Appeals. • The SB or Sandiganbayan tries and decides criminal and
civil cases against government officials and employees accused of graft and
corruption and similar other cases. • The Sandiganbayan shall sit in five (5)
divisions of three justices each. The five (5) may sit at the same time. The first three
divisions shall be stationed in the Metro Manila area, the fourth division shall be in
Cebu City for cases coming from the Visayas region, and the fifth division shall be
in Cagayan de Oro City for cases coming from the Mindanao region.
10. Sandiganbayan – the peoples advocate • THE OMBUDSMAN ACT OF 1989Republic
Act No. 6770 • Philippine Laws Against Graft and Corruption • Sec. 2. Declaration
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

of Policy. - The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and
take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption. • Public office is a
public trust and must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with
utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, efficiency, act with patriotism and justice
and lead modest lives.
11. Court of Tax Appeals
12. Court of Tax Appeals - Hukuman ng Paghahabol sa Buwis ng Pilipinas • is the
special court of limited jurisdiction, and has the same level with the Court of
Appeals. The court consists of 8 Associate Justices and 1 Presiding Justice. •
Previously, only decision, judgment, ruling or inaction of the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, the Commissioner of Customs, the Secretary of Finance, the
Secretary of Trade and Industry, or the Secretary of Agriculture, involving the
National Internal Revenue Code and the Tariff and Customs Code on civil matters
are appeallable to the Court of Tax Appeals. • The expanded jurisdiction transferred
to the CTA the jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Courts and the Court of Appeals
over matters involving criminal violation and collection of revenues under the
National Internal Revenue Code and Tariff and Customs Code. In addition, it also
acquired jurisdiction over cases involving local and real property taxes which used
to be with the Regional Trial Court and the Court of Appeals.
13. Regional Trial Courts Regional Trial Courts were established among the thirteen
regions in the Philippines consisting of Regions I to XII and the National Capital
Region (NCR). There are as many Regional Trial Courts in each region as the law
mandates. Regional Trial Courts shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all
criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal or body,
except those now falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan which shall hereafter be exclusively taken cognizance of by the
latter. RTC Criminal Courts typically try cases of serious crimes like murder and
robbery, as opposed to petty crimes, which reduce the burden of court cases.
14. MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS • PROCEDURE IN THE MUNICIPAL TRIAL
COURTS[CRIMINAL] RULE 123 - PROCEDURE IN THE MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS
• Section 1. Uniform Procedure. • The procedure to be observed in the Metropolitan
Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts shall be the
same as in the Regional Trial Courts, except (a) where a particular provision
expressly or impliedly applies only to either of said courts; and (b) in criminal cases
governed by the Rule on Summary Procedure in Special Cases adopted on August
1, 1983, namely, (1) Violations of traffic laws, rules and regulations; (2) Violations
of the rental law; (3) Violations of municipal or city ordinances; and (4) All other
criminal cases where the penalty prescribed by law for the offense charged does not
exceed six months imprisonment, or a fine of one thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or
both irrespective of other imposable penalties, accessory or otherwise, or of the civil
liability arising therefrom; Provided, however, that in offenses involving damage to
property through criminal negligence, said Rule shall govern where the imposable
fine does not exceed ten thousand pesos (P10,0000.00).
15. MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS • Every municipality in the Philippines has its own
Municipal Trial Court. It is referred to as such if it covers only one municipality;
otherwise, it is called Municipal Circuit Trial Court if it covers two or more
municipalities.
16. Metropolitan Trial Court • Municipal Trial Courts in the towns and cities in the
Metropolitan Manila area, as distinguished from the other political subdivisions in
the Philippines, are referred to as Metropolitan Trial Courts. In cities outside
Metropolitan Manila, the equivalent of the Municipal Trial Courts are referred to as
Municipal Trial Courts in Cities.
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

17. Municipal Circuit Trial Courts • Municipal Circuit Trial Courts are judicial courts of
the Philippine Judicial Sytem which covers two or more municipalities in the
country. Every municipality in the Philippines has its own Municipal Trial Court. It
is referred to as such if it covers only one municipality; otherwise, it is called
Municipal Circuit Trial Court if it covers two or more municipalities.
18. Shari’a District Courts and Shari’a Circuit Courts www.muslimmindanao.ph
19. Shari’a District Courts • Equivalent to the Regional Trial Courts in rank are the
Shari'a District Courts which were established in certain specified provinces in
Mindanao where the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines is being
enforced. There are five Shari'a District Courts and fifty one Shari'a Circuit Courts
in existence. A Shari'a District Court is of limited jurisdiction. It was created under
Presidential Decree No. 1083. Cases falling within the exclusive jurisdiction of the
Shari'a District Courts primarily pertain to family rights and duties as well as
contractual relations of Filipino Muslims in the Mindanao. • The Shari'a District
Court has appellate jurisdiction over all cases tried in the Shari'a Circuit Courts
within their territorial jurisdiction. It shall decide every case on the basis of the
evidence and the records transmitted as well as such memoranda, briefs or oral
arguments as the parties may submit. The decisions of the Shari'a District Courts,
whether on appeal from the Shari'a Circuit Courts or not, shall be final. The
Supreme Court shall, however, continue to exercise original and appellate
jurisdiction over certain issues as provided by the Constitution.
20. THE SHARI'A CIRCUIT COURTS • Equivalent to the Municial Circuit Trial Courts
are the Shari'a Circuit Courts which were established in certain municipalities in
Mindanao where the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines is being
enforced. There are five Shari'a Circuit Courts and fifty one Shari'a Circuit Courts
in existence. A Shari'a Circuit Court has original jurisdiction over the following: • 1.
All cases involving offenses defined and punished under Presidential Decree No.
1083; 2. All civil actions and proceedings between parties who are Muslims or have
been married in accordance with Article 13 of Presidential Decree No. 1083
involving disputes relating to: • a. Marriage; b. Divorce recognized under
Presidential Decree No. 1083; c. Betrothal or breach of contract to marry; d.
Customary dowry (mahr); e. Disposition and distribution of property upon divorce;
f. Maintenance and support, and concolotary gifts(mut'a); and g. Restitution of
marital rights. • 3. All cases involving disputes relative to communal properties.
21. APPOINTMENTS TO THE JUDICIARY • Under the present Constitution,
appointments to the judiciary are made by the President of the Philippines on the
basis of a list submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council (by virtue of Art. VIII, Sec.
8). The JBC is under the supervision of the Supreme Court. Its principal function is
to screen prospective appointees to any judicial post. The Judicial and Bar Council
promulgated its Rules (JBC-009) on October 31, 2000. It is composed of the Chief
Justice as ex-officio Chairman, the Secretary of Justice and representatives of
Congress as ex-officio members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a professor
of law, a retired member of the Supreme Court and a representative of the private
sector as members.
22. Guidelines and Qualifications for Appointment in the Judiciary • • Members of the
Supreme Court,Court of Appeals,Court of Tax Appeals • Natural-born citizen of the
Philippines; • • At least 40 years old; • •At least 15 years of practice as a judge of a
lower court ; or At least 15 years of law practice in the Philippines. • Members of
the Sandiganbayan • •Natural-born citizen of the Philippines; • •At least 40 years
old; • •At least 10 years of practice as a judge of a court of record; or At least 10
years of law practice in the Philippines; or At least 10 years holding an office
requiring admission to the bar as a prerequisite. * CONST.
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

23. Guidelines and Qualifications for Appointment in the Judiciary • Judges of the
Regional Trial Courts* • • Natural-born citizen of the Philippines; • • At least 35
years old; • • At least 10 years of law practice in the Philippines; or At least 10
years holding an office requiring admission to the bar as a prerequisite. • Judges of
the First Level Courts** • • Natural-born citizen of the Philippines; • • At least 30
years old; • • At least 5 years of law practice in the Philippines; or At least 5 years
holding an office requiring admission to the bar s a prerequisite
24. Guidelines and Qualifications for Appointment in the Judiciary • Judges of Shari’a
District Courts* • • Natural-born citizen of the Philippines; • • At least 35 years old;
• • At least 10 years of law practice in the Philippines; or At least 10 years holding
an office requiring admission to the bar as a prerequisite. • • Must be learned in the
Islamic Law and jurisprudence. • Judges of Shari’a Circuit Courts** • • Natural-
born citizen of the Philippines; • • At least 25 years old; • •Passed an examination
on the Shari’a and Islamic Jurisprudence given by the Supreme Court
25. APPOINTMENTS TO THE JUDICIARY
26. TMHa.E L oCuHrdIEeFs PJ.U STICE A. Sereno Tenure as Chief Justice: August 24,
2012 – present Appointed by: Benigno S. Aquino III Age at Appointment: 52
27. The incumbent Chief Justice, Ma. Lourdes P.A. Sereno, appointed by President
Benigno S. Aquino III, took her oath of office on August 25, 2012. She is the first
woman to hold the position.
28. Reference Website: Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines URL:
http://www.gov.ph/about/judiciary/ Atty.Chan,Joselito and Robles, Reynaldo.
Website: Chan Robles Virtual Law Library URL: http://www.chanrobles.com/ ©
iplaw.chanrobles.com
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

What I learned about the judicial branch of the Philippines

I learned that in this judicial branches of the government has an order of

judicial court highest to lowest. The first one is the highest of the judicial branches is
the Supreme Court and the second one to the highest is the court of appeals. The
third one is the lowest form of the judicial branches the district court. And with this
three kind of judicial branches my help the people to resolve the case needed
Advantages of mediation

It is effective – In a recent pilot project conducted by PHILJA, 85% of cases referred for court-
annexed mediation had reached settlement. Surveys conducted after mediation sessions reveal a
high level of satisfaction among disputing parties. As a result of mediation, close to 100%
comply with agreements reached in mediation.

It is faster – Many cases reached settlement in 1-2 sessions. The enormous time and effort
expended in litigation are avoided.

It is cost-saving – Unlike rigorous court proceedings, mediation is quick and devoid of legal
intricacies.

It restores relationships – Mediation is a proven way to restore relationships long torn by

conflict. The process addresses deep-rooted sources of misunderstanding which are inimical to
business concerns.
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

What is the process of making Law?

The procedures for introducing legislation and seeing it through committees are
similar in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Legislative proposals
originate in a number of different ways. Members of the Senate, of course, develop
ideas for legislation. Constituents, either as individual or group, also may propose
legislation. Frequently, a member of the Senate will introduce such a bill by request,
whatever or not he supports its purposes.
The following is a summary of how a bill becomes a law.
Filing/Calendaring for first reading, first reading, committee Hearings/Report,
Calendaring for second reading, second reading , voting on second reading, voting
third reading, at the house of representatives, back to the senate, submission to
malacañang.
What is the difference between a bill and resolution?

Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall,
before it become a Law, be presented to the President.
Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of
Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be
presented to the President. And before the same shall take Effect, shall be
approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and
Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Can the bill enacted even without the signature of the president?
Yes because even if the president did not have a signature on the bill it was automatic
considered as a law after 30 days or one month after.
As an ordinary citizens, how can I propose a bill to the congress?
Determine whether your law will apply at the local, state or federal level. Local
ordinances are typically the easiest to pass, while federal laws are the most complex
and challenging. The overwhelming majority of laws occur at the local or state level, so
begin close to home when campaigning for a new law. Research current law Write your
proposed law, Determine who your government representatives are, Pitch the bill to
you if your representative will not sponsor the bill, start contacting other
representatives. While it's best to have your representative sponsor the bill, any
elected official can introduce it. Representatives.
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

What are the possible reasons for the shelving of the bills?

Because here in our country there is to many law that’s why some bills are shelving
and did not approved immedietly.

What are the difference and similarities between a senator and a

representatives?

Difference: The House of Representatives and Senate. Congress writes national

legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different
areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these
committees.
Similarities: The major similarity between the Senate and the House of
Representatives is that both houses' main job is to legislate -- to create laws for the
federal government. Both houses are also (since the 1910s) directly elected by the
people.
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

Summary

The Philippine legislature is the congress of the Philippines it was bicameral

body and composed of the senate and the House of Representatives. The senate is
composed of 24 person and they have a 6years of service to us to serve. The house of
representative is composed of maximum 250 congressmen personals. And in every
district or province has a congressmen to manage the whole province that that he/she
want. On my opinion about that it was good to controlled it and to manage the
province in immediately and to lessen the work of our president .to controlled the
crimes that happened in our country.

*If I can rate the performance of the current congress from 1 – 10 with the 10 is the
highest score. I give it with a rate of 6 or 7 because actually the congressmen do their
part in politics. But it was not perfectly good. The one of example is the budget in one
program that implemented in one province before the budget was given to the people it
was already lessen by the congress.
*I think the law maker should make think it 10 times before he passed it to the
president to have an approval because at this time we to many law but the other law
is nonsense.
Labaguis, Aaron A.
Grade 12 – Achievers Mr. Jardin

Flowchart of legal complaints