Cdt.
De Jesus Beginning with SAMUEL
ENGLISH PHILANTHROPIST
PENOLOGY
A Second group that suported
penal incarceration in England,
included clergymen and “Lay
Pietists” of various religious
denominations who made
efforts during the 1700s to
reduce the severity of the
english criminal justice system.
John Howard
English Philanthropist
Penal Reformer
Initially, reformers like John
Howard focused on harsh
condition of pre-trial detention
in english jails.
But many Philanthropist did not
limit their efforts to jail
administration and inmate
hygiene.
They were also interested in
spiritual health and inmates and
curbing the common practice of
mixing all prisoners together at
random.
Their ideas about inmate
classification and soltary
confinement match another
undercurrent of penal
innovation in the united states
that persisted into the
progressive era.
Jonas Hanway
Author of Solitude in
Imprisonment
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy
DENNE’S Letter to lord Ladbroke
(1771) and JONAS HANWAY’S
solitude in imprisonment
(1776), Philanthropic literature
on english penal reform began
to concentrate on the post
conviction rehabilitation of
criminals in the prison setting.
Although they did not speak
with a single voice, the
philanthropist penologist
tended to view crime as an
outbreak of the criminals
estrangement from God. For
example, believed the the
challenge the criminal law lay in
restoring his faith in, and fear of
the christian God, in order to
“QUALIFY [HIM] FOR
HAPPINESS IN BOTH WORLDS.”
Solitude in
Imprisonment
In their conception of prison as
a “PENITENTIATY” or place of
repentance for sin, the english
philanthropists departed from
continental models and gave
birt to a largely novel idea
according hostorians Michael
Meranze and Michael Ignatieff
which in turn found its way into
penal practice in the united
states.
RATIONALIST
PENOLOGY
Cesare Beccaria
Italian Rationalist Penal
Reformer
Author on of Crimes And
Punishment
(1764)
Bentham developed a "novel
theory of crime"—specifically,
that what made an action
subject to criminal punishment
was the harm it caused to other
members of society.For the
rationalists, sins that did not
result in social harm were
outside the purview of civil
courts. With John Locke's
"sensational psychology" as a
guide, which maintained that
environment alone defined
human behavior, many
rationalists sought the roots of
a criminal's behavior in his or
her past environment.
Rationalists differed as to what
environmental factors gave rise
to criminality. Some rationalists,
including Cesare Beccaria,
blamed criminality on
theuncertainty criminal
punishment, whereas earlier
criminologists had linked
criminal deterrence to
the severity of punishment. In
essence, Beccaria believed that
where arrest, conviction, and
sentencing for crime were
"rapid and infallible,"
punishments for crime could
remain moderate. Beccaria did
not take issue with the
substance of contemporary
penal codes—
e.g., whipping and the pillory;
rather, he took issue with their
form and implementation.