2017-2018

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

LOGIC GATES
Supervised by: - Submitted by:-
Mr. Ajay Gehlot Abhijeet Bishnoi

PGT, Physics Class :- XII ‘A’

Army Public School, Jodhpur Army Public School, Jodhpur

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 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the project work entitled

“LOGIC GATES”
as a record of investigatory work done by the
student ABHIJEET BISHNOI during the
academic year 2017-18 under my guidance and
supervision in practical fulfillment of the
requirement for the “All India Senior School
Certificate Examination” conducted by CBSE.

External Examiner Mr. Ajay Gehlot

PGT, Physics

Signature Signature

2
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO.

 CERTIFICATE 2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
 INDRODUCTION 5
 PRINCIPLE 6
 BASIC TERMINOLOGY 7
 BASIC GATES 8
 OR GATE 10
 AND GATE 11
 NOT GATE 13
 NOR GATE 14
 NAND GATE 15
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the Principal, Dr. Tabassum Khan for her encouragement
and for all the facilities that she provided for this project
work.
I extend my hearty thanks to Mr. Ajay Gehlot, our
Physics Teacher, who guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude for his invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement, immense motivation,
which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this Project
work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and
also to my classmates who helped me to carry out this
project work successful and for their valuable advice and
support, which I received from them time to time.

ABHIJEET BISHNOI
Class: - XII – A

Army Public School, Jodhpur

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 Introduction
A logic gate can be defined as digital circuit which either allows
a signal to pass through or stops it. These gates are related to
Boolean Algebra. These gates allow signals to pass through
them only when some logic is satisfied. A semiconductor diode
{P—N junction) acts as a closed switch when it is forward
biased, i.e. it allows current to pass through it. It acts as an open
circuit when it is reversed biased, i.e. it allows very little or no
current to pass through it. This unique property of diode is
employed in the design of logic gates and the circuits.

The logic gates are building blocks of electronic devices. Logic

gate may have one or more inputs but can only have one output.
Possible values of input and output of logic gates are expressed
in form of tables called truth tables.

Two values of logic statement are denoted by binary numbers 1

and 0 where 1 represent higher value.

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 PRINCIPLE

Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs

and outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be
Constructed from three basic devices. We have three different
types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the OR gate and
the NOT gate.

LOGIC STATE
1 0
HIGH LOW
+ve -ve
ON OFF
CLOSE OPEN
RIGHT WRONG
TRUE FALSE
YES NO

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGY
SIGNAL: -
Information converted in electrical form and suitable for transmission
called a signal. There are two types of signals

1. Analogue signal:-
Analogue signals are continuous variation of voltage or current.
They are essentially single-valued function of time. Sine wave is a
fundamental analogue signal

2. Digital signal:-
Digital signal are those which can take only discrete step wise value.
Binary system that is extensively used in digital electronics employs
just two levels of signals. “0” corresponds to low level and “1”
corresponds to high level of voltage or current.

 Digital circuit:-
The electrical circuit which uses only digital signals is called digital
circuit.

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 BASIC GATES
1. THE OR GATE

It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The OR

gate has two or more inputs and one output.

The logic gate of OR gate with A and B input and Y output is shown
below:

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as the OR.

The Boolean expression:

A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.

2. THE AND GATE

It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result.
The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic gate of
AND gate with A and B input and Y output is shown below:

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In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is referred as the
AND. The Boolean expression:

A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.

3. THE NOT GATE

It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT is a one input and one
output. The logic gate of NOT gate with A and Y output is shown
below:

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the NOT. The Boolean
expression:

X’ =Y, indicates Y equals NOT X

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 THE OR GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of two
diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to

the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in
the present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C
w.r.t. earth.

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INTERFERENCE:-
1. If switch A & B are open LED do not glow (A=0, B=0), Hence Y=0.
2. If Switch A open B closed then LED glow (A=0, B=1), Hence Y=1.
3. If switch A closed B open then LED glow (A=1, B=0), Hence Y=1.
4. If switch A & B are closed then LED glow (A=1, B=1) , Hence Y=1.

Truth Table:-
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

THE AND GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R.
Theory and Construction:
An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of
two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is
connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.

11
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to
the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in
the present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C
w.r.t. earth.

INTERFERENCE:-
1. If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow,
Hence Y=0.
2. If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then LED will not glow,
Hence Y=0.
3. If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then LED will not glow,
Hence Y=0.
4. If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED will glow, Hence
Y=1.
Truth Table:-

A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
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 THE NOT GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However an
electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of a n-p-n
transistor as shown in the figure. The base B of the transistor is
connected to the input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter E is
earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is
voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

INTERFERENCE:-
1. If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, Hence Y=1.
2. If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, Hence Y=0.

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Truth Table:-
A Y

0 1

1 0

THE NOR GATE










’






‘’


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 
Truth Table:-
  
  
  
  
  

THE NAND GATE













15
’









Truth Table:-
  
  
  

16
  
  

17
 BIBLIOGRAPHY






REFERENCES TAKEN FROM NCERT AND PRADEEP

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