a. Identify this Pharmacologist. a. Identify this Pharmacologist.

Oswald Schmiedeberg Sir Colonel Ram Nath Chopra

b. What is his contribution to field of b. What is his contribution to field of

pharmacology? pharmacology?
 Generally recognized as the founder of "Father of Indian Pharmacology" since he was
modern pharmacology the first to establish a center of study and research
 His worked on finding the correlation in pharmacology in India, at the Calcutta School
between the chemical structure of of Tropical Medicine.
substances and their effectiveness as
pharmaceuticals He pioneered research on herbal drugs in India
 Obtained his medical doctorate in 1866 with
a thesis on the measurement of chloroform
in blood
 In 1878, he published a classic text, Outline
of Pharmacology

a. Identify this Pharmacologist. a. Identify these Pharmacologist.

• Sir Henry Hallet Dale • Sir Frederick Banting & Charles Best

b. What is his contribution to field of

pharmacology? b. What is their contribution to field of
 • Distinguished Muscarinic &Nicotinic
receptors .
• Dale's principle ( Dale's Law). This
principle states that each neuron releases
only one type of neurotransmitter.
• Dale’s Vasomotor Reversal Phenomenon :
only fall in BP occurs when an alpha
blocker is given before injecting adrenaline
.He demonstrated this in cat & used Ergot
alkaloids as alpha blocker
a. Identify this Pharmacologist.
Louis Lasagna
b. What is his contribution to field of
pharmacology?
• Father of Clinical Pharmacology
• Conceptualize controlled clinical trials and
the placebo effect
pharmacology?
• Known for the discovery of the
Insulin—one of the most significant
advances in medicine, enabling an
effective treatment for diabetes.
a. Identify this Pharmacologist.
Selman Abraham Waksman
b. What is his contribution to field of
pharmacology?
His research into organic substances—largely into
organisms that live in soil and their decomposition
promoted the discovery of Streptomycin, and
several other antibiotics.
a. Identify this Pharmacologist.
Gertrude Belle Elion
b. What is her contribution to field of
pharmacology?
• Elion developed a multitude of new drugs,
using innovative research methods that
would later lead to the development of the
AIDS drug AZT.
 EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
 To find out a therapeutic agent suitable for human use.
 To study the toxicity of a drug.
 To study the mechanism and site of action of drugs.

DRUG DEVELOPMENT

STAGE – I
CLINICAL STUDIES
NEW PRE CLINICAL  Phase 0 – Micro
CHEMICAL STUDIES dosing study
ENTITY (NCE) In vitro : Receptor  Phase I – Human
Sources : Organic identification pharmacology and
synthesis : Receptor safety
Animal to
: binding  Phase II –
human dose
Molecular : Enzyme Therapeutic
conversation
Modification inhibition INVESTIGATION exploration and dose
: : Secondary NEW DRUG ranging
Isolation from plants messenger analysis Pre- APPLICATION (IND)  Phase III –
In vivo : formulation  Submission , Therapeutic
Pharmacological study FDA review confirmation and
:
Toxicological study comparison
3 – 10 Years

Phase IV
 Post marketing surveillance
 Additional indication
 Adverse reaction reporting
(Pharmacovigilance)
1 – 2 Years  Product defect reporting

2 –4 Years

New drug application

(NDA)
 STAGE – III
0.5 –1 Years

NEW PRE CLINICAL TRIAL PHASE

CHEMICAL CLINICAL
ENTITY PHASE
(NCE)