Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Sven Werner
Department of Energy Systems Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
Phone +46 35 173592, Fax +46 35 173593, sven.werner@fvb.se
Abstract - The district heating and cooling (DHC) systems in the world deliver annually about 10 EJ.
This volume is significant compared to the total global heat demand of about 100 EJ/year. The current
energy supply to these district heating systems is dominated by the use of fossil fuels in combined heat
and power (CHP) plants. However, the share of renewables in the energy supply is increasing or is
already high in some countries. The combination of use of renewables and reused heat losses from
power generation, industrial processes and waste incineration makes district heating to a carbon lean
alternative in the heat market. Globally, DHC/CHP including industrial CHP reduces the existing
carbon emissions from fuel combustion by 3-4%, corresponding to an annual reduction of 670-890
Mton compared to the global annual emissions of 23000 Mton from fuel combustion. The highest
carbon dioxide reductions from DHC/CHP occur in Russia (15%), in the former USSR outside Russia
(8%) and in the EU (5%).
World 1999
Losses in the energy transformation
Total Primary Energy Supply = 406 EJ sector
Losses in end use
450
Combustible Renewables and Waste
400
Solar/Wind/Other
350
Geothermal
300
Hydro
250
Nuclear
200
Natural Gas
150
Petroleum Products
100 Coal and Coal Products
50 Transportation
0 Electricity
Total Primary Energy Total Final Consumption Total End Use
Supply (estimated) Heat
Sven Werner, FVB
Figure 1. World energy balance 1999 with the three major steps: Total primary energy supply, Total final
consumption, and Estimated total end use after all energy conversion. Information source: (IEA, 2001a and
2001b).
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.
District heating is an energy service provided for Volumes of centralised heat generation in various
immediate use directly by the customer and was regions and countries are presented in Figure 3. Other
commercially introduced in the 19th century as a very countries with large volumes of district heat are China,
early example of outsourcing. Ukraine, USA, Poland, and Germany.
All district heating and cooling (DHC) systems in the However, many countries have undeveloped or no
world deliver annually about 10 EJ. This volume is proper routines for gathering statistical information from
significant compared to the total global heat demand of district heating systems. This is valid for USA, Great
about 100 EJ/year as presented in Figure 1. The figure Britain, France, China, and some other countries. An
also reveals the current use of district heating is much independent analysis has estimated the total annual heat
less than the conversion losses of about 120 EJ in the deliveries from all district heating systems in USA to be
energy transformation sector, containing many possible more than 1000 PJ, about three times more than reported
heat sources for district heating. by the statistics. Hence, the real world market penetration
is probably higher than presented in Figure 3
2. PENETRATION OF DISTRICT HEATING Deliveries to the residential, public, and commercial
sectors for fulfilling heat demands for space heating and
Citywide district heating systems exist in Helsinki, domestic hot water preparation constitute the dominating
Stockholm, Copenhagen, Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, part of the deliveries. Among OECD countries, district
Paris, Prague, Moscow, Kiev, Warsaw, and other large heating has a strong, almost dominating market position
cities. Many systems supply a downtown district (such as in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Poland, and the Czech
in New York, San Francisco, Minneapolis, St. Paul, republic. The same position appear in Russia, Belarus,
Seattle, Philadelphia and other cities) or a university, Romania, and the three Baltic states among the non-
military base, hospital complex or an industrial area. OECD countries.
Currently, the total annual heat turnover is about 11 EJ Heat generated annually per capita is presented in
in several thousands of district heating systems operating Figure 4. This value depends on market penetration,
in the world. The amount of heat delivered corresponds to climatic location, and the specific heat demands. The
3,5 % of the total global final energy consumption world average is about 2 GJ, while established district
(1999). The composition of centralised heat generation heating countries have magnitudes of 10-40 GJ.
for district heating systems with respect to various China is now the fastest growing district heating market
countries is presented in Figure 2, which is based on in the world. The expansion of distribution pipes and area
international energy statistics. Russia dominates the heated since 1990 is presented in Figure 5.
global district heating market by having more than half of
all heat deliveries in the world.
Rest of non-
China OECD European Union
12% 3% 9%
Poland
Rest of Former
3%
USSR
3% Czech Republic
Belarus 1%
3%
United States
4%
Ukraine
5%
Rest of OECD
Facts:
3%
- 11,4 EJ
- corresponds to
3,5 % of World energy Composition of central heat generation
demand for consumption Russia in 1999 by volume of heat generated
- 47 % from CHP plants 54% according to the IEA Energy Balances
Figure 2. Global composition of central heat generation during 1999. Information source: (IEA, 2001a and
2001b).
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.
PJ
Centralised heat generation 1999 in various countries
100000
10000
1000
100
10
e k
4. 3. U ina
ze 9 . K i a
ith ia
. A ia
.L a
. C ia
on CD rld
E u E C D o t al
an t al
1. ion
G nd
Be y
en
. B ary
5. ates
Ro u s
s
2. sia
ted ne
Re r ea
a
14 De nd
. S lic
. H nd
19 stri
ad
eth ar
7 . an
an
. L ar
18 uan
20 atv
8 . l ar
ni krai
1 2 ed
6. ola
pe To
a
11 pub
OE Wo
s
Ch
. N nm
16 ung
n
an
15 rla
13 Finl
m
17 ulg
T
Ru
St
u
U
w
P
er
.
ch
.
-O
ro
.C
N
10
Figure 3. Volumes of heat generated in various countries 1999. Information source: (IEA, 2001a and 2001b).
e lic
6 . a rk
. U ia
os Slo 7. A ria
nd Re ia
er a
d
1. ion
4. land
Re den
15 . Hu nd
h e ry
y
Eu ECD tal
an tal
3. arus
. B ds
2. ssia
Cz 7. S nia
om e
.P a
D nd
9 lic
. G in
. R in
13 ani
N EC orl
an
. L tv
11 uan
a a k ustr
a
16 rlan
He pub
5. nla
14 ola
o
pe To
1 ga
b
12 kra
20 gov
m
to
. N ng
n
ec we
m
10 . La
Ru
-O D T
pu
O W
l
e
U
Be
ul
Es
en
Ic
Fi
rz
et
h
a
ro
v
on
8.
. B 8.
ni
19 1
Figure 4. Centralised heat generation per capita in various countries 1999. Information source: (IEA, 2001a
and 2001b).
Total pipe route length in and residential area heated from
km Chinese district heating systems million sq m
60000 3000
30000 1500
0 0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Figure 5. Total pipe route length in and residential area heated from Chinese district heating systems.
Information source: (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2002)
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.
World 1999,
Supply and energy conversion in centralised heat generation
EJ
16
14
12 Heat only plants
10
8
6
4 CHP plants
2
0
d
ts
er
l
ar
te
ts
as
ed
r/W rma
ck
te
uc
uc
as
th
le
G
at
ra
to
uc
W
od
od
er
e
al
ne
ds
d/
h
N
en
ur
Pr
Pr
d
t
ge
in
ee
eo
n
at
tg
um
sa
al
ty
N
ea
Co
le
ci
le
an
H
la
ab
tri
tro
d
o
an
ec
ew
S
Pe
G
El
al
en
N
Co
eR
e,
ud
bl
Cr
s ti
bu
m
Co
Figure 6. Energy supply and energy conversion in centralised heat generation in the world during 1999.
Information source: (IEA, 2001a and 2001b).
100%
90% Solar Thermal
80% Geothermal
70% Liquid Biomass
Biogas
60%
Primary Solid Biomass
50% Municipal Wastes
40% Industrial Wastes
30%
20%
10%
0%
he k
. B ary
4. . U ina
ia
ith ia
. A ia
.L a
. C ia
Eu CD al
an tal
ld
1. ion
G nd
7. any
. F en
d
2. sia
d ne
R e re a
a
5. ates
Ro us
. H ds
. S lic
19 stri
ad
ar
. D an
an
18 ua n
20 atv
. L ar
t
EC r
8. lar
15 rlan
12 e d
ni rai
pe T o
6. ola
o
11 ub
O Wo
s
Ch
. N enm
16 ng
n
an
m
13 inl
17 ulg
Ru
-O D T
St
u
K
U
w
Be
k
p
er
P
u
9 .
te
et
3
E
ch
ro
ze
14
on
.C
N
10
Figure 7. Non-fossil fractions sorted by volumes of heat generated 1999 in various countries. Information
source: (IEA, 2001a and 2001b).
100%
90% Solar Thermal
80% Geothermal
70% Liquid Biomass
60% Biogas
50% Primary Solid Biomass
40% Municipal Wastes
30% Industrial Wastes
20%
10%
0%
ith ia
ze lic
6. ark
d
1. ion
4. land
Re n
15 H u d
he y
y
Be a
. U ia
om e
a
os Slo 7. A ria
nd Re ia
er a
Eu CD al
an tal
3. arus
D nd
. B ds
Cz 7. S nia
9. lic
13 ani
2. ssi
. R in
. G in
e t ga r
h ede
N EC orl
an
. L tv
a a vak ustr
11 uan
t
16 rlan
b
o
pe T o
5. nla
14 Pola
b
1 lga
20 gov
12 kr a
m
to
n
m
H pu
10 L a
-O D T
Ru
pu
O W
l
e
.N n
U
w
Es
en
Ic
Fi
u
.
er
.
E
ec
ro
on
8.
. B 18.
ni
19
Figure 8. Non-fossil fractions sorted by heat generated per capita 1999 in various countries Information source:
(IEA, 2001a and 2001b).
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.
0
-100 Biomass, Steam cycle CHP Biomass, Heat only boiler
-200
Industrial waste heat
-300 Gasified biomass,
-400 Combined Cycle CHP
-500
-1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CURRENT situation, kg per MWh heat produced
Figure 9. The assessment map for carbon dioxide emissions from various options for heating buildings.
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.
FUTURE situation,
kg per MWh heat
produced
600
Coal, Steam cycle CHP World average
500
China
400 Electric Heating
OECD Non-OECD
300 USA Russia Oil, Heat only boiler
EU
Oil, Steam cycle CHP Natural Gas, Heat only boiler
200 Natural Gas, Combined
Cycle CHP
Heat pump
100
Sweden
0
Biomass, Heat only boiler
-100 Biomass, Steam cycle CHP
Industrial waste heat
-200
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CURRENT situation, kg per MWh heat produced
Figure 10. The assessment map with addition of national combinations for CHP and district heating systems.
REFERENCES