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Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.

THE POSITION OF DISTRICT HEATING IN THE WORLD


AND THE CORRESPONDING USE OF RENEWABLES

Sven Werner
Department of Energy Systems Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
Phone +46 35 173592, Fax +46 35 173593, sven.werner@fvb.se

Abstract - The district heating and cooling (DHC) systems in the world deliver annually about 10 EJ.
This volume is significant compared to the total global heat demand of about 100 EJ/year. The current
energy supply to these district heating systems is dominated by the use of fossil fuels in combined heat
and power (CHP) plants. However, the share of renewables in the energy supply is increasing or is
already high in some countries. The combination of use of renewables and reused heat losses from
power generation, industrial processes and waste incineration makes district heating to a carbon lean
alternative in the heat market. Globally, DHC/CHP including industrial CHP reduces the existing
carbon emissions from fuel combustion by 3-4%, corresponding to an annual reduction of 670-890
Mton compared to the global annual emissions of 23000 Mton from fuel combustion. The highest
carbon dioxide reductions from DHC/CHP occur in Russia (15%), in the former USSR outside Russia
(8%) and in the EU (5%).

residential, public, and commercial buildings. Low


1. INTRODUCTION temperature industrial heat demands are also suitable.
The five suitable strategic local energy resources
The fundamental idea of district heating is to use local include useful waste heat from thermal power stations
fuel or heat resources, which would otherwise be wasted, (cogeneration), heat obtained from refuse incineration,
in order to satisfy local customer heat demands by using a useful waste heat from industrial processes, natural
heat distribution network of pipes as a local market place. geothermal heat sources or fuels difficult to manage as
This idea contains the three obligatory elements of a wood waste, peat, straw, or olive stones. These heat
competitive district heating system: The suitable cheap sources must be cheap in order to compensate for capital
heat source, the market heat demands, and the pipes as a investments in the distribution network and
connection between source and demands. These three complementing heat generation plants for peak and back-
elements must all be local in order to obtain short pipes up heat demands. The latter is needed in order to meet
for minimizing the capital investment in the distribution customer heat service demands at extremely low outdoor
network. Suitable heat demands are space heating and temperatures and when the regular heat source is
preparation of domestic hot water appearing in temporarily unavailable.

World 1999
Losses in the energy transformation
Total Primary Energy Supply = 406 EJ sector
Losses in end use
450
Combustible Renewables and Waste
400
Solar/Wind/Other
350
Geothermal
300
Hydro
250
Nuclear
200
Natural Gas
150
Petroleum Products
100 Coal and Coal Products

50 Transportation

0 Electricity
Total Primary Energy Total Final Consumption Total End Use
Supply (estimated) Heat
Sven Werner, FVB

Figure 1. World energy balance 1999 with the three major steps: Total primary energy supply, Total final
consumption, and Estimated total end use after all energy conversion. Information source: (IEA, 2001a and
2001b).
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.

District heating is an energy service provided for Volumes of centralised heat generation in various
immediate use directly by the customer and was regions and countries are presented in Figure 3. Other
commercially introduced in the 19th century as a very countries with large volumes of district heat are China,
early example of outsourcing. Ukraine, USA, Poland, and Germany.
All district heating and cooling (DHC) systems in the However, many countries have undeveloped or no
world deliver annually about 10 EJ. This volume is proper routines for gathering statistical information from
significant compared to the total global heat demand of district heating systems. This is valid for USA, Great
about 100 EJ/year as presented in Figure 1. The figure Britain, France, China, and some other countries. An
also reveals the current use of district heating is much independent analysis has estimated the total annual heat
less than the conversion losses of about 120 EJ in the deliveries from all district heating systems in USA to be
energy transformation sector, containing many possible more than 1000 PJ, about three times more than reported
heat sources for district heating. by the statistics. Hence, the real world market penetration
is probably higher than presented in Figure 3
2. PENETRATION OF DISTRICT HEATING Deliveries to the residential, public, and commercial
sectors for fulfilling heat demands for space heating and
Citywide district heating systems exist in Helsinki, domestic hot water preparation constitute the dominating
Stockholm, Copenhagen, Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, part of the deliveries. Among OECD countries, district
Paris, Prague, Moscow, Kiev, Warsaw, and other large heating has a strong, almost dominating market position
cities. Many systems supply a downtown district (such as in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Poland, and the Czech
in New York, San Francisco, Minneapolis, St. Paul, republic. The same position appear in Russia, Belarus,
Seattle, Philadelphia and other cities) or a university, Romania, and the three Baltic states among the non-
military base, hospital complex or an industrial area. OECD countries.
Currently, the total annual heat turnover is about 11 EJ Heat generated annually per capita is presented in
in several thousands of district heating systems operating Figure 4. This value depends on market penetration,
in the world. The amount of heat delivered corresponds to climatic location, and the specific heat demands. The
3,5 % of the total global final energy consumption world average is about 2 GJ, while established district
(1999). The composition of centralised heat generation heating countries have magnitudes of 10-40 GJ.
for district heating systems with respect to various China is now the fastest growing district heating market
countries is presented in Figure 2, which is based on in the world. The expansion of distribution pipes and area
international energy statistics. Russia dominates the heated since 1990 is presented in Figure 5.
global district heating market by having more than half of
all heat deliveries in the world.

Rest of non-
China OECD European Union
12% 3% 9%
Poland
Rest of Former
3%
USSR
3% Czech Republic
Belarus 1%
3%
United States
4%
Ukraine
5%
Rest of OECD
Facts:
3%
- 11,4 EJ
- corresponds to
3,5 % of World energy Composition of central heat generation
demand for consumption Russia in 1999 by volume of heat generated
- 47 % from CHP plants 54% according to the IEA Energy Balances

Figure 2. Global composition of central heat generation during 1999. Information source: (IEA, 2001a and
2001b).
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.

PJ
Centralised heat generation 1999 in various countries
100000

10000

1000

100

10

e k
4. 3. U ina

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T

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u
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P
er

.
ch

.
-O
ro

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N

10

Figure 3. Volumes of heat generated in various countries 1999. Information source: (IEA, 2001a and 2001b).

GJ Centralised heat generation per capita 1999 in various countries


50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ith ia

e lic
6 . a rk

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ul
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en
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rz
et
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on

8.

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ni
19 1

Figure 4. Centralised heat generation per capita in various countries 1999. Information source: (IEA, 2001a
and 2001b).
Total pipe route length in and residential area heated from
km Chinese district heating systems million sq m
60000 3000

50000 2500 Total pipe


length (steam
and hot
40000 2000 water), km

30000 1500

20000 1000 Total area


heated,
million sq m
10000 500

0 0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year

Figure 5. Total pipe route length in and residential area heated from Chinese district heating systems.
Information source: (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2002)
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.

The 8,2 % fraction constitutes of primary solid biomass


3. ENERGY SUPPLY (5,4 %), municipal waste (1,5 %), industrial waste (1,0
%), geothermal heat (0,2 %), and biogas (0,1 %). No
The total supply to all CHP and heat plants amounted to significant contribution is recorded from thermal solar
30,2 EJ during 1999. The current energy supply to the collectors. However some large solar heating plants are
district heating systems is dominated by the use of fossil connected to district heating systems in Germany,
fuels, mostly in combined heat and power (CHP) plants. Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
Natural gas constitutes 45 % while coal corresponds to 37 The total conversion efficiency for all CHP plants is
%. only 50 %, which reveals that further heat can be
Only 8,2 % of the energy supply is coming from non- distributed from the existing CHP plants. The
fossil and non-nuclear sources as illustrated in Figure 6. corresponding conversion efficiency for heat only plants
This fraction is lower than the non-fossil and non-nuclear is 86 %.
fraction of 14 % for all global primary energy supply.

World 1999,
Supply and energy conversion in centralised heat generation
EJ
16
14
12 Heat only plants
10
8
6
4 CHP plants
2
0
d
ts

er
l
ar

te
ts

as

ed
r/W rma
ck

te
uc
uc

as
th
le
G

at
ra
to

uc

W
od
od

er
e
al

ne
ds

d/
h
N

en
ur
Pr
Pr

d
t

ge
in
ee

eo

n
at

tg
um

sa
al

ty
N

ea
Co

le

ci
le
an

H
la

ab

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tro
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an

ec
ew
S
Pe
G

El
al

en
N
Co

eR
e,
ud

bl
Cr

s ti
bu
m
Co

Figure 6. Energy supply and energy conversion in centralised heat generation in the world during 1999.
Information source: (IEA, 2001a and 2001b).

higher fractions of non-fossil energy supply than non-


4. RENEWABLES IN ENERGY SUPPLY FOR OECD countries. Sweden has the highest fraction of
DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS renewables of the large district heating countries. High
fractions of primary solid biomass exist in Sweden,
Although the share of renewables is low in the energy Finland, USA, Latvia, and Austria.
supply to the district heating system, the share is In Figure 8, the non-fossil fractions are presented for
increasing or is already high in some countries. various countries with respect to heat generated per
In Figure 7, the non-fossil fractions are presented for capita (the same order as in Figure 4). Out of these
various countries with respect to volumes of heat countries, Iceland has the highest fraction of renewables
generated (the same order as in Figure 3). In average, by using 98,7 % of geothermal heat.
OECD countries, mostly the EU and the USA, have
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.

Non-fossil fractions in energy supply for centralised heat generation 1999,


for various countries with respect to heat generation volumes

100%
90% Solar Thermal
80% Geothermal
70% Liquid Biomass
Biogas
60%
Primary Solid Biomass
50% Municipal Wastes
40% Industrial Wastes
30%
20%
10%
0%

he k

. B ary
4. . U ina

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ith ia
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Eu CD al

an tal
ld

1. ion

G nd
7. any

. F en

d
2. sia

d ne

R e re a

a
5. ates

Ro us

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19 stri

ad
ar
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an

18 ua n

20 atv
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t
EC r

8. lar

15 rlan
12 e d
ni rai
pe T o

6. ola
o

11 ub
O Wo

s
Ch

. N enm

16 ng
n

an
m

13 inl

17 ulg
Ru
-O D T

St

u
K
U

w
Be
k

p
er
P

u
9 .
te

et
3
E

ch
ro

ze

14
on

.C
N

10

Figure 7. Non-fossil fractions sorted by volumes of heat generated 1999 in various countries. Information
source: (IEA, 2001a and 2001b).

Non-fossil fractions in energy supply for centralised heat generation 1999,


for various countries with respect to heat generation per capita

100%
90% Solar Thermal
80% Geothermal
70% Liquid Biomass
60% Biogas
50% Primary Solid Biomass
40% Municipal Wastes
30% Industrial Wastes
20%
10%
0%
ith ia

ze lic
6. ark
d

1. ion

4. land

Re n

15 H u d

he y

y
Be a

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om e
a

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nd Re ia

er a
Eu CD al

an tal

3. arus

D nd

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Cz 7. S nia

9. lic

13 ani
2. ssi

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e t ga r
h ede
N EC orl

an
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a a vak ustr
11 uan
t

16 rlan

b
o
pe T o

5. nla

14 Pola
b

1 lga

20 gov
12 kr a
m

to
n

m
H pu
10 L a
-O D T

Ru

pu
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l
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.N n
U

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en
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er
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E

ec
ro
on

8.

. B 18.
ni
19

Figure 8. Non-fossil fractions sorted by heat generated per capita 1999 in various countries Information source:
(IEA, 2001a and 2001b).
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.

market was used as the emission value for electricity used


5. AVOIDED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS for heating or generated in CHP plants. Since this value is
very high (about 1000 g/kWh) in the current situation due
The combination of use of renewables and reused heat to many coal condensing plants, also another dimension
losses from power generation, industrial processes and was introduced for the future situation (about 350 g/kWh)
waste incineration makes district heating to a carbon lean corresponding to use of natural gas in plants with high
alternative in the heat market. It is not a carbon free conversion efficiencies.
alternative, but the avoided carbon dioxide emissions The resulting assessment map with the two dimensions
from district heating systems is considerable, of the current and the future situation is presented in
The amount of avoided emissions is then estimated as Figure 9. The complete presentation of the assessment
the difference between emissions from alternative method is also available in (Werner, 2001).
electricity and heat generation and actual emissions from The assessment method has been extended with national
all district heating systems and the corresponding CHP combinations of carbon dioxide emissions for CHP and
plants. This kind of estimation was performed in a project district heating systems in various countries. This
within the IEA implementing agreement about district extension will be reported in (Werner, 2003) and is
heating and cooling, (Werner, Spurr, and Pout, 2002). presented in Figure 10. CHP and district heating systems
Globally, DHC/CHP including industrial CHP reduces in most countries and regions have low net emissions,
the existing carbon emissions from fuel combustion by 3- since the generation of electricity is carbon rich today in
4%, corresponding to an annual reduction of 670-890 the current situation. The net emissions will be much
Mton compared to the global annual emissions of 22700 higher in the future situation, when alternative electricity
Mton from fuel combustion. The highest carbon dioxide generation will be more carbon lean.
reductions from DHC/CHP occur in Russia (15%), in the Sweden has a unique position in the extended
former USSR outside Russia (8%) and in the EU (5%). assessment map due to the high use of biomass in the
energy supply. The national average for both the current
6. ASSESSMENT METHOD and the future situation has been estimated to 110 kg of
MWh delivered to customers. This value is below half of
An assessment method for comparing various heating the average emissions for heating buildings within the
technologies with respect to carbon dioxide emissions European Union. Hence, the Swedish district heating
was also presented in (Werner, Spurr, and Pout, 2002). systems have together already fulfilled ten Kyoto
Use of electricity has an anonymous emission of carbon agreements.
dioxide for the user due to mixed generation. However,
the marginal emission from the regional electricity

FUTURE Net emissions of carbon dioxide emissions


situation, kg per
for various technical options
MWh heat
produced for heating buildings
500
Electric Heating
400 Coal, Steam cycle CHP

300 Oil, Steam cycle CHP


Oil, Heat only boiler

200 Natural Gas, Heat only boiler


Natural Gas, Combined
100 Cycle CHP Heat pump

0
-100 Biomass, Steam cycle CHP Biomass, Heat only boiler

-200
Industrial waste heat
-300 Gasified biomass,
-400 Combined Cycle CHP

-500
-1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CURRENT situation, kg per MWh heat produced

Figure 9. The assessment map for carbon dioxide emissions from various options for heating buildings.
Paper S2.1 at Solar World Congress of International Solar Energy Society, Göteborg June 14-19, 2003.

FUTURE situation,
kg per MWh heat
produced
600
Coal, Steam cycle CHP World average
500
China
400 Electric Heating
OECD Non-OECD
300 USA Russia Oil, Heat only boiler
EU
Oil, Steam cycle CHP Natural Gas, Heat only boiler
200 Natural Gas, Combined
Cycle CHP
Heat pump
100
Sweden
0
Biomass, Heat only boiler
-100 Biomass, Steam cycle CHP
Industrial waste heat
-200
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CURRENT situation, kg per MWh heat produced

Figure 10. The assessment map with addition of national combinations for CHP and district heating systems.

Werner, S. (2001), Rewarding Energy Efficiency: The


7. CONCLUDING DISCUSSION perspective of emissions trading. Euroheat & Power -
Fernwärme International 30(2001):9, 14-21.
District heating systems exist since large amounts of
heat losses can be retrieved from the inefficient global Werner, S., Spurr, M., Pout, C. (2002), Promotion and
energy supply system, having a total conversion Recognition of DHC/CHP Benefits in Greenhouse Gas
efficiency of about 30 %, see Figure 1. These systems Policy and Trading Programs. Report 2002:S9. IEA
will loose their competitiveness when the global energy Implementing agreement on District Heating and
conversion is reaching 100 % efficiency in decentralised Cooling, including the integration of CHP. See more at
energy supply systems. Solar energy can play an www.iea-dhc.org/dhcVi_6.htm
important role in such perfect system. However, it is very
difficult to forecast when this situation will appear. Until Werner, S. (2003) Avoided carbon dioxide emissions
then, district heating systems will hopefully play a from the current global use of district heating and
significant role in the world energy balance. combined heat and power. Euroheat & Power, English
The suitability of gathering solar heat by solar collectors edition, 2003:1 (June), 20-24.
in order to distribute the heat in district heating systems
can be discussed. It is obvious that a conflict appear
between the fundamental idea of district heating and large
scale solar energy supply to district heating systems.
Solar energy will partly substitute heat losses that still
will exist.
Solar energy is already distributed by nature and should
primarily replace energy supply based on fossil fuels.

REFERENCES

IEA (2001a), Energy Balances for OECD Countries


1998-99. International Energy Agency. Paris 2001.

IEA (2001b), Energy Balances for non-OECD


Countries 1998-99. International Energy Agency. Paris
2001.

National Bureau of Statistics of China (2002), China


Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press. Including
some preceding volumes.

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