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Abstract
In 2004 Sweden will become part of a common European electricity market. This implies that the price of electricity in Swedish
will adapt to a higher European electricity price due to the increase in cross-border trading. Swedish plant is characterized as more
electricity-intensive than plant on the European continent, and this, in combination with a higher European electricity price will lead
to a precarious scenario.
This paper studies the energy use of 11 plants in the municipality of Oskarshamn in Sweden. The aim is to show how these plants
can reduce their electricity use to adapt to a European level. We have found that the plants could reduce their use of electricity by
48% and their use of energy by 40%. In a European perspective, where coal-condensing power is assumed to be the marginal
production that alters as the electricity demand changes, the decrease in the use of electricity in this study leads to a reduction in
global emissions of carbon dioxide of 69,000 tonne a year.
Electricity generated in Sweden emits very low emissions of carbon dioxide and have thus consequently very low external cost.
The freed capacity in Sweden could therefore replace electricity generated with higher external cost and as a result lower the total
external cost in Europe. The emissions from the saved electricity could also be valuable within the EU emissions trading scheme, if
the emissions calculation is done assuming the marginal electricity is fossil fuel based.
r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0301-4215/$ - see front matter r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.01.002
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1446 L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459
UN Framework Convention on Climate Changes, 1.2. Freed electricity capacity in Sweden can lower the
which was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. total external costs in Europe
Conferences have been held regularly since then, and
at the Third Conference of Parties, in Kyoto in 1997, a In 2000, 38% of Swedish electricity was supplied by
protocol was adopted setting out limits on the green- nuclear power and 55% by hydropower; only a small
house gas emissions of industrial countries. Under the share of approximately 6% was supplied from industrial
protocol, the EU region has committed itself to reducing and municipal combined heat and power. Forty per
its emissions of six greenhouse gases by 8% between cent of the electricity production in CHP plants was
2008 and 2012 compared to their 1990 levels. The six supplied by biomass-based cogeneration (SEA, 2001).
greenhouse gases listed in the Kyoto protocol are Combustion of biomass is regarded as a CO2-neutral
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluoro- process, which means that electricity produced in
carbons (HFCs), perfluorcarbons (FCs), and sulphur Sweden is considered to be mainly free from CO2
hexafluoride (SF6). emissions.
According the terms of EU burden sharing agree- ExternE (2003) is a research project of the European
ment, Sweden, with its relatively low per capita Commission with the first comprehensive attempts to
emissions of greenhouse gases, is entitled to increase use a consistent ‘‘bottom-up’’ methodology to evaluate
emissions by up to 4%. The aim of the Swedish climate the external costs associated with a range of different
policy, however, is that emissions of greenhouse gases fuel cycles. The aim of the project is to identify and
are to be at least 4% lower in 2010 than they were in quantify the environmental effects and the external costs
1990. Emissions should be counted as carbon dioxide connected with conversion of energy from different
equivalents to comprise the six greenhouse gases energy sources. The environmental effects are effects on
(Government Bill, 2001/02: 55), (COM 87, 2000). flours, fauna, climate and human health, while the
In a European deregulated electricity market coal environmental load is due to combustion emissions of
condensing power is assumed to be the marginal source, NOx, SO2, VOC, particulates, CO2 and CO. A standar-
any reduction in electricity use in a plant, means that the dized method has been developed, to estimate external
specific plant reduces its global emissions of carbon costs for several fuel cycles throughout Europe where
dioxide. Given that assumption, adapting Swedish plant the whole fuel cycle has been analysed. For example, the
to a European level of electricity use will facilitate for assessment of the coal fuel cycle includes evaluation of
Sweden to meet its aim to reduce the emissions of the impacts associated with:
greenhouse gases with 4%.
The Kyoto Protocol also introduced three interna- * plant construction;
tional mechanisms without which the Protocol is * coal mining;
unlikely to enter into force. These mechanisms are * limestone quarrying (for flue-gas desulphurization,
intended to facilitate the cost-effective implementation where used);
of the Protocol. One is the international trading of * transportation of coal, waste and other materials;
greenhouse gas emissions that is to begin in 2008. * power generation;
Emissions trading is a scheme whereby companies are * waste disposal;
allocated allowances for their emissions of greenhouse * electricity transmission.
gases according to the overall environmental ambitions
of their government, which they can trade subsequently The result from ExternE indicate that there are
with each other. Emissions trading between developed substantial external cost, especially when damage caused
countries imply that a country that reduces its emissions by global warming is included. The fuel cycles for coal-
in excess of its commitment can sell emission rights to a based power production have been estimated to have
country that is having difficulty in meeting its target. external cost amounting to around 50 Euro per MW h
The European Commission have put forward a draft electricity.
Directive on emission rights trading in October 2001. Within the project a number of national implementa-
The draft Directive proposes opening up trading for tions of the methodology were made. One part of this
power and heat producers and certain other energy- was to make an aggregation on national level of the
intensive industries, such as steel, cement and pulp. It is external costs due to electricity production. The total
not yet clear how the emission rights are to be allocated environmental damage obtained in the national imple-
(Government Bill, 2001/02: 55). mentations studies were translated into an average
If the rules of emissions trading would allow the external costs for the electricity generated in each
emissions calculation to be done assuming marginal country which can be used for comparing the environ-
electricity production is coal condensing power, the mental impact of the different national electricity
emissions from saved electricity could be valuable within systems in Europe. The implementation showed that
the EU emissions trading. Sweden has relatively low external costs per kW h
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L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459 1449
compared to countries where coal are used more electricity producers on a common European deregu-
extensively, as for example in the former East Germany lated electricity market where electricity is a trade
(Carlsson, 2002). disposed with competition.
Since electricity generated in Sweden emits very low
emissions of carbon dioxide and consequently have low
external cost, Sweden can be interpreted as having an
environmental efficient production of electricity. But as 2. Case study
presented earlier, the use of electricity per capita in
Sweden is the fourth highest in the world. The Swedish Oskarshamn is a municipality with some 26,000
plant is also characterized by using electricity in a larger inhabitants situated in the southeast of Sweden. The
extent than plant on the European continent does. If the local energy utility Oskarshamn Energi is owned equally
use of electricity in Sweden could adapt to a European by the municipality and by Sydkraft, 2, which is the
level it would freed capacity for Swedish suppliers and second largest power company in Sweden. One of
as a result, better possibilities for a Swedish supplier to Sweden’s four nuclear power plants, the OKG power
sell electricity to customers on the European continent. station, is situated in Oskarshamn.
This electricity generated in Sweden but sold in another This study comprises nine industries and one nuclear
European country, could replace electricity generated power plant (OKG) located in the municipality (Trygg,
with higher external costs and consequently lower the 2002). In the power plant two sections, a workshop and
total environmental cost in Europe. It would also help a restaurant, consisting of support processes are
the whole EU region to meet its target as regards lower included in the study. The objects were selected to
emissions of greenhouse gases since the electricity represent different lines of business and different
generated in Sweden can replace marginal coal-based intensities of energy and electricity use. The plants
power production. When expressing these external cost participating in the study are listed in Table 2 and the
into monetary terms and adding them to the cost for products produced in the 11 plants are shortly described
producing electricity, it would result in minor total cost in Table 3.
for Swedish producers on comparison with other The total energy use for the plants is 176 GW h a year
European countries. Considering external cost will and the use of electricity is 87 GW h a year. The 11
therefore most likely give advantages to Swedish plants consume 2 GW h of district heating and 79 GW h
Table 2
Plants participating in the case study
Engineering plants Process plants Wood and paper plants Energy plant (Nuclear power)
Table 3
Products produced in the 11 plants in the study
Plant Product
AB Bohmans Fan!er AB Bohmans Veneer plant manufactures sawn products and veneer out of tropical trees as maghony and
teak-wood. They also manufactures veneer out of birch and pinewood.
ABB Figeholm Bruk AB and ABB ABB Figeholm and F(arbo produces presspan and details in the same material for, i.e. use in transformers.
F(arbo AB
Elajo Mekanik AB The activity of the Elajo Mechanics plant embodies manufacturing, montage and service of products and
plants within the energy—and environmental area.
Liljeholmen Stearinfabrik AB The plant produces candles. About 3000 tonne of fluid stearine is yearly treated within the plant.
OKG AB Restaurang and CSV The OKG nuclear power plant in Oskarshamn has three reactors with a total capacity of 17 TW h per year.
In this study 2 sections with support processes of the power plant is included: OKG CSV that is a
workshop and OKG Restaurant.
OP Kuvert AB The OP Envelope plant produces envelopes in different shapes.
SAFT AB The SAFT plant in Oskashamn produces nickel-cadmium batteries for industrial use. The batteries of
SAFT are for example used in advanced space technology, railroad communications and in cellphones.
Samhall Brahe AB The production in the Samhall Brahe plant consists of chair in different demouldnings.
SCANIA AB SCANIA in Oskarshamn produces fronts for trucks.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1450 L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459
10 000
3. Results
0
3.1. Energy use divided into unit processes
y
KG en
ta e
Bo SV
P ns
lm
ik
Fi ert
t
af
et
h
an
an
ho
lm
ra
S
v
al
C
hm
ur
Ku
ek
lB
m
ho
ge
M
xi
l
lje
ha
es
ro
O
In the study, the energy use for each plant has been
o
Li
B
R
m
pp
aj
AB
Sa
El
KG
,a
divided into unit processes, which is a way of splitting
ia
O
an
Fig. 3. Use of electricity and energy in the participating plants. reason for dividing into unit processes is to get a well-
defined structure and thereby to facilitate a comparative
analysis of the energy use in the different plants. The
of oil annually. The use of electricity and energy varies unit processes are the smallest components a plant is
between 1 and 70 GW h a year (Fig. 3).1 built upon, and consist of production processes and
support processes. The production processes produce
products while the support processes support produc-
2.1. Methodology of study
tion.
Space heating and lighting are examples of support
Each plant’s energy use has been thoroughly analysed
processes while drying and shaping are examples of
.
by Linkoping University and by the Delegation for
production processes. Fig. 6 illustrates how the energy
Energy Supply in the South of Sweden. In addition to all
flow can be divided into unit processes.
the measurement work during daytime, the plants have
In the 11 plants in Oskarshamn, 11 production
also been visited at night with the purpose of studying
processes and 6 support processes were represented
the energy use when no production is going on. The
(Table 4).
results of the energy mapping have been presented in
extensive internal company reports and serve as the
3.2. The use of electricity for non-electricity specific
foundation for this study (Bruce et al., 2000; Bruce and
processes
Karlsson, 2000; Eckerberg et al., 2000; Englund et al.,
2000a, b; Gulliksson et al., 2000a-c; Nilsson et al.,
When calculating net emissions of carbon dioxide for
2000a, b; Nilsson and Karlsson, 2000).
different fuels and heat generation technologies in an
The method used for analysing the companies is based
energy system where the marginal source for electricity
on the Tool for Analysis (Karlsson, 2001), which
generation is coal condensing power, the production of
describes a strategy for system changes of industrial
1 kW h electricity gives emissions of 1 kg carbon dioxide
load management with the purpose of adapting the use
(see Section 1). With the same assumption heating with
of electricity to an average European level. The analysis
oil in hot water boilers leads to emissions according to
tool is focused upon finding system changes in the use of
the carbon content in the fuel and the efficiency of the
energy, not the traditional way of making existing
boilers. As shown in Fig. 7 the net emissions of carbon
energy utilization slightly more efficient.
dioxide for producing 1 kW h heat in an oil boiler is
For every industrial plant studied a flow chart has
about 0.3 kg. As it also can be concluded from Fig. 7
been constructed of the present energy use. After
that biomass does not contribute with a positive net
identifying the changes in energy use according to the
emissions of carbon dioxide because of the recirculation
Tool for Analysis for the specific plant, a new flow chart
of carbon in the biomass as it grows. Zero net emission
showing the new energy use was developed. The total
is also the result of using heat from coal-fired combined
reduction in energy and electricity use has been
heat and power plants (CHP). This is due to that the
calculated and divided into supports and productions
electricity produced in such plants can replace electricity
processes.
production in coal condensing power plants, which
1
The results presented for the plant Scania are specified as approximately level out the emissions (Werner, 2001).
approximately values according to restrictions from the management When coal condensing power is the marginal produc-
of the plant. All calculations though are based on accurate values. tion of electricity it is therefore a better choice using
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L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459 1451
ABB FÅRBO
Before adjustments
2
Area 2 500 m
Working hours 2 600 h /year
Total use of energy 2 090 MWh/year
2
Energy use/area 836 kWh/m
Use of electricity 1 480 MWh/year
Use of oil 610 MWh/year
566 Space
Oil Boiler heating
610 567 Support
processes
1 Hot tap
water
Ventilation
Transmission
207 Space
heating
298 Lighting
903 Support
processes
308 Compressed
air
90 Ventilation
Electricity
1480
35 Drying
577 Production
processes 140 Heating
402 Shaping
Fig. 4. Flow chart over the energy use in an engineering plant before adjustments.
bio-fuelled district heating or even oil instead of using were found to be operating, electric motors running,
electricity in processes that are not electricity specific, as lights on, fans operating and so on.
for example in processes as heating and melting, when The amount of electricity use when no production is
considering the net emissions of carbon dioxide. taking place varied between 11% and 48% of the total
In the 11 plants in Oskarshamn electricity was used in electricity use for the plants in this study (Fig. 8).
several processes that where non-electricity specific,
processes that consequently could have been based on 3.4. Reduction in the use of electricity in separate support
fuel or bio-fuelled district heating instead. The processes processes
that could be converted from electricity to fuel are
presented in Table 5. The highest reduction in electricity use in the plants in
Oskarshamn was found among the support processes.2
3.3. Electricity use with no production taking place The total reduction of electricity use for these processes
is presented in the following sections.
Visiting the plants in Oskarshamn at night, when
2
there was no production activity, ventilation systems See Section 3.6.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1452 L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459
ABB FÅRBO
After adjustments
Adjustments:
Area 2 500 m2 Lighting 3 W/m2
Total use of energy 712 MWh/year Compressed air replaced with
Energy use/area 285 kWh/m2 electrically powered tools
Use of electricity 569 MWh/year Ventilation replaced with freecooling
Use of d.h / bio fuel 141 MWh/year No local heating
Reduction of electricity use when no
production is taking place
Conversion:
Heating
(MWh)
Free cooling
Transmission
9 Engine
preheater
89 Lighting
134 Support
processes
23 Electrically
powered
Electricity 13 Cooling
571 fans
35 Drying
437 Production
processes
402 Shaping
Fig. 5. Flow chart over the energy use in an engineering plant after adjustments.
pressure in the compressed air line, which leads to a Fig. 6. Example of energy flows divided into support and production
higher electricity consumption than is necessary. processes.
The efficiency for compressed air is as low as 5–10%,
but if the compressed air plant were to be converted to a
system with electrically powered tools, the coefficient of Volvo, where compressed air fittings are used exten-
utilization would rise to 90%. This has been done in a sively, can manage without compressed air.
.
study of Volvo’s facility in Olofstrom, (
Sweden (Aberg By systematically converting compressed air fittings to
et al., 2003). The study shows how a plant such as electrically powered tools for the plants in the present
ARTICLE IN PRESS
L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459 1453
Table 4 50
Identified unit processes 40
%
Shaping Lighting 20
Heating Ventilation 10
Drying/concentration Compressed air
Packaging Pumping 0
Segregation Space heating
V
n
t
lm
ik
ft
s
e
en
y
o
er
an
ah
ge
et
Sa
rb
CS
an
lm
uv
o
al
hm
Br
an
Få
h
Blending Hot tap water
ek
m
ho
K
ge
G
ur
Bo
ll
M
BB
xi
K
Fi
P
lje
sta
ha
ro
O
O
Felling
Li
A
BB
m
Re
aj
pp
Sa
El
,a
A
G
Joining
ia
K
an
O
Cooling
Sc
Melting
Fig. 8. Electricity use as a share of total use in the participating plants
Spreading
when no production is taking place.
Resistance heat
12000
Heat pump
MWh
Oil, boiler 8000
Natural gas, boiler
Natural gas CHP, heat Fig. 9. Electricity use in the 11 plants when compressed air fittings are
converted to electrically powered tools.
-1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
kgCO2 per MWh produced heat
Fig. 7. Net emissions of carbon dioxide for different fuels and 12000
technical solutions when coal condensing is the marginal production of
electricity in the electricity market. Source: Werner (2001).
8000
MWh
Table 5
Convertible non-electricity specific processes 4000
Convertible processes from electricity to fuel
3.4.3. Ventilation
study, the electricity use for this process could be The reason a plant is ventilated is often that the
reduced from 12.1 to 1.1 GW h annually, a reduction of indoor climate is perceived as to warm, which indicates
91% (Fig. 9). that ventilation is used as a cooling system.
If operating times were shortened, frequency control
3.4.2. Lighting and reversed blading3 added to the ventilation system,
Electricity use for lighting can be reduced by for the electricity used for ventilating in the 11 plants
example switching old armatures to newer types, by studied could be reduced from 8.4 to 2.8 GW h annually,
installing a control system for presence and section a reduction of 66% (Fig. 11).
steering and by reducing the number of armatures.
By doing these adjustments the use of electricity for
lighting in the 11 plants in Oskarshamn could be
reduced from 9.9 to 6.9 GW h annually, which is a 3
Reversed blading means blading facing backwards instead of the
reduction with 30% (Fig. 10). more usual forward-facing blading in ventilation systems.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1454 L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459
12000 100
80
8000 60
MWh
%
40
4000
20
0
0
ng
er
g
n
r
ng
ai
in
io
Before adjustment After adjustment
at
hi
pi
at
at
d
w
gt
m
se
he
til
ap
Li
Pu
es
en
m
Fig. 11. Electricity use for ventilation in the 11 plants before and after
pr
t
V
oo
ot
om
H
R
adjustments.
C
Fig. 13. Electricity reduction as a share of electricity use before
12000 adjustments for the support processes.
12000
8000
10000
MWh
8000
MWh
4000 6000
4000
0 2000
Before adjustment After adjustment 0
Fig. 12. Electricity use for pumping in the 11 plants before and after
r
er
g
ng
ai
in
tin
io
at
adjustments.
pi
at
at
d
gh
w
m
se
he
til
p
Li
Pu
es
en
ta
m
pr
oo
ot
om
H
R
C
3.4.4. Pumping Fig. 14. Electricity reduction in MW h for the support processes.
In some of the plants in the study, the pumps’
capacities were found to be over-dimensioned. The total The total electricity use for each process must be
capacity could therefore be decreased and still meet the taken into consideration when assessing which process
demands of production. has the highest electricity reduction in MW h. The study
In combination with frequency control, the electricity showed that the greatest reduction in electricity use was
usage for process pumping could be reduced by 26% achieved for compressed air, followed by space heating,
from 5.6 to 4.1 GW h annually (Fig. 12). ventilation and heating. The production of hot tap water
is a process with relatively low electricity use. This
3.4.5. Space heating and hot tap water process is therefore the one with the lowest reduction,
Industrial machines emit substantial quantities of despite the 100% conversion from electricity to fuel.
heat. Space heating in industrial plants is therefore often This relation is illustrated in Fig. 14.
unnecessary. Space heating in combination with the
emitted heat from the machines instead gives rise to a 3.5. Electricity reduction in separate production processes
greater need for space cooling. In the plants in
Oskarshamn, space heating has therefore been elimi- The total electricity reduction in the production
nated. Some of the plants in the study produce hot tap processes in the 11 participating plants was found to
water with electricity; all production of hot tap water be 35%.4
could be converted to fuel. The electricity usage in both Since it would be to extensive to describe in detail
these processes could therefore by reduced by 100%. every suggested change in every production process for
the participating plants, some examples of adjustments
3.4.6. The relation of electricity reduction among the according to the methodology are shown in Table 6.
support processes
After the changes suggested in the study had been 3.5.1. The reduction relation between the production
implemented, the reduction in electricity use for the six processes
different support processes varied between 100% and After making the suggested changes to the production
26%. Fig. 13 shows the reductions as a share of processes, the reduction in electricity use varied from
electricity use before making adjustments to the support
4
processes. See Section 3.6.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459 1455
Table 6
Examples of changes in the production processes
Heating Conversion from electricity to district heating, or in some cases to waste heat, in the production processes heating, such as for
example heating at nickel-plating, cooking processes, thaw of valves, heating in ovens.
Introduction of frequency control in the heating processes.
Drying Conversion of the total process of drying in some of the plants to district heating.
Reduced operating time for exhausting equipment.
100
5000
80
4000
60
%
MWh
40 3000
20 2000
0
1000
ng
eg g
H g
g
Co g
Bl n g
Pa ing
Sp tion
Sh g
g
Se agin
in
in
tin
in
in
in
lli
ti
ry
ap
d
ad
in
ol
el
ea
a
en
Fe
Jo
D
ck
re
M
gr
0
Sp ing
ng
g
Sh g
g
Co g
Bl ng
n
M g
Pa ing
gr ing
Fig. 15. Electricity reduction as a share of electricity use before
tin
tin
in
in
io
in
lli
i
ry
in
ap
ag
at
ad
ol
d
ea
el
en
Fe
eg
adjustments for the production processes.
Jo
D
ck
re
H
Se
Fig. 16. Electricity reduction in MW h for the production processes.
Support Table 7
processes Electricity and energy reduction in each plant
33%
Plant Electricity Energy
reduction reduction
(%) (%)
40 Scania, Engineering 40 40
approximately plant
20
Average 48 40
Median 62 43
0
Support processes Production processes
Fig. 19. Electricity reduction as a share of electricity use before
adjustments to support processes and to production processes. coal condensing power the plants in Oskarshamn can
reduce their annual global emission of CO2 by
69,000 tonne, equivalent to 60% of their total global
of 176 GW h. The results of this study show that when emissions.5 The CO2 reductions for each of the 11 plants
all the presented changes in energy use have been are shown in Table 8.
implemented in the support and production processes,
the plants will be able to reduce their annual electricity 3.9. Economical benefits of the altered energy use
use by more than 42 GW h, equivalent to 48% of the
original level. They will also be able to reduce their The investments for the changes suggested in the
energy use by 70 GW h, or 40% of their original use. The study various. To reduce the electricity use when no
median value for the reduction in electricity use is 62%, production is taking place, which for the 11 plants
for energy use 43%. means an individual reduction varying between 47%
In an international perspective, where electricity is and 11% of their total electricity use, is for example a
represented by oil equivalents, the plants in Oskarshamn measure without any costs at all. Converting from
have a total energy use of 353 GW h and a reduction in compressed air to electrical driven tool is on the other
their energy use of 155 GW h, or 44% of the original hand a measure that involves a quite a large investment.
level. For a plant to connect to district heating is an
The result of the study also showed that the plants investment that depends on negotiations with the local
studied in Oskarshamn can convert 10 GW h of elec- supplier of district heating.
tricity to district heating or other fuel and reduce their In this study the economical savings due to reduced
use of oil by 79 GW h a year. The use of district heating use of energy has therefore instead been calculated for
can increase from 2 to 59 GW h a year. the 11 plants. According to the methodology the altered
Table 7 shows the reduction in electricity and energy energy use for the plants means reduction in electricity
use for each of the participating plants. use, reduction in oil use and conversion from electricity
to other fuel. The economical savings for the altered
3.8. Total reduction of CO2 emissions energy use is therefore depending on the price of
electricity, district heating and the price of oil.
The suggested changes in industrial energy use mean
considerable advantages for the environment. On the 5
District heating is assumed to be produced with biofuel with no
assumption that the marginal production of electricity is discharge of CO2.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
L. Trygg, B.G. Karlsson / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1445–1459 1457
Table 8 3000000
Global CO2 reductions in each plant 2500000
Plant Global % 2000000
Euro
CO2 1500000
reduction 1000000
(tonne)
500000
OKG Restaurang Power plant 988 90 0
OKG CSV Power plant 2986 88
o
e V
t
Bo holm
ho ns
El KG n
ik
y
ge ft
g
ta e
Sa BB ver
b
et
O lme
an
es ah
o CS
O kan
O m h Får
Li hma
S
Samhall Brahe Engineering 847 86
al
A Ku
ur
R Br
m
M
xi
ll
plant
P
Fi
lje
KG a
ro
aj
p
Bohmans Wood plant 4443 83
AB
ap
a,
Elajo Mekanik Engineering 1062 74 43 Euro/MWh
i
an
plant 100 Euro/MWh
Sc
Liljeholmen Process plant 3579 70
ABB F(arbo Engineering 1113 66 Fig. 20. Economical savings in the 11 plants due to reduced electricity
plant use, calculated with two different electricity prices.
ABB Figeholm Engineering 11,805 66
plant
SAFT Process plant 14,197 62
Scania, Engineering 26,000 52 64–85% with profitable investments. The study also
approximately plant showed that when accounting each MW h of electricity
OP Kuvert Wood plant 1608 40
with 1000 kg carbon dioxide, which corresponds to
Total 68,628 emissions from coal condensing, the discharge of carbon
Average 60 dioxide could be reduced by 5000 tonne a year.
Median 70 By reducing their own use of electricity, the nuclear
power plant can free capacity and as a result better
possibilities to sell electricity to the continental Europe.
emissions of greenhouse gases since the production of COM 125, 2001. Final communication from the commission to the
electricity in Sweden is mainly free from carbon dioxide council and the European parliament completing the internal
emissions. energy market 2001/0077 (COD), 2001/0078 (COD), Brussels,
13.3.2001.
Swedish industry approximately uses 57 TW h of COM 304, 2002. Final amended proposal for a directive of the
electricity per year (SEA, 2001). If all the Swedish European parliament and of the council amending directives 96/92/
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Energy Systems Programme, which is financed by the Englund, L., Gulliksson, H., Nilsson, G., Karlsson, P., 2000b.
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, the Swedish Energisystemanalys av OKG restuarang (Energy Mapping of
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